The effect of multiple branches on sound propagation in long enclosures

Since the classical room acoustics can not be used for long enclosures due to the inhomogeneous sound field, much work has been carried out recently to investigate the sound propagation in long enclosures, which are helpful to the acoustic design of practical long enclosures, such as the high-speed railway tunnels. However, most of these works focuses on the straight long enclosures without branches or with one branch. In this paper, the effects of the multiple branches on sound propagation of long enclosures are studied. The sound pressure level (SPL) attenuation, early decay time (EDT), and reverberation time (T30) of long enclosures with multiple branches have been investigated by physical scale models based acoustic experiments. Several interesting results have been obtained concerning the sound propagation of long enclosures with multiple branches. It shows that the sound field of long enclosures with multiple branches is more complex and inhomogeneous than that of the long enclosures without branches or with one branch.     

Sound propagation in long enclosures with a vertical or inclined branch

It is of interest to investigate the sound propagation in long enclosures with a vertical/inclined branch, since this may be relevant to long enclosures in practical applications, such as in high-speed railway tunnels. However, much research on sound propagation in long enclosures available is concerned with straight long enclosures. In this paper, the sound pressure level (SPL) attenuation, early decay time (EDT), and reverberation time (RT30) of long enclosures with vertical/inclined branches have been studied by comparing experimental results from physical scale models, of such enclosures with those for a straight long enclosure. It has been found that, compared with the straight long enclosure, the inclined branch makes more-difference to the SPL, EDT and RT30 of the long enclosure than the vertical branch, even though both kinds of branches have the equivalent volume.     

Study on sound propagation in long enclosures with a vertical or inclined branch of different dimensions

As there may be some branches in long enclosures, such as high-speed railway and freeway tunnels, it will make a difference in the sound propagation in long enclosures if we give more consideration to different designs of the branches at the onset of their construction. However, most researches on the sound propagation in long enclosures available are concerned with straight long enclosures. In this paper, the sound pressure level (SPL) attenuation, early decay time (EDT), and reverberation time (RT30) of long enclosures with a vertical or inclined branch of different dimensions have been studied by comparing experimental results from physical scale models of such enclosures with those of the straight long enclosure. This experimental investigation gives interesting results on the behavior of sound propagation in long enclosures with a vertical or inclined branch of different dimensions. When conducting engineering design for long tunnels of the high-speed railway or freeway, it would be appropriate to consider designing the branch of the tunnels into a widened left inclined or right inclined one to provide a better relative SPL than that of other branches with different dimensions. This study further reveals that with an inclined branch of different dimensions, the EDT of the long enclosure will be different. At both 500 and 1000 Hz 1/3 octave bands, the EDT is the shortest when the long enclosure has a left inclined branch and an extended left inclined branch, while the EDT is the longest when the long enclosure has a widened vertical branch. Generally speaking, in the near field (i.e. the source-receiver distance is shorter than the threshold distance), the EDT measurements are similar, while in the far field (i.e. the source-receiver distance exceeds the threshold distance), the EDT is the longest for the straight long enclosure, second longest for the long enclosure with a widened inclined branch, third longest for the long enclosure with a vertical branch, and the shortest for the long enclosure with an extended inclined branch, which is similar to the trend with RT30.     

Sound propagation in complicated industrial enclosures

I.IntroductionInordcrtocfficlcntlyprcdictandcontro1thenoiseinindustria1enclosurcs,manypeoplehavestudicdmathmodclsforsoundpropagationinindustria1enclosurcs.Butsofar,thereisnosatisfactoryrcsult.Inthepast,a1mostal1studieswcrercstrictedtoidealemptyindustrialcnc1osurcs,andonlyafewofthcm['-']concerncdtheinfluenceofobstac1cswithinthemodel.Thcscmodc1strcattheobstac1eeffcctsbythemethod-ofimagesandcanonIybeusedtoregu-larhexahcdronroomswhcreobstaclcsareassumedtobedistributesuniformIy.Ondet'sartic1el'],…     

