Synthesis,Characterization, and X-Band Permittivity Studies of Polypyrrole–Zirconium Composite

The zirconium dioxide-doped polypyrrole composites with different weight percentage were prepared by in situ polymerization methods. The prepared composites were subjected for characterization with different tools like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra indicate a characteristic peaks which confirms the formation of composites. Scanning electron microscopy image indicates that the metal oxides are agglomerated with polypyrrole due to that the size of the composite particles increases to 7 µm. The real part of permittivity (?′) at X-band measurements of all samples first decrease and then increase in the higher frequency range. Meanwhile, the values of ?″ for polypyrrole–zirconia composites changes spontaneously due to the scattering of free charges explained by Kramers–Kronig relations. The reflection loss graph shows that the maximum reflection loss (RL) reaches up to ?54.6 dB at 10.8 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ ?10 dB) is 6.7 GHz.     

随机电报过程引起的光失相的计算

本文计算了红宝石中Al核自旋跳变引起的R₁[⁴A₂(S=-3/2)→²E(S=-1/2)]回波衰减。用随机电报过程描述每个Al核自旋(i)跳变引起Cr共振频率的起伏Δi,这个过程对光子回波衰减的贡献〈E_i(t₂₁)〉可以用解析式表示。首先计算核自旋(i)跳变的总速率Wi及它引起的Δi,求出〈E_i(t₂₁)〉。设对Cr光失相起主要贡献的每个Al核自旋跳变近似是独立的,所以总的回波强度是所有Al引起的〈E_i(t)₂₁〉的乘积。计算得到非指数的回波衰减,以I=I₀exp〔-(4t/t_m)^x〕拟合,x=2.56,t_m=50.6μs,与实验及计算机模拟的结果一致.     

Raman scattering of light and IR absorption in carbon nanotubes

Raman light scattering and IR absorption spectra of samples containing multilayer carbon nanotubes in different stages of purification by the selective oxidation technique have been investigated. It was found that the Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes exhibit softening of the mode at 1582 cm⁻¹ corresponding to E _2g vibrations of graphite hexagons and a line at 120 cm⁻¹ due to the radial vibrations of nanotubes. In IR absorption spectra measured in the region of 0.07–0.3 eV, several sets of lines with a spacing of 15 meV (120 cm⁻¹) between lines of each group have been detected. We suggest that each group corresponds to electron transitions generating electron-hole pairs in semiconducting nanotubes and contains a phononless 00-line and its phonon replicas with spacing between them equal to the “breathing” mode energy of 120 cm⁻¹. Measurements of electric conductivity at a frequency of 9300 MHz indicate that, in addition to semiconducting nanotubes, the samples contain nanotubes with properties of a highly disordered semimetal. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 1883–1891 (May 1998)     

Capacitance properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotubes composites

The electrochemical properties of composites prepared from an electrically conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), i.e. PEDOT and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been investigated for supercapacitor application. The novel composite material was prepared by chemical or electrochemical polymerization of EDOT directly on the nanotubes or from a homogenous mixture of PEDOT and CNTs. Acetylene black (AB) has been also used as a composite component in order to evaluate whether nanotubes are giving improved properties or not. Electrodes prepared from such composites were used in supercapacitors operating in acidic (1 M H₂SO₄), alkaline (6M KOH) and organic (1 M TEABF₄ in AN) electrolytic solutions. The capacitance values were estimated by galvanostatic, voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy techniques with two- or three-electrode cell configuration. Due to the open mesoporous network of nanotubes, the easily accessible electrode/electrolyte interface allows quick charge propagation in the composite material and an efficient reversible storage of energy in PEDOT during subsequent charging/discharging cycles. The composites with AB supply quite good capacitance results, however, nanotubes as electrode component gave definitively a more homogenous dispersion of PEDOT that should give a better charge propagation. The values of capacitance for PEDOT/carbon composites ranged from 60 to 160 F/g and such material has a good cycling performance with a high stability in all the electrolytes. Organic medium is especially interesting because of higher energy stored. Another quite important advantage of this composite is its significant volumetric energy because of the high density of PEDOT.     

