Mn-Cu系高阻尼合金的凝固组织控制及阻尼特性的改善

Mn-Cu系阻尼合金兼有较高的阻尼特性和良好的力学性质,因而具有较大的实用前景.这类合金通常经过铸造,塑性加工和热处理来获得要求的性能和组织.加工后的Mn-Cu合金存在一个特定温度,在此温度以上合金的阻尼性能将会消失,因而影响了合金的在较高温度下的使用.该温度和合金的Mn含量有关,然而提高合金的Mn含量有会降低合金的加工性及力学性能.一般Mn-Cu合金的热处理都是利用400℃附近的时效来获得相分解后的局部高Mn组织.但是目前的时效处理后的Mn-Cu阻尼合金的最高使用温度只在80℃以下.为解决Mn-Cu阻尼合金使用温度的局限性,本研究选用凝固过程控制的方法在铸造组织中来获得较大幅度的Mn含量分布,从而在Mn-Cu合金得到较高的高阻尼特性温度.本工作利用铸型温度控制的方法,将M2052(Mn-20Cu-5Ni-2Fe)合金在250～0.1 K/s冷却速度范围内控制凝固.随凝固冷却速度的降低在合金的铸态组织中观察到二次枝晶间距和晶粒尺寸的明显增大.同时还发现缓冷凝固的合金的成分比快冷凝固有较大的分布幅度.铸态下的合金阻尼性能评价也证实了凝固冷却速度对合金的凝固组织有很大的影响.尽管铸态组织的合金的高温阻尼性能并没有很大的改善,然而通过对铸态组织实施时效处理后发现缓冷凝固合金的高温阻尼性能有很大的改善.凝固冷却速度对时效处理后合金的阻尼性能有明显的影响.实验结果表明0.1 K/s的冷却速度下缓慢凝固的合金在时效处理后高阻尼特性可持续高达120℃.     

镁合金的阻尼性能研究

本文对铸态纯镁及Mg-Zr合金的阻尼性能随Zr含量、频率、应变振幅和温度的变化进行了研究.结果表明,Zr含量对阻尼性能有较大影响.纯镁及Mg-Zr合金的内耗Q-1随着频率(3×10-3～5 Hz)的增加而下降,随着应变振幅的增加而增大,随着温度的升高而增大并出现内耗峰.     

快速凝固Cu-Pb过偏晶合金的性能表征

研究了Cu-Pb过偏晶合金的急冷快速凝固组织特征,定量表征了快速凝固Cu-Pb过偏晶合金的电阻率和力学性能,理论分析了冷却速率和组织形态对合金性能的影响规律. 研究结果表明,在急冷快速凝固条件下,Cu-Pb过偏晶合金中的(Cu)相和(Pb)相均以枝晶方式生长,晶体形态以均匀细小的等轴晶为特征. 随着冷却速率增大,一方面,凝固组织显著细化,晶界增多,对自由电子的散射作用增强,合金电阻率显著增大;另一方面,细晶强化作用增强,合金的抗拉强度呈线性升高,同时,伴随着晶体缺陷数量的增多,合金的伸长率降低. 关键词： Cu-Pb过偏晶合金 快速凝固 电阻率 力学性能     

Mn-Cu合金成分对去合金化法制备纳米多孔铜的影响

 采用电弧熔炼制备出前驱体Mn-Cu合金,在稀盐酸溶液中自由腐蚀去合金化,制备出具有双连续结构的纳米多孔铜。研究了前驱体合金的成分对纳米多孔铜微观结构及Mn的选择性腐蚀程度的影响。结果表明：前驱体Mn-Cu合金的Cu原子分数为43%时,其去合金化受到抑制,存在明显的未完全去合金化的岛状结构;前驱体Mn-Cu合金的Cu原子分数为32%～23%时,可完全去合金化,形成平均孔径尺寸为20～100 nm,平均系带尺寸为30～80 nm,具有双连续结构的纳米多孔铜;前驱体Mn-Cu合金的Cu原子分数低至20%时,去合金化后存在大量裂纹,形成纳米颗粒聚集体。纳米多孔铜中存在少量的残余Mn,残余Mn的原子分数随着前驱体合金Mn原子分数的增高而降低。实验表明腐蚀液浓度对纳米多孔铜形貌也存在影响。     

