30J能量驱动类镍银X光激光的理论研究

 在1.2×10¹³W·cm^－2低功率密度下，对基频激光预主短脉冲驱动类镍银X光激光机理进行了数值模拟和理论分析。证实了在靶长23 mm范围内X光激光都能获得有效放大，取得了和实验相符合的结果。考虑了单柱面镜线聚焦沿靶长度方向功率密度的非均匀性对X光激光放大的影响，采用弯曲靶能有效克服折射以及单柱面镜线聚焦功率密度非均匀带来的不利影响。理论模拟给出的类镍银X光激光的出光下限泵浦功率密度也与实验符合得很好。理论模拟还表明，采用1%左右的预脉冲强度并对预主脉冲时间间隔进行优化，X光激光的输出能量和能量转换效率将获得大幅度提高。     

激光等离子体脉冲软X光标定源

 利用神光Ⅱ上激光与等离子体相互作用得到的软X光，建立了基于多层镜的四通道软X光单色器系统。研究了光源的性能，测量了光源强度、单色器系统稳定性、相应通道的一致性。研究表明，采用多层镜作为脉冲光源的分光元件，可以得到具有较好单色性的强脉冲软X 光标定源。光源的光子能量为253 eV和820 eV，两能道的光源强度分别为1.8×10¹⁹ photon/(s·cm²)和3.2×10¹⁹ photon/(s·cm²)。在该标定源上可以实现XRD、平面镜、多层镜、透射光栅和滤片的标定。     

有质动力对超短脉冲激光与固体等离子体相互作用的影响

 通过测量由等离子体临界面移动造成的反射激光的频移，研究了有质动力对超短脉冲激光与固体等离子体相互作用的影响。实验表明，当激光强度达到10¹⁷ W/cm²时，有质动力将明显地降低等离子体热膨胀速度，造成极陡的密度分布，使得等离子体中的主导吸收机制，由共振吸收转换为真空吸收。     

对超短脉冲激光引雷产生的等离子体通道的特性分析

 利用隧道电离诱导闪电模型,对超短脉冲激光在大气中产生弱等离子体通道的电阻和阈值强度进行了分析和计算。结果显示：强度为10¹⁴ W/cm²量级的超短脉冲激光产生的气体等离子体通道有较好的导电性,所需激光能量很小, 说明在该模型下激光能量的利用效率很高。     

19.6nm波长类氖锗X光激光光源理论模拟

 波长19.6nm的类氖锗X光激光适合作为诊断激光等离子体界面不稳定性的光源。用经过实验检验的系列程序对预-主短脉冲驱动类氖锗进行了系统的优化设计和理论分析。采用2%~3%的预脉冲强度，6~8ns的预-主脉冲时间间隔，在4×10¹³W/cm²功率密度驱动下, 波长19.6nm增益区的宽度可以超过60μm，增益区的维持时间可以达到90ps。对于16mm长的平板靶，增益系数可达11.8/cm；弯曲靶增益系数可达13.3/cm；单靶小增益长度积可达21.3，单靶就可以获得饱和增益。采用双靶对接，其小讯号增益可达38.4，可以获得深度饱和增益，能满足应用演示所需的X光激光光源。     

相位反射产生的激光场空洞现象及其与激光等离子体参数相关性研究

理论研究和数值模拟研究表明激光在等离子体中诱导的等离子体密度调制可以起类似布拉格反射镜的作用，使得后面的入射光在等离子体平均密度远低于临界密度的区域就对入射光产生相位反射.相位反射的发生会影响激光在等离子体中的传播，例如激光在等离子体中相对传播时会出现激光场空洞现象.进一步的理论和数值模拟研究表明，相位反射持续发生的时间以及反射率的高低与等离子体的密度、等离子体区域的长度、激光强度以及脉宽等因素密切相关，这些都会对激光在等离子体中的传输产生影响. 关键词： 相位反射 密度调制 激光等离子体 粒子模拟     

