A numerical study of the effects of design parameters on the acoustics noise of a high efficiency propeller

A numerical study of a high efficiency propeller in the aerodynamic noise generation is carried out. Based on RANS, three-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to obtain the aerodynamic performance of the propeller. The result of the aerodynamic analysis is given as input of the acoustic calculation. The sound is calculated using the Farassat 1A, which is derived from Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation, and compared with the data of wind tunnel. The propeller is modified for noise reduction by changing its geometrical parameters such as diameter, chord width and pitch angle. The trend of variation between aerodynamic analysis data and acoustic calculation result are compared and discussed for different modification tasks. Meaningful conclusions are drawn on the noise reduction of propeller.     

非均匀海洋环境噪声中的匹配场处理舰船辐射噪声级估计方法

在实际舰船辐射噪声测量过程中,受非均匀海洋环境噪声的影响,导致常规测量方法的性能急剧下降,基于此,提出了一种非均匀海洋环境噪声背景中的垂直阵舰船辐射噪声测量方法。根据水声信道传播理论,建立了由海面多个空时独立均匀分布噪声源构成的非均匀背景噪声场模型,推导了非均匀海洋环境噪声场中垂直阵舰船辐射噪声估计的理论公式。针对典型的浅海水声信道,进行计算机仿真实验,分析了该方法的测量性能并与常规匹配场测量方法进行对比,结果表明:(1)该方法能有效克服非均匀海洋环境噪声对测量结果的影响,测量误差较小;(2)相同测量条件下,该方法测量性能优于常规匹配场舰船辐射噪声级测量方法;(3)当信噪比满足一定要求时,测量得到的声源级与实际声源级相比,误差小于1 dB。      

Fast prediction of aerodynamic noise induced by the flow around a cylinder based on deep neural network

Accurate and fast prediction of aerodynamic noise has always been a research hotspot in fluid mechanics and aeroacoustics. The conventional prediction methods based on numerical simulation often demand huge computational resources, which are difficult to balance between accuracy and efficiency. Here, we present a data-driven deep neural network (DNN) method to realize fast aerodynamic noise prediction while maintaining accuracy. The proposed deep learning method can predict the spatial distributions of aerodynamic noise information under different working conditions. Based on the large eddy simulation turbulence model and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings acoustic analogy theory, a dataset composed of 1216 samples is established. With reference to the deep learning method, a DNN framework is proposed to map the relationship between spatial coordinates, inlet velocity and overall sound pressure level. The root-mean-square-errors of prediction are below 0.82 dB in the test dataset, and the directivity of aerodynamic noise predicted by the DNN framework are basically consistent with the numerical simulation. This work paves a novel way for fast prediction of aerodynamic noise with high accuracy and has application potential in acoustic field prediction.     

Development of an optimised, standard-compliant procedure to calculate sound transmission loss: design of transmission rooms

A numerical procedure to estimate the transmission loss of sound insulating structures is proposed based upon the technology of acoustic measurements and standards. A virtual laboratory (VL), namely, a numerical representation of a real laboratory consisting of two reverberation rooms meeting certain sound field quality criteria is designed. VL is to be used for the numerical simulation of standardised measurements under predefined, controlled, acoustic conditions. In this paper, the design and optimisation of VL is investigated. The geometry of the transmission rooms is designed following first principles, in order for diffuse field conditions and sufficiently smooth primary mode distribution in the low frequency to be achieved. A finite element-based optimisation procedure, introduced by the author in previous work, is extended to arbitrarily shaped rooms. It is used to predict the appropriate local geometric modifications so as for improved mode distribution and smoother sound pressure fluctuations of the transmission rooms in the low-frequency range to be achieved and low-frequency measurement reproducibility and accuracy to be increased. Steady-state acoustic response analysis is performed in order to quantify the acoustic field quality of the virtual transmission rooms in the frequency range of measurements. A method to calculate the total absorption, A, of the receiving room is introduced by simulation of the reverberation time measurement procedure using Transient acoustic response analysis. The acoustic performance of VL is overall considered and is shown to meet in a sufficient degree, relative laboratory measurement standards in the frequency range of 100÷704 Hz.     

