LaF3∶Ce3+纳米晶的制备及荧光性质

采用水热法制备了掺杂Ce3+的LaF3的纳米粒子,分别用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和荧光光谱(PL)对样品的结构和性质进行了表征.XRD的结果表明:LaF3∶Ce3+纳米晶标准卡为JCPDS 73-2192,且颗粒平均尺寸为18.7nm,掺入Ce3+杂质后晶格结构没有变化.荧光光谱结果表明:Ce3+呈现其宽带发射,激发峰在245nm处,发射峰在444nm处,随着Ce3+的摩尔浓度比的增加,样品的荧光强度先增大后减小,且Ce3+的掺杂量为4％(摩尔比)时,纳米粒子的荧光强度最强,但更高的掺杂浓度将导致荧光猝灭.     

LaF_3∶Tb~(3+),Ce~(3+)纳米晶的水热合成和荧光特性

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)辅助水热法制备了LaF3∶Tb3+,Ce3+纳米晶,研究了pH,Ce3+/Tb3+和反应时间对样品荧光性能的影响。XRD分析表明,样品的主衍射峰与标准卡片(JCPDS 32-0483)的衍射峰相似,属于六方相晶系,其主衍射峰随掺杂稀土离子浓度增大略有偏移,说明掺杂稀土离子与基质晶格中的La3+发生部分的同晶取代。电镜结果显示,样品颗粒是平均晶粒尺寸在20~50nm内且结晶度高的纳米晶体。在样品的激发光谱中,较强的激发峰位于250nm,归属于铈离子能级的4f→5d跃迁。在250nm光激发下,样品均在490nm有较弱的蓝光发射(电偶极跃迁5 D4→7 F6)和543nm有较强的绿光发射(磁偶极跃迁5 D4→7 F5)。随着Ce3+/Tb3+的摩尔比值增大,其荧光强度先增强后减弱,在nCe3+/nTb3+=4时样品的绿光发射最强。溶液pH能影响LaF3∶Tb3+,Ce3+纳米晶的色纯度和发光强度,其中pH为9时样品的绿色纯度最好,而pH为7时其绿光发射最强。增加水热反应时间有助于提高样品的色纯度和增强绿光发射。     

透明β-NaYF_4∶Yb,Tm/PMMA纳米复合材料的制备及其光学性能

采用高温溶剂热法制备了一系列不同Yb3+掺杂浓度的上转换发光纳米粒子β-NaYF4∶Yb,Tm和核壳结构的β-NaYF4∶Yb,Tm@β-NaYF4∶Yb纳米粒子。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、光致发光(PL)谱对材料的物相结构、形貌特征和发光性质进行了表征和研究,并特别研究了温度对材料发光性能的影响。结果表明:保持Tm3+浓度不变,随着Yb3+掺杂浓度的增加,β-NaYF4∶Yb,Tm的发光强度先增大后减小。当Yb3+掺杂摩尔分数为30%时,474 nm和645 nm处的发光强度达到最大值;当Yb3+掺杂摩尔分数为50%时,450 nm和692 nm处的发光强度达到最大值。在β-NaYF4∶Yb(30%),Tm上包裹一层β-NaYF4∶Yb壳层后,其发光显著增强,随壳层Yb3+摩尔分数的增加,发光强度也是先增大后减小。当壳层Yb3+摩尔分数为10%时,核壳结构纳米粒子的发光强度达到最大值;当壳层Yb3+摩尔分数达到40%时,核壳结构纳米粒子的发光强度已经低于未包裹时。将样品进行热处理后,荧光增强。样品的发光强度随环境温度的升高,红光变弱,蓝光增强。采用原位聚合法将β-NaYF4∶Yb,Tm纳米粒子与PMMA制成复合材料后,仍能保持较好的透明度和发光强度。     