发动机圆形管道内噪声衰减谱模态分析

本文应用模态分析方法建立了剪切流存在条件下,发动机多段声衬圆形管道声传播工程计算模型,对管内各模态频谱和总噪声衰减频谱进行了算例计算,并与有关文献试验数据进行了对比。结果表明,多段声衬圆形管道中声传播工程计算方法是可行的,从而为发动机前短舱管内声传播研究提供了一种模态分析工程预测方法。     

基于声线跟踪法对闭空间声场预测的接收球半径计算

接收球半径是采用声线跟踪法进行声场预测的一个重要参数。以前所用到的接收球半径一般是通过经验估计得到的,缺乏详细的理论分析。本文从声波传播机理角度分析了根据声线密度来确定接收球半径的原因,并推导了矩形闭空间中声线密度和接收球半径的计算方法。声线密度可以通过原始声线数目,声场空间体积与形状,边界吸声系数来确定。在一给定闭空间里,声线密度可看作是均匀分布的,所以接收球半径与空间位置无关,可看作是一个常数。但对不同的声场空间来说,由于空间体积、形状和吸声系数的变化,声线密度是不同的,因此接收球半径也会不同。声线密度越大,接收球半径越小;声线密度越小,接收球半径越大。实验表明,所提出的接收球模型能用来较准确地预测闭空间里的声压级和混响时间等声学参数。     

室内声场无网格数值算法性能影响因素分析

基于室内无网格数值算法的理论和实验研究,本文进一步利用控制变量法,结合计算效率对影响计算精度的因素进行了全面分析,包括节点、高斯点的分布方式及其密度,以及构造无网格形函数过程中的基函数类型、权函数类型,并通过对一类基准问题的大量数据实验获得了适用于小尺度封闭空间的最佳支持域半径范围。基于有关结论对一个实际机舱进行了建模分析,将声压级计算值与测量值对比,验证了这些结论的正确性。     

Sound radiation of panel-form loudspeaker using flat voice coil for excitation

A novel panel-form loudspeaker in which the panel of the speaker is excited by the forces generated through the flat voice coil of a rectangular electro-magnetic type exciter for sound radiation is presented. The exciter when properly designed has the advantage of exerting appropriate loads to the panel so that the major sound pressure level (SPL) dips of the speaker can be suppressed or even eliminated. For designing such panel-form speaker, a method formulated on the basis of the classical plate theory (CPT), Ritz method, and first Rayleigh integral is proposed for predicting the SPL curve of the speaker. An experimental investigation was performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The effects of some system parameters on the major SPL dips of the proposed panel-form speakers are investigated by means of several numerical examples. The optimal locations of flat voice coils for exciting several panel-form speakers are determined to illustrate the important role of excitation location for enhancing sound quality of such speakers via the removal or suppression of the major SPL dips.     

A study of barriers in enclosures by a ray-tracing computer model

The theoretical study of the behaviour of barriers in enclosures is much more complicated than that of barriers in the free field. As a matter of fact, in the latter case one has to take into account the sound energy reflected at the boundary surface of the enclosure. The barrier-absorption joint effect has to be considered in defining the barrier sound attenuation. From this point of view, the barrier attenuation also depends on the enclosure shape and proportions. In this paper we suggest a numerical method, based on a ray-tracing technique, in which the concepts inherent in Keller's theory of diffraction are included. The results of some simulation examples are reported, together with some qualitative considerations which allow emphasis of the problems connected with the optimization of barrier design in enclosures.     

Estimation of directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircrafts during taxiing, for outdoor noise prediction purpose

Integrated noise model (INM) is the most internationally used software to calculate noise levels near airports. Take off, landing or pass by operations can be modeled by INM, but it does not consider aircrafts taxiing, which, in some cases, can be important to accurately evaluate and reduce airports’ noise assessment.Aircraft taxiing noise emission can be predicted using other prediction tools based on standards that describe sound attenuation during propagation outdoors. But these tools require data inputs that are not known: directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircraft during taxiing.This paper describes methods used to calculate directivity indexes and sound power levels, based on field measurements made in Madrid-Barajas Airport (Spain). Obtained results can be used as inputs for general purpose outdoor sound prediction software, which will be able to evaluate noise at airports vicinity as industrial noise.Directivity and sound power levels have been estimated in octave and third octave band terms, for several aircraft families.     

