爆炸磁通量压缩发生器金属管爆炸试验研究

 描述了对爆炸磁通量压缩发生器（MFCG）的爆炸金属管进行的爆轰测试试验。利用电探针方法,测试得到了金属管中的粉状RDX炸药的爆轰速度。采用高速分幅相机测试技术,得到了金属管膨胀运动过程的分幅照片,掌握了金属管的膨胀及破裂情况,并由此测得了膨胀角。本试验结果为MFCG的设计和改进提供了依据。     

爆炸磁压缩发生爆炸管运动研究

报导了对爆炸磁压缩发生器的爆炸管进行的爆轰试验结果，用电子学方法测试了爆炸管采用的粉状ＲＤＸ炸药的爆轰速度；采用高速分幅提防方法，观测了爆炸管在管内ＲＤＸ炸药爆轰产物驱动下的膨胀运动过程，测试了膨胀角，对称性和膨胀速度。     

炸药爆炸变形和首次破碎的研究

 利用纹影技术研究了炸药爆轰后驱动物质的变形过程。为了便于观察,待测物质选取为变形比较大的介质水。实验观察表明,在炸药爆轰作用下,筒状水的膨胀首先由雷管起爆端开始,形成了倾斜状、波浪形的界面。结果表明：阵面的波动破裂均从外界面开始,界面的不稳定性可能是导致其失稳并破碎的主要原因。实验还观察到炸药爆轰后不同延迟时间的物体从大块变成小块的发展过程。研究中克服了炸药爆轰产物发光对图像的影响,以及爆炸振动对光路的影响。研制了一种简易的触发探针,解决了外光源和炸药爆轰的同步问题。     

水下爆炸气泡脉动周期的简便计算方法

将爆轰产物状态方程与气泡运动方程相结合,提出了一种水下爆炸气泡脉动周期的数值计算方法,能够快速计算不同炸药水下爆炸的气泡脉动周期。结果表明:采用JWL状态方程与采用γ律状态方程的气泡周期计算方法相比,前者计算TNT炸药水下爆炸气泡脉动周期的误差更小,计算误差小于3%;通过对比RS211炸药水下爆炸实验结果,进一步验证了该数值计算方法对含铝炸药水下爆炸气泡脉动周期的计算同样具有良好的适用性。     

爆炸力学及其工程应用进展

 爆炸是自然界中经常发生的一种物理与化学的过程,在爆炸过程中,以极高的速度释放出能量.爆炸产物对周围介质作功,产生破坏作用,如破坏弹体形成杀伤破片,爆破矿山抛掷土石,在介质中形成冲击波、应力波等.爆炸的主要特征是在爆炸中心周围的介质中产生压力突跃,这种压力上升前沿只有几个微秒.爆炸力学学科就是要从定性、定量两方面来描述爆炸过程的力学,这是一门边缘性学科,它涉及爆轰物理学,其内容包括炸药的化学反应特征,炸药的爆轰过程及爆轰参数的理论与工程计算方法等;爆炸气体力学,其内容包括爆炸产物在其形成的特定流场中各个参量:压力场,密度场的计算.     

极小装药爆炸驱动两级重载荷研究

根据瞬时爆轰理论,在极小装填比(C/M)条件下进行了小质量装药驱动大质量载荷运动研究,理论分析了弱约束和强约束装药条件下载荷驱动速度。弱约束装药条件下在格尼方程基础上通过考虑装药壳体径向飞散获得二维炸药驱动载荷运动的计算模型,强约束条件下按照爆轰产物等熵膨胀理论获得大质量载荷驱动速度的计算模型。开展了两种约束条件下爆炸驱动大质量载荷的运动试验研究,弱约束条件下,载荷驱动速度随着装药长径比减小而增大;强约束条件下,载荷驱动速度随着装药量增加而增大,随装药腔体与运动腔体直径比增大而增大。     

悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流模型对悬浮RDX炸药粉尘爆轰波进行了数值模拟。RDX炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,颗粒表面发生熔化。参考液滴在高速气流作用下剥离的效应,假设炸药熔化部分在高速气流的作用下发生剥离,破碎成极小的颗粒,瞬时发生分解反应,释放出能量支持爆轰波传播。数值模拟了在不同粒径和浓度的悬浮RDX炸药粉尘中爆轰波的发展与传播过程,得到了爆轰波流场中气-固两相的物理量分布,并确定了爆轰波参数。在较低的RDX粉尘浓度条件下,爆轰波阵面压力的峰值曲线出现振荡。当RDX粉尘浓度在80~150 g/m3时,数值模拟得到的爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线的振荡是规则的;当RDX粉尘浓度为70 g/m3时,爆轰波阵面压力峰值曲线出现不规则振荡。     

氢化镁储氢型乳化炸药的爆炸特性研究

 通过理论计算和水下爆炸实验,初步研究了MgH₂敏化储氢型乳化炸药的爆炸特性和爆轰反应机理。结果表明：与玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药相比,MgH₂敏化的乳化炸药水下爆炸的冲击波超压、比冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能及水下爆炸比总能量显著增加,其中冲击波超压和水下爆炸总能量分别增加了20.5%和31.0%。MgH₂储氢型乳化炸药的爆轰机理与玻璃微球敏化乳化炸药不同,MgH₂在乳化炸药中起到了敏化剂和含能材料的双重作用,即MgH₂在乳化基质中水解产生均匀分布的氢气泡,起到了敏化作用,同时氢气参与爆炸反应,提高了炸药的爆炸能量和做功能力。     

多级光探针及炸药爆轰流场的实验研究

本文介绍的新结构多级光探针,具有尺寸小、精度高、灵敏度高、经济、可靠、使用方便、适于恶劣环境等特点,性能明显优于国外Helb所报导的结果。 借助光探针—变象管技术,研究了TNT/RDX炸药内部的爆轰流场。沿爆轰传播方向,在浇铸炸药时放置数根光探针。几十个弱光信号经光纤传输和多路光纤耦合装置,由变象管相机系统记录、贮存及数据处理,不但立即显示测试波形及数据,而且避免了人为的判读误差。从而测量了爆轰波传播的相速度以及爆轰速度,确定了炸药内     

柱形装药水中爆炸气泡的形态演变

 采用高速摄影方法在实验水箱中获得了长径比为3.35~6.75的柱形PETN炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动的图像,进而结合真实的爆轰过程和Rayleigh气泡运动方程,研究了气泡的形态演变规律。研究结果表明,柱形装药在水中爆炸时,形成的初始气泡的形状为非球对称形,这种非对称特征随长径比的增加而增大。气泡表面的运动也表现出明显的非球对称特征,气泡表面在装药径向的膨胀运动呈指数衰减,在装药轴向两端的膨胀运动更接近于分段线性衰减。气泡表面的不对称运动与柱形装药水下爆炸的能量输出结构不均有关,与冲击波的有效能量分布规律是相似的。     

Detonation of explosive Proppant: RDX-containing water-saturated sand

The results of experimental investigations and thermodynamic calculations of the detonation of explosive proppant, an RDX-containing water-saturating sand, are reported. The material studied is of interest for use as an explosive additive to propping material injected into hydraulic fractures of oil-bearing beds. The tests were conducted in duralumin casings with cylindrical or planar inner channels. The dependences of the detonation velocity on the RDX content in the mixture in the range of 14 to 74 wt %, RDX and sand particle size, and initial temperature are examined. The critical detonation diameter of the charge decreases with increasing content RDX in the mixture, being only several millimeters at RDX contents of 30 wt % and above. Polydisperse RDX provides a high detonability of such mixtures; use of narrow particle size RDX fractions, especially coarse (0.4–0.7 mm), significantly increases the critical detonation diameter. As the initial temperature of the mixture is increased from 20 to 90°C, the critical detonation width decreases severalfold. The detonation of mixtures in a convergent planar channel occurs at a constant rate, which differs little from the detonation velocity measured in a cylindrical channel. Reaching the place where the opening of the channel is less than the critical width, detonation fails abruptly. Thermodynamic calculations of the detonation characteristics of the explosive proppant are performed using the BKWS equation of state under the assumption that the sand component behaves as an inert additive, being in mechanical equilibrium with the detonation products of the RDX-water mixture. A satisfactory agreement with the experimental data on the detonation velocity and its dependence on the RDX content is demonstrated. This makes it possible to conclude that RDX mixed with water-saturated sand detonates within a narrow reaction zone without significant convective heat transfer to the inert additive.     