Effect of carbon nanotubes implantation on electrical properties of sisal fibre–epoxy composites

In this paper, the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) implantation and sisal fibre size on the electrical properties of sisal fibre-reinforced epoxy composites are reported. For this purpose, the epoxy composites reinforced with CNT-implanted sisal fibre of 5 mm and 10 mm lengths were prepared by hand moulding and samples characterized for their electrical properties, such as dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and AC conductivity (σ_ac) at different temperatures and frequencies. It was observed that the dielectric constant increases with increase in temperature and decreases with increase in frequency from 500 Hz to 5 KHz. Interestingly, the sample having CNT-implanted sisal fibre of 5 mm length exhibited the highest value of dielectric constant than the one with length 10 mm. This is attributed to the increased surface area of sisal fibre and enhancement of the interfacial polarization. At a constant volume and a length of 5 mm of the fibres, the number of interfaces per unit volume element is high and results in a higher interfacial polarization. The interfaces decrease as the fibre length increases, and therefore, the value of ε′ decreases at 10 mm fibre length. The peak value of the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency. A continuous decrease in dissipation factor (tan δ) with increasing frequency for all samples was observed, while at lower temperatures, the values of tan δ remains approximately same. The AC conductivity for 5 mm length sisal epoxy composite and 10 mm length sisal fibre–epoxy composites is higher than that of pure epoxy at all the frequencies.     

Comparative impact of doping nano-conducting polymer with carbon and carbon oxide composites in alkyd binder as anti-corrosive coatings

This study concentrated on producing anticorrosive coating depending on alkyd resin blended with polyaniline-carbon allotropes composites as filler. Polyaniline (PANI) and its composites were produced by doping of PANI with the carbon allotropes (graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and carbon-oxide allotropes (graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes oxide) in different ratios through in situ chemical polymerization. The morphology of PANI and its composites were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), which proved that PANI composites appeared as a shell layer in core/shell structure with various overlay thickness depending on the adsorption type for polyaniline. The performance of the prepared coatings in cabinet salt agrees with electrical conductivity values where the best PANI/composite in conductivity value is the most efficient as an anti-corrosive coating.     

微弧等离子喷涂碳纳米管/纳米Al2O3-TiO2复合涂层的吸波性能研究

将碳纳米管与纳米Al₂O₃-TiO₂陶瓷粉末超声共混制备了碳纳米管/纳米Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合粉末,测试了复合粉末在2—18GHz波段的电磁参数.研究表明：随着碳纳米管质量分数的增加,碳纳米管/纳米Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合粉末的复介电常数和损耗角不断增大.当碳纳米管质量分数和厚度增加时,复合粉末对电磁波的反射率峰值先增加后减小,而谐振频率不断向低频移动.采用微弧等离子喷涂制备了7wt%碳纳米管/纳米Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合吸波涂层,当厚度为1.5mm时,涂层最小反射率为-24.0dB,当厚度为2.0mm时,涂层小于-10dB的频带宽为3.60GHz,当温度为500℃高温时,1.0mm厚的涂层最小高温反射率为-12.2dB,小于-10dB频带宽为2.0GHz.复合涂层的实际厚度D与理论厚度d呈线关系：d=0.898D+0.515. 关键词： 等离子喷涂 碳纳米管 2O₃-TiO₂')" href="#">纳米Al₂O₃-TiO₂ 吸波性能     

Thermal and electrical conductivity of poly(l-lactide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered to be the ideal reinforcing agent for high-strength polymer composites, because of their fantastic mechanical strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity and high aspect ratio. Polymer/MWCNTs composites are easily molded, and the resulting shaped plastic articles have a perfect surface appearance compared with polymer composites made using usual carbon or glass fibers. Good interfacial adhesion between the MWCNTs and the polymer matrix is essential for efficient load transfer in the composite. The ultrahigh strength polymer composites demand the uniform dispersion of the MWCNTs in the polymer matrix without their aggregation and the good miscibility between MWCNT and polymer matrix. This approach can also be applied to biodegradable synthetic aliphatic polyesters such as poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), which has received a great deal of attention due to environmental concerns. In this study, PLLA was melt-compounded with MWCNTs. A high degree of dispersion of the MWCNTs in the composites was obtained by grafting PLLA onto the MWCNTs (PLLA-g-MWCNTs). After oxidizing the MWCNTs by treating them with strong acids, they were reacted with l-lactide to produce the PLLA-g-MWCNTs. The mechanical properties of the PLLA/PLLA-g-MWCNT composite were higher than those of the PLLA/MWCNT composite. The electrical conductivity of the composites was determined by measuring the volume resistivity, which is a value of the resistance expressed in a unit volume by two-probe method. The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of composites was measured by laser flash method, and the effects of modification of the MWCNT in PLLA matrix are discussed.     