Prediction of reverberation time and speech transmission index in long enclosures

It is known that the sound field in a long space is not diffuse, and that the classic theory of room acoustics is not applicable. A theoretical model is developed for the prediction of reverberation time and speech transmission index in rectangular long enclosures, such as corridors and train stations, where the acoustic quality is important for speech. The model is based on an image-source method, and both acoustically hard and impedance boundaries are investigated. An approximate analytical solution is used to predict the frequency response of the sound field. The reverberation time is determined from the decay curve which is computed by a reverse-time integration of the squared impulse response. The angle-dependence of reflection coefficients of the boundaries and the change of phase upon reflection are incorporated in this model. Due to the relatively long distance of sound propagation, the effect of atmospheric absorption is also considered. Measurements of reverberation time and speech transmission index taken from a real tunnel, a corridor, and a model tunnel are presented. The theoretical predictions are found to agree well with the experimental data. An application of the proposed model has been suggested.     

Insertion loss of an acoustic enclosure

Acoustical enclosures are the common arrangements in reducing airborne noise from shipboard machinery such as engines and generators. In this paper the theoretical models, established based on statistical energy analysis, are presented for predicting the insertion loss of acoustical enclosures in different frequency ranges. In addition to the consideration of resonant modal coupling between internal sound field and enclosure structural vibration, the nonresonant transmission though and the interaction between enclosure walls in the models are also included. It is shown that the insertion loss of enclosures is mainly controlled by the nonresonant modes in the intermediate frequency range. At high frequencies, the insertion loss of enclosures can be improved by increasing the sound absorption at the internal boundaries of enclosures. Experiments were carried out on two enclosures made of different materials. The measured results are compared with the predicted values and the good agreement between them is the initial demonstration of the validity and feasibility of the theoretical models.     

狭长封闭声场的近似圆锥束跟踪法模拟研究

狭长空间声传播特性研究对于地铁，长廊等场所的音质设计是非常有意义的，本文提出了模拟狭长封闭声场的近似圆锥束跟踪法，利用它研究了矩形和非矩形狭长声场的空间分布特性。仿真结果表明，对于狭长声场，经典扩散场理论并不适用，而利用本文的数值模拟方法能正确地分析这类声场的特性。     

Wave mode computing method using the step-split Padé parabolic equation

Models based on a parabolic equation (PE) can accurately predict sound propagation problems in range-dependent ocean waveguides. Consequently, this method has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with normal mode theory, PE focuses on numerical calculation, which is difficult to use in the mode domain analysis of sound propagation, such as the calculation of mode phase velocity and group velocity. To broaden the capability of PE models in analyzing the underwater sound field, a wave mode calculation method based on PE is proposed in this study. Step-split Padé PE recursive matrix equations are combined to obtain a propagation matrix. Then, the eigenvalue decomposition technique is applied to the matrix to extract sound mode eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Numerical experiments on some typical waveguides are performed to test the accuracy and flexibility of the new method. Discussions on different orders of Padé approximant demonstrate angle limitations in PE and the missing root problem is also discussed to prove the advantage of the new method. The PE mode method can be expanded in the future to solve smooth wave modes in ocean waveguides, including fluctuating boundaries and sound speed profiles.     

Numerical study on reduction of the elevated structure noise by surface absorption on plate girders

With the aim to propose a reasonable and effective countermeasure for the elevated structure noise, the sound field radiated by a steel plate girder, which is the main source of the elevated structure noise, have been theoretically analysed. In the present study, steel plate girders are modelled as infinitely long elastic plate strips placed in parallel and numerical examples on the sound field radiated by the steel plate girders are shown. In the analysis of the radiated sound field, the equivalent source method is employed. Effect of the surface absorption on the sound field radiated by the girders is discussed through numerical examples. The results show that the surface absorption is effective for reduction of the radiated sound field, especially in the area that increase of sound pressure due to reflection by adjacent plate girders is observed. Furthermore, to design for reasonable countermeasure, variation of the noise reduction effect due to changing the pattern of surface absorption area on plate girders is classified.     