锰基合金的反铁磁转变与fct马氏体相变内耗

孪晶型阻尼材料已被实际应用,(011)孪晶通过fcc-fct马氏体相变形成,而γMn基合金中,马氏体相变又与合金的反铁磁转变密切相关.因此研究γMn基孪晶型阻尼材料,无疑必须探讨反铁磁转变与一级马氏体相变的之间关系,反铁磁转变和马氏体转变对孪晶形成的作用.本文通对富锰的γMn基合金(Mn-Cu,Mn-Fe,Mn-Ni)的内耗和模量的测量,研究这二类相变在不同材料,不同成分合金中的耦合的机制,以及反铁磁转变和马氏体相变对孪晶形成的作用.结果显示,马氏体相变和反铁磁转变耦合或马氏体相变与孪晶阻尼峰耦合都可以获得材料的高阻尼性能.当锰含量较高时,反铁磁转变和马氏体相变发生耦合,或马氏体相变内耗与孪晶内耗叠加,在室温附近形成高内耗阻尼;当锰含量较低时,马氏体相变温度降到室温以下,反铁磁转变形成的微孪晶亦能产生内耗阻尼峰.     

强磁场对Mn-Sb包晶合金相变及凝固组织的影响

以Mn-56.5 wt%Sb包晶合金为研究对象, 进行了不同磁场、不同冷速条件下的凝固实验. 通过对液相线温度、包晶温度的考察, 发现强磁场可以提高Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金的液相线温度, 且该上升值随磁感应强度的增加而增加, 当所施加的磁感应强度为11.5 T时, 液相线温度升高大约3 ℃, 但施加磁场后包晶反应温度没有明显改变. 对该合金的凝固组织进行定量金相分析发现, 施加磁场后MnSb相明显减少, 该结果与磁场对相变温度的影响相一致. 另外通过X射线衍射分析发现, 强磁场诱发包晶反应生成相MnSb的c轴垂直于磁场方向取向, 而Mn₂Sb相的(311)面平行于磁场方向取向. 对不同冷速凝固的Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金组织进行定量金相分析结果显示, 强磁场对合金凝固过程的作用效果受到冷却速度的影响. 随着冷却速度的增加, 强磁场对该合金凝固组织中MnSb相的相对含量变化影响效果减弱. 关键词： 强磁场 包晶合金 凝固 相变温度     

硫酸处理的ZN-1阻尼材料的黏接性能

ZN-1阻尼材料由于具有优异的阻尼减震性能而作为夹层材料广泛用于各种阻尼结构的设计中，但其缺点是与硬铝（LY12）等金属的黏接性能较差。要改善其黏接性能，必须采用适宜的表面处理方式对其表面进行处理。试验证明，采用浓硫酸浸泡可以很好的改善其黏接性能，研究了ZN-1阻尼材料在浓硫酸中的浸泡时间对其与LY12黏接性能的影响，同时考核了ZN—1阻尼材料经酸处理后制作的黏接试样的贮存性能。     