Dispersion theory and the low-energy constants for neutral-pion photoproduction

The relativistic amplitudes of pion photoproduction are evaluated by dispersion relations at t = const. The imaginary parts of the amplitudes are taken from the MAID model covering the absorption spectrum up to center-of-mass energies W = 2.2GeV. For sub-threshold kinematics the amplitudes are expanded in powers of the two independent variables ν and t related to energy and momentum transfer. Subtracting the loop corrections from this power series allows one to determine the counter terms of covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory. The proposed continuation of the amplitudes into the unphysical region provides a unique framework to derive the low-energy constants to any given order as well as an estimate of the higher-order terms by global properties of the absorption spectrum.     

Effective response in nonlinear spherical coated composites under external AC and DC electric field

By using the perturbation method, effective nonlinear direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) responses of nonlinear composites with spherical coated inclusions randomly embedded in a host medium are studied under the action of external electric field E_a =E₀ +E₁ sin ωt+E₃ sin 3ωt with different amplitudes and frequencies. The local potentials of composites at all harmonics are given in the inclusion particles and the host regions. All effective nonlinear responses to composites and the relationship between the effective nonlinear responses at all harmonics are also deduced for the spherical coated inclusions in a dilute limit.     

2H-NMR Study of ammonium ion rotational tunneling and reorientation in (ND4)2SnCl6 single crystal

Because of the quadrupole interaction, the²H-NMR spectra of a tunneling ND ₄ ⁺ ion depend on the Larmor frequencyv ₀ and the tunneling frequencyv _t , when both frequencies are less than 20 MHz. Calculated single crystal spectra visualize features to be expected. Significant broadening and asymmetry are observed at level crossing regions aroundv _t =v ₀ orv _t =2v ₀. Angular, frequency and temperature dependences of the spectra are studied using an (ND₄)₂SnCl₆ single crystal. Experimental spectra obtained for different frequencies at 4.2K are fitted withv _t as a parameter. The tunneling frequency is also checked by measurements of the deuteron spin-lattice relaxation timeT ₁ as a fuction ofv ₀. Both methods give consistentlyv _t =7.15±0.10 MHz.     

石墨带的晶格动力学研究

基于晶格动力学理论,采用力常数模型,计算了石墨带的声子色散关系、振动模式密度和比热.计算结果表明,石墨带的声子谱特征介于一维碳纳米管和二维石墨片之间.扶手椅型和锯齿型石墨带的中、高频声子支分别与锯齿型和扶手椅型碳纳米管的类似.由于声子限域效应,低频声子支随着石墨带带宽的改变出现明显的频移现象.振动模式密度在高频区几乎不敏感于带宽,而低频区的峰位随着带宽的增加而逐渐向低频移动.此外,无论是在低温还是高温,比热都随着带宽的增加而逐渐降低,呈现量子尺寸效应.在300K时,比热可以拟合成C_V=C_Vg+A/n,其中C_Vg为石墨片的热容,而A/n项反映了石墨带中边缘效应对比热的影响. 关键词： 石墨带 声子色散关系 比热     

Charge‐transfer behavior of polyaniline single wall carbon nanotubes nanocomposites monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Highly dispersed nanocomposites of polyaniline(PANI) and oxidized single wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs) have been prepared using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as dispersant. The materials were characterized via resonance Raman and electronic absorption spectroscopies. The behavior of the composites as a function of the applied potential was also investigated using in situ Raman electrochemical measurements. The results obtained at E_laser = 1.17 eV suggest that a charge‐transfer process occur between PANI and semiconducting nanotubes for samples where the metallic tubes are previously oxidized. The spectroelectrochemical data show that the presence of SWNTs prevents the oxidation of PANI rings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

