相位梯度界面对光传播规律的影响

在两种介质分界面上引入相位梯度形成相位梯度界面,这将使该界面的出射光和入射光之间产生相移.因此,与普通分界面不同,该界面对光的传播行为有着重大影响.为深入认识梯度相位界面的光学特性,本文研究了光在该类界面上的一般性传播规律.从费马原理出发,采用稳态相位法推导了基于相位梯度界面条件下的二维和三维广义反射和折射定律,该定律表明分界面也会成为影响光传播行为的重要因素,可以作为新的波前调制工具.利用广义反射和折射定律讨论了相位梯度对光传播行为的影响规律,得出了二维和三维情形下的临界条件(全反射和全透射条件),阐明了反射角不等于入射角、异常反射和折射、非平面反射和折射等一些新颖光学现象出现的原因;提出了以相位梯度界面为光学变换核心单元,依据广义反射和折射定律进行光学设计的思路,并以平面透镜和平面轴锥镜为例进行了详细说明与实验验证,实验结果和理论值符合较好,可为拓展广义定律在平面光学设计、自由曲面光学设计以及复杂光束控制中的应用提供参考.     

光在吸收介质中传播的折射定律

光波在均匀非吸收介质中传播时振幅不衰减,在两种非吸收介质界面处产生折射现象,由几何光学中实数形式的光折射定律定量描述.而光波在均匀吸收介质中传播时,其振幅沿传播方向衰减,且其等振幅面与等相位面会发生分离.考虑吸收对光波传播特性的影响,本文回顾了复折射率的概念和复数形式的折射定律,据此对光波由吸收介质入射到吸收介质和光波由非吸收介质入射到吸收介质的两种情况进行了讨论,阐明了复数折射定律在具体问题讨论中的必要性和便利性,同时分析了实数形式和复数形式折射定律的关系.     

作图法分析光波在两个单轴晶体分界面上的双反射和双折射

通过几何作图法,分析了光轴取向任意时,光波在两个单轴晶体分界面上的双反射和双折射.考虑到入射光波、反射光波、折射光波在界面上相位相等和晶体折射率面的定义,采用斯涅尔作图法,直接在图上得到了两条反射光波和两条折射光波.根据晶体的光学各向异性,进一步讨论了各光波对应的光线方向和振动方向,并通过几何分析,给出了各反射光波、折射光波、反射光线和折射光线位置的一般表达式.斯涅尔作图法简单直观,可以直接获得光波的方向,结果具有普遍性.     

利用电磁波折射现象计算和测量液体折射率

电磁波在传播过程中如果遇到障碍物,就会产生反射和折射现象,并且遵守反射定律和折射定律.本实验利用一个金属板作为反射体,利用蒸馏水、乙醇、糖溶液(80％)作为折射体,验证了电磁波中反射现象和折射现象,同时测量出了液体的折射率.     

利用对称性原理推导几何光学三定律

从对称性的角度,分析了光波在无限大均匀介质中、两种媒质的分界面上传播必须遵从的时间和空间平移不变性,推导出光的直线传播、反射以及折射定律,揭示了支配几何光学三定律的更为深刻而底层的对称性原因,这种视角对于光学部分的教学将产生深刻的影响.     

折射定律与反射定律的推导

利用费马原理推导折射定律与反射定律,推导时不需做一些假定(如假定实际光线的光学长度是最小值或折射光线位于入射光线和界面法线所在的平面上),可加深学生对费马原理的理解.     

旋光媒质中光波传播的物理光学理论

由麦克斯韦电磁理论,结合旋光媒质的本构关系,研究旋光媒质中光波的传播,给出均匀媒质中光波的色散关系、媒质界面上光波的反射和折射规律以及旋光性的结果.     