低强度激光泵浦类Ni离子X光激光实验

 在试运行的神光Ⅱ装置上,采用新设计的凸柱面透镜列阵均匀线聚焦系统, 用两束激光焦线叠加和双靶对接等技术,以预主脉冲激光驱动方式,在(5～8)×10¹³W/cm²的较低强度激光泵浦条件下,观测到Ni-like　Dy、Er、Yb的软X光激光输出,测得波长5.02nm类Ni-Yb和波长5.86nm类Ni-Dy的软X光激光的增益系数分别为1.6cm^-1和1.4cm^-1     

超短超强激光导引及对电子加速的影响

使用粒子模拟程序对30 fs超短超强激光在均匀与抛物型两种密度分布等离子体中的传输, 以及在稳定传输状态下尾场的电子注入与加速形成的电子能谱进行了模拟与分析. 固定入射激光束斑尺寸, 在(0.4-2)×10¹⁹/cm³等离子体密度范围, 对比分析了归一化峰值强度从1-6范围的激光脉冲在上述两种密度分布等离子 体中传输时激光束斑尺寸的演化, 结果表明抛物型分布的等离子体密度通道能够对超短超强脉冲实现良好的导引, 有利于高能电子加速. 对于较高密度情况,即使在均匀等离子体中依靠相对论自聚 焦等机制也可以实现良好的自导引传输,有利于实验简化以及产生更大电量的加速电子.     

超强激光与Ar团簇相互作用中X射线的研究

本文主要研究了超强超短激光与Ar团簇相互作用过程中X射线能谱、K壳层光子产额、能量转换效率以及激光对比度对X射线光子产额的影响.实验中得到K壳层的光子产额约为1× 10¹¹/发,能量转换效率约为2.8× 10^-5．同时观测到较强预脉冲离化团簇会导致预电离,产生膨胀等离子体,然而主脉冲与膨胀的等离子体相互作用的强度较未膨胀时降低了,从而导致K壳层光子产额降低,而使用高对比度的激光能增加X射线光子产额.     

超短激光脉冲在等离子体中的分裂以及类孤子结构的形成

用一维粒子模拟研究了超短脉冲在等离子体中传播时产生的光孤子结构以及由此形成的脉冲分裂现象，比较了不同峰值强度和脉冲宽度对形成光孤子以及脉冲传播方式的影响.研究表明: 脉冲宽度在若干个到十几个振荡周期的超短脉冲在等离子体中可能形成高速传播的光孤子；脉冲宽度增加和强度增大两种方式都可以使得孤子结构的传播速度减慢,且由于高阶孤子的衰变使得初始激光脉冲在等离子体中发生分裂，形成两个以不同速度向前传播的孤子结构.由孤子阶数的理论计算可较好地预言激光脉冲在等离子体中分裂的子脉冲数. 关键词： 光孤子 超短激光脉冲 等离子体 粒子模拟     

长波长激光驱动Ni-like Ag 13.9 nmX射线激光的理论研究

 为了进一步深入理解掠入射驱动碰撞机制的特点与长处，以基频光正入射驱动为参照，用系列程序研究了6 mm和3 mm激光正入射驱动类镍银碰撞激发机制。在波长6 mm的激光正入射驱动下，激光能量直接沉积到增益区，大大提高了增益区的电子温度；以5 J驱动能量，获得有效增益系数为20.7 cm^-1的高增益和有效增益长度积为41.4的深度饱和增益，与波长1.053 mm的正入射相比，以19%的驱动能量，使有效增益系数提高了60%。在波长3 mm的激光正入射驱动下，激光能量沉积到增益区附近，大大提高了增益区的电子温度；以15 J驱动能量，获得有效增益系数为21.2 cm^-1的高增益和有效增益长度积为42.4的深度饱和增益，与波长1.053 mm的正入射相比，以57%的驱动能量，使有效增益系数提高64%。     

复合X射线激光空间特性的研究

本文研究了类锂硅离子和类钠铜离子两种复合X射线激光的增益空间分布,结果表明复合X射线激光的增益出现在离靶面一定距离的中等等离子体电子密度区,而近靶面高密度区存在自吸收现象.     