CdSe:Nd纳米晶及CdSe:Nd@SiO2核壳结构的合成及发光性能

利用有机相法合成Nd³⁺掺杂CdSe纳米晶（CdSe∶Nd）,通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、紫外吸收光光谱及荧光光谱表征,证明Nd³⁺已经成功掺入到CdSe的晶格中。与纯CdSe纳米晶相比,CdSe∶Nd纳米晶的结构仍为立方晶型,且形貌近似球形,均匀分散,粒径约为2~4 nm。紫外吸收峰和荧光发射峰都发生红移,而且掺杂后的CdSe∶Nd纳米晶量子产率也提高,这可能是由于掺杂Nd³⁺引入了新的杂质能级,带隙减小。为了实现CdSe∶Nd纳米晶的可加工性和功能性,通过微乳法合成SiO₂壳包覆的CdSe∶Nd纳米球（CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球）,CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球呈均匀球形,直径约为100~115 nm,并且包壳后的CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球发射峰（581 nm）与CdSe∶Nd纳米晶（598 nm）相比,发光强度提高且发射峰蓝移,蓝移约为17 nm,可能是因为SiO₂壳可以减少纳米晶表面的非辐射跃迁以及改善表面缺陷导致的。     

Bi3+掺杂对CaMoO4:Eu3+荧光粉发光性质的影响

通过微乳液-水热法制备了CaMoO4∶Eu3+和CaMoO4∶Eu3+,Bi 3+两种红色荧光粉,并对样品进行表征,研究其结构、颗粒形貌及发光性质。结果表明,所制样品为白钨矿结构,属于四方晶系。SEM显示所制纳米粒子是四方片状结构,颗粒大小为1.5～2.5μm。光致发光(PL)光谱显示,Eu3+摩尔浓度为5%时616nm发射峰最强,对应于Eu3+的5 D0→7 F2电子偶极跃迁;随CaMoO4∶xEu3+荧光粉中Eu3+掺杂浓度变化,导致色度坐标(CIE)值由橙黄色(0.514,0.537)变化到白色(0.339,0.333);在CaMoO4∶5%Eu3+,yBi 3+红色荧光粉中,由于Bi 3+对Eu3+的敏化作用,使其发光强度增强,当Bi 3+浓度为3%时,发光强度最高;随着Bi 3+掺杂浓度的增加,CaMoO4∶5%Eu3+,yBi 3+荧光粉由橙黄色(0.497,0.347)调节到红色(0.585,0.349)。     

核壳结构纳米颗粒Gd2O3:Tb3+/SiOx的制备及发光性能研究

以二甘醇为溶剂合成Gd2O3:Tb3+纳米颗粒,并在其表面包覆聚硅氧烷层,得到核壳结构纳米颗粒Gd2O3∶Tb3+/SiOx。为了研究Tb3+离子掺杂浓度对纳米颗粒发光性能的影响,采用几种不同Tb3+掺杂浓度进行纳米颗粒的合成,并对其发光性能进行了检测。结果表明:包裹聚硅氧烷层后的Gd2O3∶Tb3+纳米颗粒分散较好,聚硅氧烷层不会减弱Gd2O3∶Tb3+纳米颗粒的发光性能。Tb3+掺杂浓度对核壳结构纳米颗粒Gd2O3∶Tb3+/SiOx的发光存在浓度猝灭现象,猝灭摩尔分数为5%。这种具有发光特性的核壳结构纳米颗粒可作为生物传感器的探针用于生物分子的检测。     

La_(1-x)YO_3∶xPr~(3+)荧光粉的溶液燃烧法合成及发光特性

为了研究紫外光作用下La1-xYO3∶xPr3+荧光粉的光致发光特性和发光机理,以尿素为辅助燃烧原料,采用溶液燃烧合成法,制备了不同掺杂浓度的La1-xYO3∶xPr3+荧光粉样品.通过X-射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和光谱学手段,对La1-xYO3∶xPr3+荧光粉的晶相结构、形貌和发光性质进行了表征和研究.结果表明,所制备的LaYO3∶Pr3+样品具有立方晶形结构,在波长为295nm紫外光源的激发下,荧光粉发射出很强的绿色荧光.随着Pr3+离子掺杂浓度的增加,荧光粉的绿色发光强度也随之增强.当掺杂浓度增至1.0mol%时,其绿色发光强度达到最大.之后,随着Pr3+离子掺杂浓度的进一步增加,荧光粉的绿色发光强度开始逐渐减弱,出现浓度猝灭效应.     