航空复合材料及其基体树脂的太赫兹光谱特性研究

现如今各类航空复合材料大量应用在航空飞机制造领域,而不同基体树脂的复合材料具有不同的性能优势,其物理性能关系到复合材料的设计、使用与检测。为研究不同种类的航空玻璃纤维复合材料及其基体树脂在太赫兹频段的光谱特性与介电性能,利用太赫兹时域光谱技术(THz-TDS)在0.2~1.0 THz频段内研究了3类不同航空玻璃纤维复合材料及其基体树脂：环氧树脂3238A/玻璃纤维EW180A,氰酸酯树脂9915/玻璃纤维QW120A,双马来酰亚胺树脂QY8911/玻璃纤维ZW100A的光谱吸收和介电色散特性,计算得到了不同航空复合材料及其基体树脂的折射率ｎ、吸收系数α、介电常数实部ε′和介电常数虚部ε″,并结合改性添加剂进行了基体树脂的对比分析,以及结合增强体玻璃纤维进行了复合材料的对比分析,在此基础上,使用Debye模型对树脂体系中偶极子的弛豫过程进行了理论计算,并对实验结果进行了拟合分析。研究表明,对于ε″和α,均以QW120A/9915＜ZW100A/QY8911＜EW180A/3238A和9915＜QY8911＜3238A的顺序增大,这是由于在树脂体系中含有的极性官能团和分子越多,偶极子取向极化引起的弛豫运动则会越剧烈,介电耗损就越大;随着交变电场频率的增加,偶极子因弛豫运动落后于电场的变化,需要更多的能量克服材料内粘滞阻力,引起介电耗损增大,导致ε″和α随之增大,并且均未有明显的吸收峰;由于树脂体系中分子链结构和极性基团的含量不同,对于各类复合材料和浇注料,氰酸酯树脂的ε′和n均最小,介电性能最好也最稳定,双马来酰亚胺树脂和环氧树脂介电性能次之,稳定性稍差,顺序为QW120A/9915＞ZW100A/QY8911＞EW180A/3238A和9915＞QY8911＞3238A;在聚合物树脂内部,偶极子的极化行为由于弛豫运动而受阻尼影响,滞后于交变电场的周期性变化,导致取向极化的程度相对减弱,ε′和ｎ呈现反常的色散现象,即ε′和ｎ随频率的增大而降低,而对于复合材料,玻璃纤维作为无机非金属材料弱化了聚合物树脂中极化行为的影响,均未出现反常色散现象;由于混合型树脂体系中不同极性的基团发生极化响应的机制不同,导致实际介电耗损高于拟合结果,而ε′和ｎ并不受影响,因而在使用Debye方程进行拟合时,ε″和α的拟合结果稍有误差。首次报道了不同航空复合材料及其基体树脂在太赫兹频段的介电性能差异、光谱特性及其规律,给出了环氧、氰酸酯和双马来酰亚胺三种不同航空树脂及其玻璃纤维复合材料在太赫兹频段的基础参数,为太赫兹频段下固体电介质材料透波性能的研究补充了新的内容,为航空复合材料的太赫兹无损检测提供了重要参考,并且对航空复合材料性能改进、吸波复合材料、光电半导体材料、太赫兹超材料和高性能雷达罩等研究具有重要意义。     

Electric-dipole polarizabilities of molecules of CFxCl4−x (x=1–4) Freons. Coefficients of dispersion interaction between different freons and between freons and noble gases

Average values of dynamic electric-dipole polarizabilities of molecules of CFCl₃, CF₂Cl₂, CF₃Cl, and CF₄ Freons in a wide frequency range (from near-infrared to far-ultraviolet regions of the spectrum) were calculated on the basis of the latest data on the distributions of oscillator strengths in the absorption spectra of these Freons. An accurate analytical approximation of the polarizability dispersion is suggested for these Freons. Values of polarizabilities at imaginary frequencies were calculated. Coefficients of dispersion interaction of different Freon molecules with each other and with noble-gas atoms were determined for the first time. The high accuracy of the geometric mean combination rule used to estimate interaction constants for pairs of unlike particles is demonstrated.     