光波p分量在单轴晶体表面反射和折射的相位特性

根据单轴晶体的双折射和双反射性质,通过数值计算研究了光轴在入射面内并与晶体界面成任意角时光波p分量在单轴晶体表面反射和折射的相位特性.结果表明,光轴取向对相位变化有较大影响,光从光疏各向同性介质射入单轴晶体时,光轴方向改变反射光p分量的相位突变点,但对折射光p分量相位无影响.光从光密各向同性介质射入单轴晶体未发生全反射时,光轴方向同时影响p分量反射光和折射光的相位突变|发生全反射后,光轴方向影响反射光p分量的相位变化曲线.从单轴晶体出射到光疏各向同性介质未发生全反射时,光轴方向改变反射光p分量的相位跃变规律,折射光p分量在光轴方向和晶面成小角度时在布儒斯特角附近发生相位突变|发生全反射后,反射光p分量的相位变化曲线随光轴方向的改变发生较大变化.     

光波p分量在单轴晶体表面反射和折射的相位特性

根据单轴晶体的双折射和双反射性质,通过数值计算研究了光轴在入射面内并与晶体界面成任意角时光波p分量在单轴晶体表面反射和折射的相位特性.结果表明,光轴取向对相位变化有较大影响,光从光疏各向同性介质射入单轴晶体时,光轴方向改变反射光p分量的相位突变点,但对折射光p分量相位无影响.光从光密各向同性介质射入单轴晶体未发生全反射时,光轴方向同时影响p分量反射光和折射光的相位突变;发生全反射后,光轴方向影响反射光p分量的相位变化曲线.从单轴晶体出射到光疏各向同性介质未发生全反射时,光轴方向改变反射光p分量的相位跃变规律,折射光p分量在光轴方向和晶面成小角度时在布儒斯特角附近发生相位突变;发生全反射后,反射光p分量的相位变化曲线随光轴方向的改变发生较大变化.     

蜂巢光子晶格中光波的无衍射和反常折射

空间频率模式的光子带隙反映了光波在周期性结构中的线性传输特性.以这种线性传输特性为基础,研究了蜂巢光子晶格中光波的无衍射和反常折射.通过详细分析带隙结构第一通带上的衍射与折射特性,得出了光波发生反常衍射和折射的入射条件.匹配不同的入射条件,数值模拟了光波的无衍射传输和反常折射现象.结果表明:将入射光束的波矢设置在蜂巢晶格布里渊区中正常、反常衍射区的交界处,可使高斯光束沿x轴、y轴方向的衍射得到有效抑制;以多光束干涉场作为入射光场,可对蜂巢晶格进行模式匹配,激发第二布里渊区的传输模式;进一步将模式匹配后入射光场的波矢设置在反常折射区,可实现光波的反常折射.     

Acoustic metasurface for refracted wave manipulation

Here we present a design of a transmitted acoustic metasurface based on a single row of Helmholtz resonators with varying geometric parameters. The proposed metasurface can not only steer an acoustic beam as expected from the generalized Snell's law of refraction, but also exhibits various interesting properties and potential applications such as insulation of two quasi-intersecting transmitted sound waves, ultrasonic Bessel beam generator, frequency broadening effect of anomalous refraction and focusing.     

Asymmetrical photonic spin Hall effect based on dielectric metasurfaces

The photonic spin Hall effect has attracted considerable research interest due to its potential applications in spin-controlled nanophotonic devices. However, realization of the asymmetrical photonic spin Hall effect with a single optical element is still a challenge due to the conjugation of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase, which reduces the flexibility in various applications. Here, we demonstrate an asymmetrical spin-dependent beam splitter based on a single-layer dielectric metasurface exhibiting strong and controllable optical response. The metasurface consists of an array of dielectric nanofins, where both varying rotation angles and feature sizes of the unit cells are utilized to create high-efficiency dielectric metasurfaces, which enables to break the conjugated characteristic of phase gradient. Thanks to the superiority of the phase modulation ability, when the fabricated metasurface is under normal incidence with a wavelength of 1550 nm, the left-handed circular polarization (LCP) light exhibits an anomalous refraction angle of 28.9°, while the right-handed circular polarization (RCP) light transmits directly. The method we proposed can be used for the flexible manipulation of spin photons and has potentials in high efficiency metasurfaces with versatile functionalities, especially with metasurfaces in a compact space.     

Beyond Snel's law: Refraction of a nano-beam of light

The refraction of a localized narrow beam is significantly different from that of a plane wave. As the beam width decreases to be in the order of the wavelength, the refraction behavior deviates noticeably from Snel's law, and when the width of a light beam is smaller than about one fifth of the wavelength of the incident light, finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrate that refraction becomes negligible. That is, the narrow light beam retains its propagation direction even after entering another medium at an oblique angle. The result reveals novel features of nano-beams and may have applications in precise biomedical measurement or micro optical device.     

