序列脉冲激光在不同大气模型下的热晕效应研究

考虑到大气中吸收系数随高度变化,通过内插法得到不同大气模型一定高度下大气的吸收系数,建立序列脉冲激光在地对空垂直传输的热晕模型。通过数值计算方法分析风场渡越时间内脉冲数为2时的序列脉冲在中纬度地区夏季和冬季、热带地区、近北极地区夏季和冬季5种大气模型下的热晕效应。结果表明:当光束孔径为0.25 m,初始功率为200 kW,波形为高斯状的激光束在近北极冬季传输10 km后沿横轴方向光强峰值偏移0.056 9 m,而热带光强峰值强度偏移最远为0.224 m,为近北极冬季时的4倍;脉冲激光在热带传输10 km后的靶面功率仅为15.06 kW,近北极冬季靶面功率为热带的10.5倍。热带地区的热晕效应最明显,中纬度地区次之,近北极地区最弱。激光在夏季传输要比冬季传输的热晕效应严重,而且近北极地区夏季要比中纬度地区冬季的热晕效应更严重。     

Spectral luminescence properties of indotricarbocyanine dye in biological tissues

We have established that the shape and position of the maximum in the fluorescence spectrum of an indotricarbocyanine dye in tumor and normal tissues in vivo change over time after intravenous injection of the dye. Based on analysis of the spectral properties of the dye in vivo and in blood plasma, the dependence of the properties on the time since injection has shown that in the living body, the environment of the dye molecule changes as the photosensitizer goes from the skin into the tissue. We have established that in tissues in vivo, the dye molecules are localized in a region with low dielectric constant of the medium. We have shown that the change in the ratio of the concentrations of the different forms of hemoglobin in the blood has an effect on the absorption and shape of the fluorescence spectrum of the dye in tissues in vivo.     

夏秋两季洱海、太湖表层混合层的深度变化特征及其机理分析

湖泊表层混合层深度的变化不仅影响湖泊水生生态系统的演变, 而且影响流域的局地气候、降水量的时空格局等. 基于2008年夏秋两季洱海(高原湖泊)和太湖(平原湖泊)的气象与水温廓线观测资料, 分析探讨了两湖表层混合层深度的变化特征及其机制. 结果表明: 夏季洱海能维持持续的分层现象, 秋季有明显的日分层现象, 而在相应的两季中, 太湖仅可能存在日分层现象; 洱海表层混合层深度较同期太湖更浅; 太湖两季的表层混合层深度变化较洱海频繁, 即太湖水体混合与分层的交替过程对气象条件的响应较洱海更为迅速. 太湖这类浅水湖泊, 水深是抑制其存在稳定、持续分层的关键因素, 在合适的辐射条件下, 可形成日分层现象; 而洱海这类深度的湖泊, 净热量通量是影响其是否存在持续、稳定分层的主要因子. 该研究为进一步探讨湖泊与大气两种湍流运动的耦合机制及水生生态环境演替规律等提供了有力的参考.     

Effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics of a low carbon boron steel

The effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics was investigated in a low carbon boron steel. A new mechanism, which is based on the competition between the increase in nucleation rate and the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf after deformation, is proposed. The increase in nucleation rate is due to the decrease in boron concentration at the grain boundaries after small deformation and the formation of sub-grain boundaries at the grain interior after large deformation. The decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf is ascribed to the frequent impingement of bainite sub-units after deformation. The increase in nucleation rate after deformation results in the decrease in incubation time, which is confirmed from the experiment. The increase in nucleation rate overcomes the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf, resulting in the increase in transformation velocity and volume fraction after small deformation. On the contrary, the decrease in the average volume of bainite sheaf overcomes the increase in nucleation rate after large deformation, leading to the decrease in transformation velocity and volume fraction of bainite.     