压缩感知在宽带声学多普勒测速技术中的应用*

为降低宽带声学多普勒测速技术中宽带回波信号处理系统的采样和数据存储压力,研究了压缩感知的回波信号重构算法,并将其应用于宽带声学多普勒测速的回波信号分析中。在点回波模型下进行宽带回波信号的仿真实验,利用复协方差法计算频移。仿真实验结果表明,在无噪声的理想条件下,利用压缩感知理论处理宽带多普勒测速的回波信号,能够达到理想的测频效果;在相同的噪声条件下,应用压缩感知方法处理后的回波信号能够获得与带通采样方法相当的测频效果。     

HELS法在循环平稳声场全息重建中的理论与实验研究

Helmholtz 方程最小二乘法利用一组球面波基函数拟合声源产生的声场,根据重建和实际声压的误差最小原则,利用最小二乘法确定基函数展开的项数以及对应的权重系数,该方法具有计算效率高和需要测点少的优点,在实际工程中有很大的实用性.Helmholtz 方程最小二乘法和其他近场声全息方法一样都是针对平稳声场,对非平稳声场的分析很少.对于实际工程中经常遇到的一类特殊非平稳声场——循环平稳声场,现有的技术多以单通道信号分析为主,其高阶统计量在故障诊断领域应用较广.分析了循环平稳声场中Helmholtz方程最小二乘 关键词： 声全息 循环平稳 Helmholtz 方程 球面波     

光声光谱检测装置中光声池的数值计算及优化

利用光声光谱技术进行痕量气体的检测具有独特的优势,光声池是系统装置中最为重要的核心部件,它决定着整机性能的优劣.以一圆柱形共振型光声池为研究对象,基于声学与吸收光谱学的基本理论,建立了光声池声场激发的数学模型;利用数值模拟方法对光声池空腔结构进行了声学模态仿真,获得了前8阶声学模态值以及声压可视化振型;在考虑热黏性声学损耗的作用下,对光声池进行了热-声耦合多物理场仿真计算;将仿真结果与解析计算和实验结果进行对比,明确了利用数值模拟方法来计算光声池有关指标的可靠性与可行性;针对光声池的优化问题,提出了一种将响应面代理模型与遗传算法相结合的优化算法,在将原光声池中的谐振腔两端形貌更改为喇叭口形的情况下,通过优化算法获得了以光声池品质因数Q及池常数C_(cell)为最大值寻优的Pareto最优解集;选取一组解进行考察,结果表明,代理模型预测值与数值模拟值指标最大误差仅为1.3%,优化后的新型光声池Q较之前增长了48.9%, C_(cell)增长了34.4%.研究方法可为光声光谱中光声池的优化设计提供参考借鉴.     

基于蜗舌改型的空调用离心风机流动分析及降噪研究

本文采用计算流体动力学和声类比相结合的混合方法对空调用离心风机进行流场以及声场的计算,同时进行风机风量和噪声的实验测量,验证所采用的数值计算模型和计算方法的有效性.针对原型非常规蜗壳,提取蜗壳中间截面型线进行直蜗舌的蜗壳设计,在此基础上设计了三种倾斜蜗舌的蜗壳.根据数值计算结果,对最优倾斜蜗舌进行了实验验证。经实验测试,风机在各个工况点风量均有提升,在最大风量点风量提升6.0%,噪声降低1.4 dB(A).数值分析风机内部流动特征及噪声特性,发现在蜗舌附近流动区域内湍流强度和涡量明显减小,在叶片通过频率处声功率谱密度以及噪声峰值明显下降,这也表明风机的旋转噪声得到了有效控制。     

Reduction of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers

Guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) generates phase and polarization noise of light propagating in glass fibers. This excess noise affects the performance of various experiments operating at the quantum noise limit. We experimentally demonstrate the reduction of GAWBS noise in a photonic crystal fiber in a broad frequency range by tailoring the acoustic modes using the photonic also as a phononic crystal. We compare the noise spectrum to the one of a standard fiber and observe a tenfold noise reduction in the frequency range up to 200 MHz. Based on our measurement results as well as on numerical simulations, we establish a model for the reduction of GAWBS noise in photonic crystal fibers.     

Design of a pulse generator and shock tube for measuring hearing protector attenuation of high-amplitude impulsive noise

The effectiveness of hearing protectors against high amplitude impulse noise levels remains the subject of research with objective testing techniques using acoustic test fixtures offering the only realistic method of providing rapid performance data for protector design and qualification. The work presented in this paper examines a prototype test method based on a shock tube and acoustic test fixture for the evaluation of protectors against high-level impulsive noise where established real ear attenuation at threshold methods would be impractical to apply. The results show that the system is capable of producing controlled repeatable high amplitude pressure pulses of variable duration for testing hearing protection devices in a grazing wave type test. A series of pilot tests illustrate how the system can have a sufficient self-insertion loss to reject flanking noise and allow the measurement of protector attenuations of up to 45 dB with little corruption from flanking noise.     