急冷条件下NiAl-Mo三元共晶合金的组织形成机制

采用单辊急冷技术实现了NiAl-Mo三元两相共晶合金的快速凝固, 同时与常规条件下的凝固组织进行了对比研究. 实验发现, 单辊急冷的合金条带与常规条件的凝固样品均由B2结构的NiAl金属间化合物和bcc结构的Mo固溶体两相组成, 两相均具有(110)晶面优先生长的趋势, 并呈现出(110)NiAl//(110)Mo取向关系. 常规条件下得到的微观结构主要由规则的两相共晶组织组成, 形成了类似菊花状的共晶胞. 而单辊急冷条件下形成的组织结构主要是由近辊面的柱状晶区和近自由面的等轴晶区组成的凝固组织. 理论计算发现, 合金熔体的单辊辊速由10 m/s增大至50 m/s后, 其冷却速率从1.01×10⁷ K/s逐渐增大到2.46×10⁷ K/s, 冷却速率明显高于常规铸造过程, 因而形成了差别很大的凝固组织. 随着辊速(冷却速率)的增加, 合金条带的厚度从54.4 μm减小至22 μm, 近辊面柱状晶区的厚度所占比例也逐渐增大, 晶粒发生了明显细化. 关键词： 快速凝固 三元共晶 共晶转变 冷却速率     

Cu50Ni50合金快速凝固的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金在不同冷却速度下的凝固过程,利用均方位移、径向分布函数和结构可视化等方法分析其微观结构.并对凝固模型进行拉伸模拟,通过应力应变曲线和直观结构变化分析其性能.研究表明：冷却速度对Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成的结构有较大影响,随着冷却速度的升高,凝固形成的结构中晶体含量减少,在较低的冷却速度下,如冷却1×10¹²K/s时,Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成晶体结构;在较高的冷却速度下,如1×10¹⁴K/s时,Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成非晶体结构,且非晶Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金的抗拉性能要优于晶体Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金.     

急冷条件下Cu-Pb偏晶合金的相分离研究

研究了Cu-Pb偏晶合金的急冷快速凝固和组织形成规律，并通过将金属熔体的热传导方程和Navier-Stokes方程相耦合, 理论分析了合金熔体的冷却速率、液固相变时间等物理参量与液相分离之间的相关性. 研究结果表明，在急冷快速凝固条件下，熔体的快速冷却对偏晶合金组织形成的影响要比熔体内部液相流动的影响更为显著. 快速凝固使液相分离受到抑制，Cu-Pb偏晶合金均可获得均匀的微观组织结构. 随着冷速的增大，晶粒尺寸明显减小，凝固组织显著细化，晶体形态由粗大枝晶向均匀细小的等轴晶过渡. 提高冷却速率，缩短液固相变时间是重力场中抑制液相分离、获得均匀偏晶组织结构的重要条件. 关键词： 偏晶合金 快速凝固 液相分离 微观结构     

Growth of tertiary dendritic arms during the transient directional solidification of hypoeutectic Pb–Sb alloys

Despite the importance of a complete characterization of dendritic patterns in castings, the availability of studies on the development of tertiary dendrite arms is scarce in the literature. In the present study, the tip cooling rate, local solidification time, primary and tertiary dendrite arm spacings have been determined in Pb–Sb alloys castings directionally solidified under unsteady-state heat flow conditions. The alloys compositions experimentally examined are widely used in the as-cast condition for the manufacture of positive and negative grids of lead-acid batteries. The initial growth of tertiary dendritic arms from the secondary branches was found to occur only for a Pb–3.5 wt% Sb alloy at cooling rates in the range 0.4–0.2?K/s, with no evidence of this spacing pattern for Pb–Sb alloys having lower solute content. Tertiary dendritic branches have been observed along the entire casting lengths for alloys of the Pb–Sb hypoeutectic range having compositions higher than 4.0 wt% Sb. It is shown that a power function experimental law with a characteristic ?0.55 exponent is able to characterize the tertiary spacing evolution with the solidification cooling rate for alloys compositions ≥4.0 wt% Sb. The only exception was the Pb–3.5 wt% Sb alloy for which λ ₃ exhibited significant lower values when compared with the experimental values obtained for the other Pb–Sb alloys for a same solidification cooling rate.     