Calculation of the detonation velocity of porous water-containing RDX-based charges

A nomographic method for predicting the detonation velocity of a porous explosive mixture prepared from RDX powder and water is proposed. It is shown that, in contrast to the existing calculation methods for predicting the detonation velocity, the use of the proposed nomogram greatly simplifies the procedure and requires knowledge of only two parameters: the mass fraction of RDX and the density of the mixture in the charge. At the same time, the nomogram is a coordinate system that enables to place and to compare on one field experimental data obtained at different parameters of the charge. It is shown that RDX powder-water hand-prepared charges can have a detonation velocity of 6–8 km/s. The detonation velocity of cylindrical water-containing charges 10–36 mm in diameter and 120–1000 mm in length with RDX mass fractions of 0.6–1.0 is measured.     

CE/SE方法数值模拟炸药粉尘爆轰

采用CE/SE方法数值模拟悬浮在空气中的RDX炸药粉尘的两相爆轰过程.炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,释放能量支持爆轰波传播.数值模拟爆轰波管中的粉尘爆轰,得到爆轰波流场中的物理量分布,确定爆轰参数,数值结果与文献符合较好.数值模拟复杂通道中的炸药粉尘爆轰,预测了爆轰波的发展和传播过程以及爆轰波后的流场演化.数值结果表明CE/SE方法能成功模拟气体-固体两相爆轰,为粉尘爆轰的研究提供了新的数值预测手段.     

Experimental observations of detonation in ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil (ANFO) surrounded by a high-sound-speed, shockless, aluminum confiner

Detonations in explosive mixtures of ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil (ANFO) confined by aluminum allow for transport of detonation energy ahead of the detonation front due to the aluminum sound-speed exceeding the detonation velocity. The net effect of this energy transport on the detonation is unclear. It could enhance the detonation by precompressing the explosive near the wall. Alternatively, it could decrease the explosive performance by crushing porosity required for initiation by shock compression or destroying confinement ahead of the detonation. At present, these phenomena are not well understood. But with slowly detonating, non-ideal high explosive (NIHE) systems becoming increasing prevalent, proper understanding and prediction of the performance of these metal-confined NIHE systems is desirable. Experiments are discussed that measured the effect of ANFO detonation energy transported upstream of the front by a 76-mm-inner-diameter aluminum confining tube. Detonation velocity, detonation front-shape, and aluminum response are recorded as a function of confiner wall thickness and length. Detonation shape profiles display little curvature near the confining surface, which is attributed to energy transported upstream modifying the flow. Average detonation velocities were seen to increase with increasing confiner thickness, while wavefront curvature decreased due to the stiffer, subsonic confinement. Significant radial sidewall tube motion was observed immediately ahead of the detonation. Axial motion was also detected, which interfered with the front-shape measurements in some cases. It was concluded that the confiner was able to transport energy ahead of the detonation and that this transport has a definite effect on the detonation by modifying its characteristic shape.     

爆磁压缩发生器的爆炸管动力学效应

 对爆磁压缩发生器中爆炸管2维动力学简化模型进行了模拟计算，分析表明：径向膨胀速度会随径向位置（或者时间）的变化而变化，因此膨胀角也会随径向位置（或者时间）发生变化。对各时间点（或位置点）处的膨胀速度进行了平均，求得理论上的平均膨胀速度，再将该平均膨胀速度与实验测量值进行了比较。模拟结果给出了径向膨胀速度受到端头效应影响的情况，这可为改进实验结果提供参考。由于径向速度与轴向速度的比值一般在5以上，用作爆炸管的物质质量越大，这一比值就越大，因此选择密度较大的金属材料作为爆炸管，可减少滑移。应用2D简化模型计算出的膨胀角数值，与Gurney模型以及1D模型进行了比较，它们之间的差别可能主要来自2D效应。     

多级气隙-光纤探针

 报道了外径为0.8 mm的多级气隙-光纤探针技术。探针接收的弱光信号用变象管相机记录、贮存及数字化处理。该探针嵌入固体炸药TNT/RDX=40/60（ρ₀＝1.70 g/cm³）和液体炸药硝基甲烷内部，测得爆速分别为8.02和6.27 km/s。对光信号的可靠性进行了实验验证。     