北京气候中心气候系统模式对中国四季日平均气温的模拟性能评估

利用去趋势波动分析方法对中国四季日平均气温观测资料进行了研究, 发现四季日平均气温均具有很好的长程相关性特征, 中国西部地区尤其是新疆和西藏的长程相关性较强. 基于观测资料中的这种长程相关性特征, 评估了北京气候中心气候系统模式对中国四季日平均气温的模拟性能, 发现该模式能够较好地反映中国四季日平均气温的长程相关性特征. 总体而言, 模式对春季的日平均气温的长程相关性模拟效果最好, 仅对江南地区的长程相关性的模拟较差; 夏季, 模式模拟误差较大的地区包括中国中东部地区及西藏大部, 其中华北南部、黄淮西部、江南大部、华南等地模拟效果最差; 秋季, 模式对东部沿海及东北大部、华北西南部等地模拟的长程相关性偏强, 而在西北大部模拟的长程相关性明显偏弱; 冬季, 除东部沿海地区模拟的长程相关性偏强外, 全国其余大部分地区接近观测或偏弱, 其中西北、西南、华南北部、江南南部、东北北部偏弱明显, 青藏高原西部偏弱最为显著.     

Efficient Localization Bounds in a Continuous N-Particle Anderson Model with Long-Range Interaction

We establish strong dynamical and exponential spectral localization for a class of multi-particle Anderson models in a Euclidean space with an alloy-type random potential and a sub-exponentially decaying interaction of infinite range. For the first time in the mathematical literature, the uniform decay bounds on the eigenfunction correlators (EFCs) at low energies are proved, in the multi-particle continuous configuration space, in the (symmetrized) norm-distance, which is a natural distance in the multi-particle configuration space, and not in the Hausdorff distance. This results in uniform bounds on the EFCs in arbitrarily large but bounded domains in the physical configuration space, and not only in the actually infinite space, as in prior works on multi-particle localization in Euclidean spaces.     

Effect of cold electron emission on diffusion plasma parameters and the sheath structure in a double plasma device

It is observed experimentally that by injecting cold electrons in the discharge region of a double plasma device, the plasma parameters and sheath structure can be controlled in the other region, which is devoid of any electrical discharge. The main discharge region is separated from the region under investigation by a grounded mesh grid. Both cold and hot ionizing electrons are emitted from separate sets of filaments in the discharge region. With an increase in the cold electron emission current, the plasma parameters in the discharge region get changed, which in turn alter the plasma parameters in the other region. Two important effects caused by cold electrons in the diffusion region are the increase in the plasma density and decrease in the plasma potential. The increase in the plasma density and decrease in the sheath potential drop therefore cause the contraction of the sheath.     

Spectral Properties of Single BODIPY Dyes in Polystyrene Microspheres and in Solutions

The absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence quantum yield, and photostability of five BODIPY dyes are characterized and compared as single dyes in two environments, in 40-nm polystyrene spheres and in solution. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes in spheres are similar in profile but shifted to lower energies compared to those in solution. All the dyes are highly fluorescent, with three having fluorescence quantum yields of 1.0. For three of the five dyes, the yields were the same in spheres as in solution (1.00, 1.00, and 0.73). The high concentration of these dyes in spheres does not quench their fluorescence. For two other dyes the yields dropped, from 1.00 to 0.55 in one case and 0.83 to 0.50 in another, comparing the dyes in solution versus in spheres. The photodegradation of the dyes decreases in spheres compared to in solution in all but one case. For one dye, it decreases as much as 800-fold. Dyes overlooked because of low fluorescence or stability in solution could become useful fluorescent materials in the microsphere environment.     