Parametric study of plasma active medium and gain saturation region in a Ne-like soft X-ray laser

Plasmas created by the interaction of high power optical laser with a target surface can be used as a source of soft X-ray lasers. Plasma and pump laser characteristics play significant role in achieving high gain coefficient for such plasma based on soft X-ray lasers. In the present work, the plasma active medium parameters for germanium element at a wavelength of 19.6 nm irradiated by a double-pulse pump laser have been studied using MED103 hydrodynamic code. For this purpose, first, the effects of laser intensity, pulse width and delay time of two pulses on the gain coefficient have been investigated and the optimum conditions for the maximum gain extent of Ne-like germanium soft X-ray laser are obtained. Then, in order to calculate the intensity of such high gain lasers in which Linford equation is invalid, we have adopted the general formula of amplified spontaneous emission intensity, which is valid in all range of intensities even at much higher intensities than saturation intensity. Finally, the soft X-ray laser intensities in the saturated areas for different plasma lengths have been calculated. The results show that the output of soft X-ray laser intensity with 294 cm⁻¹ gain coefficient can reach to about several times saturated intensity by applying a 1–2 mm plasma length as the active medium.     

Investigation of amplified spontaneous X-ray laser radiation using the equation for the transverse correlation function of the field

A physical model, based on the solution of the quasi-optics equation for the transverse correlation function (TCF) of the field amplitude, is developed for investigating the brightness, angular divergence, and spatial coherence of the amplified spontaneous emission in a laboratory X-ray laser. The model takes account of the spontaneous source of radiation, diffraction, regular refraction, regular amplification taking account of saturation, nonresonance absorption, scattering by small-scale fluctuations of the electron density and the gain, and scattering by random hose-like deviations of the extended plasma medium of the X-ray laser. It is established that the TCF method makes it possible to obtain the final result much more quickly than the basic Monte Carlo method for the parabolic equation for the field amplitude. As a result of the statistical linearization of the equation for the transverse correlation function in the presence of gain saturation, this method overestimates the absolute values of the average intensity of the amplified spontaneous radiation, but the maximum overestimation does not exceed 10%. It is found that fluctuations of the optical parameters of the medium of the X-ray laser degrade the quality of the amplified spontaneous radiation beam, and they are the analog of the nonresonance absorption from the standpoint of the effect on the brightness of the laser and therefore decrease the observed gain. For the characteristic conditions of an X-ray laser with a quasistationary generation scheme, the contribution of small-scale gain fluctuations and random hose-like deviations of the plasma filament of the laser to the scattering of the amplified spontaneous radiation is much smaller than the contribution of small-scale density fluctuations. Calculations of the amplified spontaneous radiation in an X-ray laser, which is produced by unilateral irradiation of a curved target and possesses an asymmetric plasma electron density profile in the gain zone, are performed. It is shown that in the gain saturation regime the coherence length and the coherent power of the amplified spontaneous radiation can be substantially increased, realizing in the gain zone a convex electron density profile instead of a typical concave profile. It is found that this improvement of the coherence occurs only under conditions such that the characteristic depth of the small-scale density fluctuations does not exceed several percent of the typical regular values of the density in the gain zone.     

A review of Ni-like X-ray laser experiments undertaken using the VULCAN laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Recent progress using the VULCAN laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to pump X-ray lasing in nickel-like ions is reviewed. Double pulse pumping with ∼100 ps pulses has been shown to produce significantly greater X-ray laser output than single pulses of duration 0.1–1 ns. With double pulse pumping, the main pumping pulse interacts with a pre-formed plasma created by a pre-pulse. The efficiency of lasing increases as there is a reduced effect of refraction of the X-ray laser beam due to smaller density gradients and larger gain volumes, which enable propagation of the X-ray laser beam along the full length of the target. The record shortest wavelength saturated laser at 5.9 nm has been achieved in Ni-like dysprosium using double pulse pumping of 75 ps duration from the VULCAN laser. A variant of the double pulse pumping using a single ∼100 ps laser pulse and a superimposed short ∼1 ps pulse has been found to further increase the efficiency of lasing by reducing the effects of over-ionisation during the gain period. The record shortest wavelength saturated laser pumped by a short ∼1 ps pulse has been achieved in Ni-like samarium using the VULCAN laser operating in chirped pulse amplified (CPA) mode. Ni-like samarium lases at 7.3 nm.     