单壁BC3纳米管晶格动力学研究

基于力常数模型计算了一系列扶手椅型、锯齿型和手性单壁BC₃纳米管的声子色散关系.描述了单壁BC₃纳米管结构的表征方式,比较详细地给出了其结构、对称性和晶格动力学分析.基于数值计算结果,讨论了拉曼活性模和红外活性振动模的频率与管径的关系.由分析结果做出推断,BC₃纳米管的拉曼光谱和红外光谱比单壁碳纳米管更为复杂. 关键词： 3纳米管')" href="#">BC₃纳米管 声子色散关系 晶格动力学     

不同参数多壁碳纳米管太赫兹谱特性

探索不同管径和长度的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)的太赫兹(THz)谱特性,采用透射型太赫兹时域光谱系统研究了5个不同管径和长度的MWCNT样品的太赫兹吸收谱和折射率谱,并对比和分析了它们的差异。结果表明:在0.2~2.0THz内,多壁碳纳米管太赫兹吸收没有特征吸收峰,吸收强度随着频率的增加而增加,并可以拟合为不同斜率的直线,且MWCNT在THz波段的吸收强度与管径和长度成正比。折射率随着频率的增加呈指数衰减,同时,管径是影响其折射率的一个重要因素,而长度对其影响不大。     

Quasiparticle bands in plane-chain coupled cuprates

The dispersion spectrum of single hole in a bilayer composed of plane and chain, each described by t-J model, coupled by - interactions between them, is calculated in terms of self-consistent Born approximation. It was found that for a weak interlayer coupling the two different quasiparticle bands, plane-like and chain-like bands, show a minimum at (, ) and a maximum at (0, 0) or (, ). In plane-like dispersion we can find an anomalous “flat” region near Fermi surface along the antiferromagnetic Brillouin zone boundary, which favors the formation of the van-Hove singularities. With increasing interlayer coupling, a large modification of the dispersions is carried out, the minimum deviates from (, ) and the energy gap of the two bands decreases and finally disappears when the vertical coupling is larger enough. The shapes of the QP bands are sensitive to the vertical hopping rather than the vertical exchange energy . As the interlayer coupling increases, the shapes of the two QP bands suggest that the chain-like band approaches to that of quasi-one dimensional model, and the plane-like band undergoes the one layer t - t '-J models' band. Received 17 March 1999     

非线性柱形涂层复合介质有效的直流-交流电响应

利用摄动展开方法, 研究了由圆柱形带涂层杂质随机嵌入基质所形成的非线性复合介质在外加 的带有不同频率和振幅的混合电场E₀ + E₁ sinωt+E₃ sin3ωt作用下有效的直流-交流电响应, 分别推导了复合介质在杂质核、涂层及基质区域的电势分布, 并在低杂质浓度下给出了复合介质有效的非线性响应及它们之间的关系. 关键词： 非线性柱形涂层复合介质 有效的非线性响应 外加交直流电场     

Transient changes in quartz resonators following exposure to pulse ionization

Abstract

This paper is a review of the transient effect of pulse ionization on the resonant frequency and Q of quartz resonators. A number of different samples of both natural and synthetic quartz crystals have been used. Fifth-overtone 5, 32, and 125 MHz thickness shear (AT-cut) crystal units were fabricated and studied using several different oscillator circuits, one of which was designed such that the resistance R_s (αQ ^?1) of the crystal unit at series resonance as well as frequency could be measured after pulse exposure. With the exception of one purposely altered crystal, all the resonators exhibited a negative-transient frequency offset after irradiation which thereafter anneals as a function of t ^?1/2 over nearly four decades of time. The pulse irradiation effect on Q ^?1 is most striking at 5 MHz in natural quartz units, which suffer a thirty-fold increase in acoustic absorption after exposure to 10⁴ rad. The transient increase in the acoustic absorption in natural quartz anneals within 10 seconds to a value somewhat larger than the preirradiation absorption. Theoretical models are described which account for these observations.