SrZn(WO_4)_2∶Tb~(3+),Ce~(3+)绿色荧光粉的制备及发光性能研究

通过化学共沉淀法制备了适合近紫外激发的SrZn1-x(WO4)2∶xTb3+∶yCe3+系列绿色荧光粉。利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了不同掺杂比例对样品物相的影响。采用荧光光谱(PL)对样品的激发光谱和发射光谱进行了表征。分别讨论了稀土Tb3+单掺及Ce3+和Tb3+共掺对样品发光性能的影响。XRD分析表明:样品的主衍射峰与标准卡片(JCPDS 08-0490和JCPDS 15-0774)的衍射峰基本一致,说明单掺和共掺稀土离子均未改变基质晶格结构。在样品的激发光谱中,223nm为主激发峰,属于Tb3+的7F—7 D自旋允许跃迁。在223nm的紫外光激发下,样品发射光谱主发射峰位置在543nm,归属于Tb3+的5 D4→7 F5跃迁。当Ce3+和Tb3+共掺时,峰型和位置变化不大,Ce3+和Tb3+掺杂摩尔分数比为0.02∶0.06时,发光强度得到很大提高,说明Ce3+和Tb3+之间存在着能量传递。     

Mg掺杂ZnO纳米晶的低温共沉淀法制备及光学性质

采用共沉淀(co-precipitation)法制备了Mg掺杂ZnO纳米晶,分别用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外可见吸收(UV-Vis)光谱、光致发光(PL)光谱、透射电镜(TEM)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)等分析手段对样品进行了表征。探究了Mg离子在ZnO纳米晶中的存在状态,ZnO纳米晶颗粒尺寸和发射光谱随Mg掺杂浓度的变化,并对其发光机理进行了分析。结果表明:Mg离子在ZnO晶格中以部分晶格位,部分间隙位的方式存在,没有形成MgO表面壳层结构;随Mg掺杂浓度的增大,ZnO纳米晶的颗粒尺寸变小,发射光的光强增大。发射光的最佳激发波长为342nm,中心波长为500nm,荧光量子产率为22.8%。实验分析表明:Mg离子的掺杂在ZnO纳米晶中引入了锌空位(VZn),间隙位的镁离子(IMg),提供了新的复合中心,从而增强了ZnO纳米晶的光致发光。     

Ce~(3+)注入对超晶格中硅纳米晶光致发光强度的影响

研究了铈离子注入和二次退火等因素对硅纳米晶(nc-Si)发光强度的影响.利用电子柬蒸发以及高温退火得到nc-Si/SiO2超晶格结构.随后将该结构样晶分别注入2.0×1014cm2和2.0×1015cm-2剂量的铈离子(Ce3+),再分别以不同温度对其进行二次退火,获得多种样品.通过对样品光敏发光光谱的分析发现,Ce3+注入后未经过二次退火的样品发光强度急剧下降.二次退火后的样品,随着退火温度的升高,样品的光致发光灶度逐渐增强,但当温度超过600℃时,发光强度反而下降,600℃为二次退火的最佳退火温度.注入适当剂量的Ce3+,其发光强度可以超过未注入时的发光强度,Ce3+的注入存在饱和剂量.研究表明,样品发光强度的变化受到铈离子注入剂量和注入后二次退火温度等因素的影响,并且存在着Ce3+到nc-Si的能量传递.     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.