Blast waves in a cylindrical channel generated by the nonideal detonation of aluminum-Teflon-RDX high-density formulations

The pressure at the front and the pressure impulse of blast waves generated in a cylindrical tube by the expanding products of the nonideal detonation of low-porosity charges prepared by pressing of fine-grained powders of aluminum, Teflon, and RDX were measured. The measured parameters are compared to the same parameters of blast waves produced by the detonation of TNT charges of identical mass. The relative quantities were used to evaluate the effectiveness of blast waves with respect to those generated by TNT. Mixed compositions differing in the shape (brand) of the aluminum powder particles and the ratio between the components at 30% RDX are studied. It is shown that, for the investigated compositions, the pressure at the leading front of the wave exceeds the pressure achieved during TNT explosion on average by 10–30%, almost independently of the distance traveled along the tube in the range from 0.8 to 3.8 m. The dependence of the wave amplitude on the particle shape and aluminum content was weak. In the same range of distances, the relative pulse pressure increases strongly, from 0.5 to 2.1 and higher, mainly due to an increase in the width of the wave. This result is of interest from the point of view of achieving a high pressure impulse of the blast wave in an area remote from the charge. The obtained data suggest that RDX mainly reacts in the detonation wave, with the chemical transformation of Teflon and aluminum in the detonation wave and near-to-charge zone occurring, if at all, to a small extent. On the contrary, as the blast wave front moves through the channel, the burning of aluminum in the fluoride formed during the decomposition of Teflon provides an appreciable support to the blast wave, causing a significant increase in the pressure impulse.     

Generation of blast waves in a channel by nonideal detonation of aluminum-enriched high-density compositions

The results of experimental studies of the nonideal detonation of high-density, high-energy aluminum-ammonium perchlorate-organic fuel-HE compositions and of the blast waves it generates in a channel filled with air are presented. Aluminum-enriched compositions have high densities (up to 2 g/cm³) and high heats of explosion, nearly twice that for TNT. The studies were performed to work out scientific fundamentals of controlling nonideal detonation and to explore the possibility of creating new high-energy high-density formulations with an enhanced fugacity effect. The factors that enable controlling the nonideal detonation of such charges were determined. It was demonstrated that, at RDX contents above 15%, the detonation velocity increases linearly with the charge density while the critical detonation diameter decreases. Adjusting the density, HE content, ratio of the components makes it possible to vary the detonation velocity in high-density charges over a wide range, from 4 to 7 km/s. The experimental data were compared to the thermodynamically calculated velocity of ideal detonation. For the compositions under study, the pressure- time histories of the blast wave generated in a cylindrical tube by the expanding detonation products at different distances from the charge were measured. The results were compared to analogous data obtained under the same conditions for the detonation of the same mass of TNT (100 g). The parameters of blast waves generated by the test compositions are markedly superior to those characteristic of TNT: the pressure at the leading front of the wave and pressure impulse at a given distance from the charge were found to be 1.5–2.0 (or even more) times those observed for TNT. The TNT equivalency at pressures 30–60 atm has similar values. The TNT equivalencies in pressure and pressure impulse depend nonmonotonically on the distance from the charge, so far unclear why. It was established that the interaction between excess fuel and air oxygen during the expansion of detonation products contributes little to supporting the blast wave.     

磁压对级联爆磁压缩脉冲发生器性能的影响

 为了研究负载为mH量级的间接馈电两级级联柱-锥构型的爆磁压缩产生器的基本物理过程和能量转换机理，利用描述爆磁压缩物理过程的2维爆轰磁流体力学程序MFCG(Ⅴ)，以实验模型结构参数为基础模拟计算了一系列模型，分析了磁压对金属套筒径向膨胀速度及膨胀过程的影响。计算结果表明：套筒的径向膨胀速度取决于爆轰压与磁压的共同作用，在爆磁压缩过程的绝大部分时间里，向外膨胀的爆轰压都远大于向内压缩的磁压，因而套筒的径向膨胀速度主要是由爆轰压决定;但是在功率放大级的后半段，也就是发生器电流增长最快阶段，磁压也迅速增长，它的增长大大降低了套筒的径向膨胀速度；在功率放大级的后期，磁压已经超过爆轰压，它对系统设计的影响已经不能完全忽略。