Time-domain simulation of acoustic wave propagation and interaction with flexible structures using Chebyshev collocation method

A time-domain Chebyshev collocation (ChC) method is used to simulate acoustic wave propagation and its interaction with flexible structures in ducts. The numerical formulation is described using a two-dimensional duct noise control system, which consists of an expansion chamber and a tensioned membrane covering the side-branch cavity. Full coupling between the acoustic wave and the structural vibration of the tensioned membrane is considered in the modelling. A systematic method of solution is developed for the discretized differential equations over multiple physical domains. The time-domain ChC model is tested against analytical solutions under two conditions: one with an initial state of wave motion; the other with a time-dependent acoustic source. Comparisons with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are also made. Results show that the time-domain ChC method is highly accurate and computationally efficient for the time-dependent solution of duct acoustic problems. For illustrative purposes, the time-domain ChC method is applied to investigate the acoustic performance of three typical duct noise control devices: the expansion chamber, the quarter wavelength resonator and the drum silencer. The time-dependent simulation of the sound-structure interaction in the drum silencer reveals the delicate role of the membrane mass and tension in its sound reflection capability.     

Inverse estimation of the acoustic impedance of a porous woven hose from measured transmission coefficients

A porous tube, comprised of a resin-coated woven fabric has recently been used as an effective component for use in intake systems of internal combustion engines to reduce the intake noise. For the prediction of the acoustic performance of an engine intake system with a porous woven hose, the acoustic wall impedance of the hose must be known. However, the accurate measurement of the wall impedance of a porous woven hose is not easy because of its peculiar acoustical and structural characteristics. A new measurement technique is proposed herein, that is valid over the low to mid frequency ranges. The acoustics impedance is inversely estimated from an overdetermined set of measured pressure transmission coefficients for specimens of different lengths and the reflection coefficient of end termination. The method involves only one measurement setup, and, as a result, it is very simple. A variation of the proposed method, an inverse estimation method using one of the four-pole parameters is also proposed. An error sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effect of measurement error on the accuracy of the final result. The measured TL for samples with arbitrary lengths and arbitrary porous frequency are in reasonably good agreement with values predicted from curve-fitted impedance data.     

Experimental and numerical study on aeroacoustic sound of axial flow fan in room air conditioner

Fan is one of the main noise sources of the room air-conditioners. Axial flow fans are widely used in the outdoor unit of split type air-conditioners. The interaction between the fan and the heat exchanger should be taken into consideration. However, only a few researches have been carried out on predicting the aeroacoustic noise because of the difficulty in obtaining detailed information of the flow field. This paper is to understand the generation mechanism of sound and to develop a prediction method for the flow field and the acoustic pressure field of the outdoor unit. Acoustic measurement is performed in a semi-anechoic chamber. Effects of each components is analyzed. Based on commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Fluent, Fukano’s model is used to predict the overall sound pressure level of broadband noise. The predicted sound pressure levels based on original Fukano’s model are 7.66 dB and 7.42 dB lower than measurement results at 780 rpm and 684 rpm, respectively. And the errors are about 13%. However, when wake width and relative velocity are both calculated by numerical simulations and the distance to blade trailing edge is taken into consideration, the difference of sound pressure level between measurement and prediction is less than 3.4 dB and errors less than 5.5% while the distance is less than 10 mm. Thus, the distance to blade trailing edge should also be an important parameter for Fukano’s model. In comparison with experimental results, it is clearly shown that the Fukano method based on numerical simulation can provide more accuracy than the original Fukano model and numerical results are in a reliable level.     

微穿孔板抑制不稳定燃烧的声学数值仿真

为了研究微穿孔板吸声结构对不稳定燃烧的抑制作用,采用高精度的计算气动声学(Computational Aeroacoustics,CAA)方法开展时域下的数值仿真。首先对带有压力时滞模型的三维声学扰动方程进行求解,给出发动机不稳定燃烧的频率信息。然后通过解析模型分析微穿孔板吸声结构的阻抗特性,并由多自由度宽频阻抗模型模拟微穿孔板对该不稳定频率的抑制作用。仿真捕捉到的不稳定燃烧频率与地面试车测得的频率相一致。表明采用的计算气动声学方法及相应模型可以准确地捕捉不稳定燃烧的频率信息,并分析微穿孔板对不稳定燃烧的抑制作用,对于工程上快速预测不稳定燃烧具有一定意义。      

Theoretical analysis and experimental research on non-cavitation noise modulation mechanism of underwater counter-rotation propeller

The underwater counter-rotation propeller non-cavitation noise has an obvious modulation characteristic which is due to the interaction of flow and blade. A modulation mechanism is presented in this paper. A sound pressure spectrum model is presented to describe its non-cavitation noise with application of generalized acoustic analogy method, the modulation mechanism is expressed with the improvement of sound pressure model. The power spectrum and modulation spectrum are presented by numerical simulation. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results are verified by the cavitation tunnel experiment. The modulation model of counter-rotation propeller is beneficial to the prediction modulation characteristics and identification of underwater high-speed vehicles.     