近海台风对中国东部夏季降水的贡献

目前汛期预测主要针对季风系统形成的降水, 而对台风等热带系统的影响并未考虑, 其主要原因是台风是一个剧烈的天气尺度过程, 与短期气候预测尺度并不匹配, 因而无法进行考虑. 这也成为提升汛期预测技巧的一个制约因素. 针对这样的问题, 本文从气候的角度, 提出一个能较为客观地衡量台风对夏季降水影响强弱的指数––台风影响指数. 利用1960–2011年中国东部站点降水资料及中国气象局上海台风所整理的热带气旋资料, 从月、季尺度对中国夏季台风影响强弱变化特征进行分析, 探讨台风对东部地区夏季降水的贡献. 结果表明: 1)台风从6月至8月呈增强的趋势, 6月份最弱, 7月份居中, 8月份最强; 2)从台风降水及占总降水的比例分布来看, 纬向呈东部高西部低, 经向呈从东北地区至华南地区依次增大的趋势, 长江以南地区台风降水量占夏季降水量的比重可达10%以上, 7, 8月份东南沿海地区的台风降水量最大可达100 mm以上, 可达当月总降水量的40%; 3)台风影响指数与夏季降水的相关表明, 台风对中国东部降水的影响具有时、空差异性, 6月份与华南地区呈负相关, 7 月份与东南沿海地区呈正相关, 而与长江中下游地区呈负相关; 8月份与华南、华北地区呈正相关、与长江中下游地区呈负相关. 这主要是由台风、夏季风和西北太平洋副热带高压共同影响的. 关键词： 台风影响 东部 夏季降水 贡献     

气体凝聚团簇源中团簇形成的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC) ,模拟了气体凝聚团簇源的引出口尺寸和中心位置不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布以及模拟了随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目的变化.模拟结果表明:引出口的直径越大,产生大团簇的比例越小;在引出口的直径相同的情况下,引出口的中心位置偏离坐标原点比在原点产生的大团簇的比例要大;随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目先变多后变少.     

Even-odd effect in spontaneously coherent bilayer quantum Hall droplets

Using exact diagonalization in the disk geometry we predict a novel even-odd effect in the Coulomb-blockade spectra of vertically coupled double quantum dots under an external magnetic field. The even-odd effect in the tunneling conductance is a direct manifestation of spontaneous interlayer phase coherence, and is similar to the even-odd resonance in the Cooper pair box problem in mesoscopic superconducting grains. Coherent fluctuations in the number of Cooper pairs in superconductors are analogous to the fluctuations in the relative number difference between the two layers in quantum Hall droplets.     

Estimation of partial optical path length in the brain in subject-specific head models for near-infrared spectroscopy

Three-dimensional head models with the structures constructed from the MR head images of 40 volunteers were constructed to analyze light propagation in the subject-specific head models. The mean optical path length in the head and the partial optical path length in the brain at 13 fiducial points for each volunteer were estimated to evaluate the intersubject and spatial variability in the optical path lengths. Although the intersubject variability in the optical path lengths is very high, the spatial variability in the average of the mean optical path length and partial optical path length is similar to the previously reported data. The mean optical path length in the head increases, whereas the partial optical path length in the brain decreases with an increase in the depth of the brain surface. The partial optical path length is highly correlated with the depth of the brain surface in comparison to the mean optical path length in the head.     

Influence of the Concentration of Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid on the Reflection Spectra of Pine Needles

The effect of solutions of sulfuric acid of different concentrations on the optical characteristics of pine needles was investigated. It is found that an increase in the acid concentration results in a decrease in the content of pigments in pine needles and in their reflectance in the visible region. An analysis of experimental data by using the LIBERTY model has shown that the decrease in the pine needle reflectance with decrease in the pigment content depends on the change in the refractive index at the cell wall–binding medium interface.     

DC electric-field-induced heterophase structure on the surface of a peierls metal

A theoretical study has been made of the formation of a heterostructure of alternating metallic and semiconducting phases in atomic chains of a Peierls-metal surface monatomic layer placed in an electrostatic field normal to the surface. It is shown that an increase in the electric field results in an increase in the critical temperature of the metal-semiconductor phase transition on the sample surface, an increase in the temperature interval within which the heterostructure exists, a decrease in its spatial period, and an increase in the depth of spatial modulation of the gap in the electronic spectrum.     