Vectorial approach of determining the wave propagation at metasurfaces

Vector approach often benefits optical engineers and physicists, and a vector formulation of the laws of reflection and refraction has been studied (Tkaczyk, 2012). However, the conventional reflection and refraction laws may be violated in the presence of a metasurface, and reflection and refraction at the metasurface obey generalized laws of reflection and refraction (Yu et al., 2011). In this letter, the vectorial laws of reflection and refraction at the metasurface were derived, and the matrix formulation of these vectorial laws are also obtained. These results enable highly efficient and unambiguous computations in ray-tracing problems that involve a metasurface.     

Light propagation in anisotropic metamaterials. II. Reflection from the half-space

We consider reflection of light from half-space of anisotropic metamaterial at arbitrary direction of optical axis in the plane of light incidence. We obtain conditions at which total reflection and refraction do not depend on the polarization of incident light and the reflection does not depend on also the angle of incidence. We also study the possibilities and conditions for using the considered system as beam splitter, omnidirectional reflector, phase retarder, and so on.     

Ultra-thin two-dimensional transmissive anisotropic metasurfaces for polarization filter and beam steering application

We propose an anisotropic planar transmitting metasurface, which has the ability to manipulate orthogonally-polarized electromagnetic waves in the reflection and refraction modes respectively. The metasurface is composed of four layered rectangular patches spaced by three layered dielectric isolators each with a thickness of 0.15λ0 at 15 GHz. By tailoring the sizes of the patches, the metasurface functions as a band-stop filter for the y-polarzied wave and a band-pass filter for the x-polarized wave operating from 14 GHz to 16 GHz. Moreover the phases of the transmitting x-polarized wave can be modulated at about 15 GHz, which contributes to beam steering according to the general refraction law. Experimental results are in good accordance with the simulated ones, in which the reflection efficiency is almost 100% while the transmission efficiency of the x-polarized wave reaches 80% at 15 GHz. Besides, the transmitted x-polarized wave is effectively manipulated from 14 GHz to 16 GHz.     

Experimental observation of negative lateral displacements of microwave beams transmitting through dielectric slabs

It was theoretically predicted that when a beam of light travels through a thin slab of optically denser medium in the air, the emerging beam from the slab will suffer a lateral displacement that is different from the prediction of geometrical optics, that is, the Snell’s law of refraction and can be zero and negative as well as positive. These phenomena have been directly observed in microwave experiments in which large angles of incidence are chosen for the purpose of obtaining negative lateral displacements.     

基于交叉极化旋转相位梯度超表面的宽带异常反射

设计实现了一种基于双圆弧形金属结构的宽带反射型极化旋转超表面, 在7.9–20.1 GHz的宽频带范围内交叉极化转换率达到99%, 通过改变其结构参数可实现在保持高效的交叉极化转换率的条件下对交叉极化反射相位的自由调控. 基于六种不同结构参数极化旋转超表面结构单元的空间排布设计实现了一维宽带相位梯度超表面, 在宽频带内, 实现了异常反射. 测试了其镜面交叉极化反射率, 与仿真结果基本一致. 仿真计算了x-极化波入射时的电磁场分布和异常反射角度, 与理论计算结果基本一致. 仿真与测试结果均表明这种相位梯度超表面在8.9–10 GHz 和10.0–18.1 GHz的两个宽带频率范围内可分别实现高效的表面波耦合和异常反射.     

Negative lateral shift of a light beam transmitted through a dielectric slab and interaction of boundary effects

It is found that when a light beam travels through a slab of optically denser dielectric medium in air, the lateral shift of the transmitted beam can be negative. This is a novel phenomenon that is reversed in comparison with the geometrical optic prediction according to Snell's law of refraction. A Gaussian-shaped beam is analyzed in the paraxial approximation, and a comparison with numerical simulations is made. Finally, an explanation for the negativity of the lateral shift is suggested, in terms of the interaction of boundary effects of the slab's two interfaces with air.