Experimental study of sound propagation in a street

This paper presents an experimental study of the sound propagation in a street, performed during July 2002, in order to measure impulse responses at numerous locations in a street canyon, and, for several positions of the sound source. A specific attention has been paid on the processing of the experimental data, in order to obtain accurate values of the reverberation time and the steady-state sound pressure level, including also the compensation of the atmospheric attenuation. In total, 11 592 useful data have been collected during this experiment, and are available by contacting the corresponding author. Reverberation times and sound levels, in the narrow street, are then analyzed and compared, for the 4 source positions in the street. This experimental study gives interesting results on the behavior of the sound field in the street.     

小尺度封闭空间声场的无网格数值算法

无网格法是一种新兴的数值计算方法,具有不需要网格支持的特点。本文将该方法引入室内声学建模,推导了无网格声场数值计算模型,并将其应用于典型小尺度封闭空间内部声场的数值分析。针对声传递函数,将本方法与理论解和SYSNOISE计算结果进行了比较,并将计算的混响时间与实验测量结果作了对比,表明本方法具有良好的精度。     

Application of audience-seats characteristics to the sound field analysis for large enclosures

The analysis of the sound field of a hall including the effect of audience seats has difficulties in computing time and memory. Although extensive investigations have been conducted for analyzing sound fields, there is scarcely any report dealing with the sound field including this effect. The main cause may be the complex shape and amount of materials of the audience seats. However, there is a possibility that periodical grooved structures like seat rows can be replaced by an appropriate imaginary boundary with an impedance of quasi-local reaction at the top of seats. The purpose of this research is to reduce the calculation load of acoustical analysis by treating the seat rows as an imaginary-impedance boundary which is almost equivalent to the characteristics of audience seats. The SDE filter, which can express excess attenuation caused by seat rows, is proposed and some applications to both the geometrical and wave theoretical methods are presented. To examine the validity of this method, some numerical examples calculated using an image method are discussed in comparison with the measured data. Furthermore, the numerical results of its application to the boundary element method are presented and discussed in terms of its effectiveness and validity.     

Sound field separating on arbitrary surfaces enclosing a sound scatterer based on combined integral equations

To eliminate the limitations of the conventional sound field separation methods which are only applicable to regular surfaces, a sound field separation method based on combined integral equations is proposed to separate sound fields directly in the spatial domain. In virtue of the Helmholtz integral equations for the incident and scattering fields outside a sound scatterer, combined integral equations are derived for sound field separation, which build the quantitative relationship between the sound fields on two arbitrary separation surfaces enclosing the sound scatterer. Through boundary element discretization of the two surfaces, corresponding systems of linear equations are obtained for practical application. Numerical simulations are performed for sound field separation on different shaped surfaces. The influences induced by the aspect ratio of the separation surfaces and the signal noise in the measurement data are also investigated. The separated incident and scattering sound fields agree well with the original corresponding fields described by analytical expressions, which validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the combined integral equations based separation method.     

水声波导中包络线谱强度数值预报

为了预报声呐远距离检测包络线谱的性能,本文分析在辐射噪声传播过程中包络线谱强度衰减的原因及提出在水声波导中包络线谱强度的数值预报方法。依据周期性局部平稳过程对舰船辐射噪声建模,推导出无噪声干扰及有噪声干扰下的包络线谱强度的数学表达式,获得了包络线谱强度传播衰减的规律,在水声波导中包络线谱声级传播规律与平稳谱一致,但包络线谱高出连续谱的强度的衰减取决于随信噪比变化的调幅深度修正因子。包络线谱强度数值预报方法如下:先利用传播衰减的数值方法例如用简正波方法波数积分方法PE方法等求出平稳辐射噪声的传播衰减,再求信噪比,最后依据调幅深度修正因子获得包络线谱强度降低的分贝数,预报出在水声波导中任意一点包络线谱信号高度。该理论和数值预报方法具有创新性,实用,简单,适合工程应用。