液态三元Fe-Cr-Ni合金中快速枝晶生长与溶质分布规律

采用落管方法实现了液态三元Fe-Cr-Ni合金的深过冷与快速凝固,合金液滴的冷却速率和过冷度均随液滴直径的减小而迅速增大.两种成分合金近平衡凝固组织均为粗大板条状α相.在快速凝固过程中,不同直径Fe_(81.4)Cr_(13.9)Ni_(4.7)合金液滴凝固组织均为板条状α相,其固态相变特征很明显,随着过冷度增大,初生δ相由具有发达主干的粗大枝晶转变为等轴晶.Fe_(81.4)Cr_(4.7)Ni_(13.9)合金液滴凝固组织由α相晶粒组成,随着过冷度增大,初生γ相由具有发达主干的粗大枝晶转变为等轴晶,其枝晶主干长度和二次分枝间距均显著下降,晶粒内溶质的相对偏析度也明显减小,溶质Ni的相对偏析度始终大于溶质Cr.理论计算表明,与γ相相比,δ相枝晶生长速度更大.在实验获得的过冷度范围内,两种Fe-Cr-Ni合金枝晶生长过程均由热扩散控制.     

Study on the solidification microstructure in AZ91D Mg alloy after laser surface melting

Laser surface melting (LSM) is known to enhance the wear and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys, but its effect on microstructural evolution of Mg alloys is not well understood. An effort has been made to study the effect of rapid solidification following LSM on the microstructural evolution of AZ91D Mg alloy. The results of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the solidification microstructure in the laser-melted zone was mainly cellular/dendrite structure of primarily α-Mg phase and continuous network of β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase. Numerical prediction of the laser-melted zone suggested that cooling rates increased strongly from the bottom to the top surface in the irradiated regions. An attempt has been made to correlate dendrite cell sizes of the solidification microstructure with the cooling rates in the laser-treated AZ91D Mg alloy.     

Ca、Sr对汽车用镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

以Mg-Al-Mn合金为研究对象,通过微合金化的方法研究了Ca、Sr对汽车用耐热镁合金常温力学性能与高温力学性能的影响,并分析了合金在固溶时效热处理后的时效硬化特征,观察了合金铸态、固溶态和时效态下的显微组织演变。     

Effect of boundary heat flux on solidification in a forced liquid metal flow: a phase-field simulation

A phase-field model coupling with velocity field is employed to study the effect of boundary heat flux on the microstructure formation of a Ni-40.8%Cu alloy with liquid flow during the solidification, and an anti-trapping current is introduced to suppress the solute trapping due to the larger interface width used in simulations than a real solidifying material. The effect of the flow field coupling with boundary heat extractions on the microstructure formation as well as distributions of concentration and temperature fields are analyzed and discussed. The forced liquid flow can significantly affect the heat and solute diffusions, thus influencing morphology formation, concentration and temperature distributions during the solidification. The solute segregation and concentration diffusion are changed by boundary heat extractions, and the morphology, concentration and temperature distributions are significantly influenced by increasing the heat extraction, which relatively makes the effect of liquid flow constrained. By increasing the initial velocity of liquid flow, the lopsided rate of the primary dendrite arm is enlarged and the growth manner of dendrite arms gets changed, and the transition of the microstructure from dendrite to cellular moves to the large heat extraction direction. Therefore, there exists the competition between the heat flux, temperature gradient and forced liquid flow that finally determines the microstructure formation during directional solidification.     

Effects of heat treatment on evolution of microstructure of boron free and boron containing biomedical Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloys

In the present study, the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of Ti-13Zr-13Nb (TZN) and Ti-13Zr-13Nb-0.5B (TZNB) alloys have been investigated. Depending on the heat treatment conditions, the microstructure of the heat treated TZN alloy consisted mainly of elongated and/or equiaxed α, β or martensite. Slow cooling (furnace or air cooling) from the solution treatment temperature produced α and β phases in the microstructure. Rapid cooling (water quenching) resulted in martensite and retained β when the solution treatment temperature was above or close to β transus. However, martensite was not formed after water quenching from a solution treatment temperature which was below β transus due to partitioning effect of the alloying elements. Increasing the cooling rate from the furnace cooling to the air cooling led to finer microstructure. Aging of water quenched samples transformed the martensite, if present, into α and β, and the morphology of α phase changed from elongated to equiaxed and enhanced the growth of α. The microstructure of all the TZNB samples consisted of dispersed precipitated particles of TiB in the matrix. The majority of the boride particles showed an acicular (needle like) morphology. The other phases present in the TZNB alloy were similar to those in the similarly heat treated TZN alloy. Moreover, a growth of α phase was observed in the microstructure of TZNB alloy when compared with that of TZN alloy.     