共轴双旋翼悬停状态气动噪声特性分析

结合CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼气动噪声特性计算方法。为了准确模拟共轴旋翼流场的涡干扰现象和非定常特性,基于运动嵌套网格技术与双时间推进方法,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型。通过Farassat 1A公式计算双旋翼气动噪声特性,每个声源微面的位置和载荷信息直接从桨叶表面网格中获取。然后,对水平面内和竖直面内观测点处共轴双旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声和总噪声的声压时间历程和频谱特性做了细致对比。模拟结果表明:上旋翼和下旋翼反向旋转的特点对声压时间历程影响显著,不同方向观察点的声压波形峰值对应的相位不同;共轴旋翼流场中存在的文丘里效应、桨-涡干扰现象以及下洗流的作用使得桨叶气动载荷呈现明显的非定常特征,导致共轴双旋翼的载荷噪声辐射强度较大;在低频段,总噪声受厚度噪声主导,而在高频段则受载荷噪声主导。      

SEA and contribution analysis for interior noise of a high speed train

This paper presents a detailed Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and contribution analysis of the interior noise of a high-speed train through extensive simulations and measurements. The SEA model was developed based on the actual geometrical parameters of a benchmark high-speed coach. Sound transmission loss levels of the structural components of the car body, which are required in the SEA model, were tested in a dedicated acoustic laboratory following international standard ISO 140-3:1995. Modal densities of these structural components were derived from measured frequency response functions using the modal counting method. Damping loss factors were obtained using the half-power bandwidth method and the vibration attenuation method. By considering the relationship between sound radiation and power transmission, coupling loss factors between structures and cavities were estimated. Source inputs to the SEA model were derived from field experiment data. Interior noise due to those sources was predicted using the SEA model and the prediction was generally in good agreement with measurement. Contribution analysis was then performed using this validated model through parametric study, and this analysis was further examined experimentally. In conclusion, for the coach that was investigated in this paper, the key factors for interior noise are sidewall vibration, bogie area noise, and floor sound transmission loss. Based on this and other engineering considerations, an interior noise control strategy can be defined.     

Noise Prediction in Subsonic Flow Using Seventh-Order Dissipative Compact Scheme on Curvilinear Mesh

In this paper, we investigate the performance of the seventh-order hybrid cell-edge and cell-node dissipative compact scheme (HDCS-E8T7) on curvilinear mesh for noise prediction in subsonic flow. In order to eliminate the errors due to surface conservation law (SCL) is dissatisfied with curvilinear meshes, the symmetrical conservative metric method (SCMM) is adopted to calculate the grid metric derivatives for the HDCS-E8T7. For the simulation of turbulence flow which may have main responsibility for the noise radiation, the new high-order implicit large eddy simulation (HILES) based on the HDCS-E8T7 is employed. Three typical cases, i.e., scattering of acoustic waves by multiple cylinder, sound radiated from a rod-airfoil and subsonic jet noise from nozzle, are chosen to investigate the performance of the new scheme for predicting aeroacoustic problem. The results of scattering of acoustic waves by multiple cylinder indicate that the HDCS-E8T7 satisfying the SCL has high resolution for the aeroacoustic prediction. The potential of the HDCS-E8T7 for aeroacoustic problems on complex geometry is shown by the predicting sound radiated from a rod-airfoil configuration. Moreover, the subsonic jet noise from nozzle has been successfully predicted by the HDCS-E8T7.     

On the simulation of trailing edge noise with a hybrid LES/APE method

A hybrid method is applied to predict trailing edge noise based on a large eddy simulation (LES) of the compressible flow problem and acoustic perturbation equations (APE) for the time-dependent simulation of the acoustic field. The acoustic simulation in general considers the mean flow convection and refraction effects such that the computational domain of the flow simulation has to comprise only the significant acoustic source region. Using a modified rescaling method for the prediction of the unsteady turbulent inflow boundary layer, the LES just resolves the flow field in the immediate vicinity of the trailing edge. The linearized APE completely prevent the unbounded growth of hydrodynamic instabilities in critical mean flows.