Studies of advanced soft X-ray laser and coherent higher harmonic generation using intense subpicosecond laser produced high density plasma

Current activities on our research of soft X-ray lasers and higher harmonic generations using intense, subpicosecond lasers are reviewed. Especially for soft X-ray lasers we experimentally demonstrate that by longitudinally pumping 2-mm-long molybdenum preformed plasma with high-intensity 475 fs duration laser pulse, a highly directive soft-X-ray laser at 18.9 nm wavelength is generated. The divergence of the beam is evaluated to be of the submilliradian order, and only requires pump laser energy of 150 mJ. Simulations show that the pedestal in the main pump pulse can generate electron density and gain profiles with large spatial gradients, which result in the selective amplification of low-order transverse modes. The present result is the demonstration of an efficient and alternative method of improving the spatial coherence of X-ray lasers with amplified spontaneous emission medium, with possibilities of becoming an excellent tool to explore various application experiments. In higher harmonic generation, topics related to observation of blue shift due to collisionless absorption process is described.     

X-ray laser studies at LLE

New target geometries for collisional excitation X-ray laser experiments (in nickel) were proposed, analyzed, and experimentally studied on the glass development laser. The new geometries are designed to yield a higher gain and reduced refraction due to (1) a higher plasma density, (2) a wide lateral density profile, and (3) a concave lateral density profile. These new geometries were (a) two parallel exploding (thin) foils, irradiated from one side only, (b) two ablating (thick) foils, one of which was irradiated on its inner face, and (c) and exploding foil in front of an ablating foil, irradiated by a single laser beam incident on the thin foil. Long-line-focus experiments are described. Theoretical developments included development of a ray-tracing code for an amplifying medium of varying lateral density profile and prediction of high gain on new type transitions in neon-like ions, involving the excitation of an inner (2 s) electron     

用于X射线激光实验研究的列阵柱面透镜线聚焦系统

用平行排列的柱面透镜列阵与非球面会聚透镜组成一个新颖的激光线聚焦系统,它能获得光强分布非常均匀的、能应用于X射线激光实验研究的高功率激光焦线。实验证明该聚焦系统有良好的特性。     

2ω1ω激光驱动的类氖锗19.6 nm X光激光

 类氖离子的X光激光理论研究可以为类镍X光激光提供有益启示。设计了一系列瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗19.6 nm X光激光的实验，采用2ω1ω泵浦方式，即预脉冲采用倍频钕玻璃激光，主脉冲采用基频，用新开发的瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗的系列程序进行了模拟，并与1ω1ω驱动的情况进行了比较。模拟表明, 2ω1ω泵浦方案使类氖锗19.6 nm Ｘ光激光的小信号增益系数增大为1ω1ω方案的1.6倍,增益区也转移到了更高的电子密度区,是获得更短波长X光激光的一种有效方法。     

瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗19.6nm X射线激光的理论研究

近来，许多实验室仅采用一个脉宽为几个ps的短脉冲就得到了强放大的软X射线激光.这表明瞬态是来得及电离的.为此，在类氖锗的瞬态电子碰撞激发19.6nm 波长X射线激光研究中，提出了采用低预脉冲产生低电离度的预等离子体，后续一个ps级短脉冲既电离又加热等离子体的驱动方式.并用系列程序进行了模拟.模拟结果表明，这种驱动方式也可以得到高增益. 关键词： X射线激光 等离子体 增益系数 瞬态电子碰撞激发