引出口的几何参数对团簇形成影响的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC),模拟了气体凝聚团簇源的引出口尺寸和中心位置不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布以及模拟了随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目的变化.模拟结果表明:引出口的直径越大,产生大团簇的比例越小;在引出口的直径相同的情况下,引出口的中心位置偏离坐标原点比在原点产生的大团簇的比例要大;随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目先变多后变少.     

Instability of oscillations in the flow moving through a random medium as the counterpart of the localization of waves in a passive random medium

This paper deals with waves propagating in a one-dimensional flow moving through a randomly layered medium. The flow velocity is assumed to be greater than the group velocity of the waves in the reference system of the flow. As a result, in the laboratory reference system, all the waves propagate in a single direction. Amplitudes of these waves moving through a randomly inhomogeneous medium are growing exponentially. This effect is analogous to the wave localization phenomenon in a randomly inhomogeneous passive medium. The only difference is that the wave propagation in a passive medium is described by the boundary value problem, while all the oscillations in a medium with flow propagate in a single direction and hence the corresponding problem is formulated in the form of the initial value Cauchy problem. In the former case exponentially decreasing solutions are realized in the direction of the wave incidence, while in the latter case (as in the case of parametric resonances) the exponentially increasing solutions are realized.     

Angular momentum of fission fragments

We continue the discussion on the respective roles of individual and collective motion in the angular momentum distribution in fission fragments. As in our prior publications on the subject, the role of individual nucleon motion in fragments in the postscission configuration is underlined, and the central part in the discussion concerns phenomena observed in the spontaneous fission of even-even nuclei. A formalism is prepared to study the spin distribution of fragments in induced fission from high-spin states.     

竖直微槽道内EHD强化饱和沸腾传热研究

针对微槽内饱和沸腾汽泡建立了简化模型,并利用COMSOL Mu ltiphysics软件对电场中汽泡动力学特性进行了数值模拟,分析了微槽道内EHD(electrohydro dynam ics)强化沸腾传热机理。实验以去离子水为工质,研究了外加直流电场下两种规格的矩形微细槽道内饱和沸腾传热强化特性,电压在0~28kV内,EHD技术对微细槽道内的饱和沸腾传热有明显的强化效果。     

Oscillation of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos from muon decay in the case of a general interaction

We analyse the possibility of distinguishing Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in future neutrino factory experiments in which neutrinos are produced in muon decay when, in addition to a vector type as in the SM, there are also scalar interactions. We check this possibility in an experiment with a near detector, where the observed neutrinos do not oscillate, and in a far detector, after the neutrino oscillations. Neglecting higher-order corrections, even neutrino observation in the near detector does not give a chance to differentiate their character. However, this possibility appears in the leading-order after the neutrino oscillations observed in far detector.     

北京城市公园冬季声景特征

北京地区冬季气候寒冷干燥,植被郁闭度降低,地球物理声增加,生物声减少。为探测北京冬季声景变化基本特征,根据地图“十字型”筛选10个城市公园,记录分析绿地内冬季声景的构成情况和昼夜变化规律。结果表明：城市公园冬季声景中人工声较多,生物声明显著少于其他季节,而且人工声昼间少于夜间,生物声昼间多于夜间;在公园人工声源分类中,机械电子声最多,其次是话语声,活动声最少;冬季人工声峰值普遍存在于清晨6:00–7:00时,在昼间的波动变化明显,于夜间趋于稳定,生物声峰值出现在上午8:00–9:00时,谷值出现在凌晨3:00时左右;人工声与公园面积、公园年龄和时刻变化未见显著相关性,生物声与公园面积呈显著负相关。实验发现城市公园冬季声景呈现出与其他季节声景的显著不同,生物的节律性变化导致冬季声景产生了较为显著的变化。