Thermal conductivity of an alloy in relation to the observed cooling rate and glass-forming ability

The glass-forming ability (GFA) of an alloy in this case is the largest diameter of a rod which can be cast fully glassy. The present work shows that the thermal conductivity of a liquid alloy has a strong effect on GFA by influencing the cooling rate upon mould casting. The initial cooling rates (for the first 70–100?K of temperature decrease), obtained for Cu-, Zr- and Au-based bulk glass-forming alloys in the liquid state, are found to scale linearly with the thermal conductivities of the liquid base elements. However the low cooling rate found for Ni-based alloy suggests that the heat transfer at the melt–mould interface may also influence the cooling rate. The low thermal conductivity of Ni-based alloys and the correspondingly low cooling rate obtained compared to Cu-based counterparts explains their lower GFA. In the literature, many factors influencing the GFA of alloys have been discussed. To these factors, the present study adds the thermal conductivity of the molten alloy and the melt–mould heat-transfer coefficient. Moreover, the cooling rate depends on temperature and, thus, the critical cooling rate itself is not a suitable parameter for indicating GFA. The cooling can be better described by an appropriate fitting of the cooling curve to an exponential temperature decay function.     

深过冷液态Al-Ni合金中枝晶与共晶生长机理

在自由落体条件下实现了液态Al-4 wt.%Ni亚共晶、Al-5.69 wt.%Ni共晶和Al-8 wt.%Ni过共晶合金的深过冷与快速凝固. 计算表明, (Al+Al₃Ni)规则纤维状共晶的共生区是4.8–15 wt.%Ni成分范围内不闭合区域, 且强烈偏向Al₃Ni相一侧. 实验发现, 随液滴直径的减小, 合金熔体冷却速率和过冷度增大, (Al)和Al₃Ni相枝晶与其共晶的竞争生长引发了Al-Ni 共晶型合金微观组织演化. 在快速凝固过程中, Al-4 wt.%Ni亚共晶合金发生完全溶质截留效应, 从而形成亚稳单相固溶体. 当过冷度超过58K时, Al-5.69 wt.%Ni 共晶合金呈现从纤维状共晶向初生(Al) 枝晶为主的亚共晶组织演变. 若过冷度连续增大, Al-8 wt.%Ni过共晶合金可以形成全部纤维状共晶组织, 并且最终演变为粒状共晶.     

液态Ti-Al合金的深过冷与快速枝晶生长

采用电磁悬浮和自由落体两种试验技术研究了液态Ti-25 wt.%Al合金的亚稳过冷能力、晶体形核机制和枝晶生长过程. 试验发现, 即使电磁悬浮无容器状态下仍难以消除润湿角θ ≥60°的异质晶核, 合金熔体过冷度可达210 K (0.11T_L). β-Ti相形核的热力学驱动力随过冷度近似以线性方式增大, 其枝晶生长速度高达11.2 m/s, 从而在慢速冷却条件下实现了快速凝固. 理论计算表明, 随着过冷度的逐步增大, β相枝晶生长从溶质扩散控制转变为热扩散控制. 当过冷度超过100 K时, 非平衡溶质截留效应可使合金熔体发生无偏析凝固. 然而, 单靠深过冷状态不足以抑制β相的后续固态相变. 对于落管中快速凝固的直径77-1048 μm合金液滴, 其冷却速率最高达1.05×10⁵ K/s, 深过冷与快速冷却的耦合作用能更有效地调控凝固组织形成过程.