Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the quality,nutrients and volatile compounds of dry-cured yak meat

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the quality of dry-cured yak meat. The ultrasonic power with 0, 200, 300 and 400 W (ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz) were used to assist processing of dry-cured yak meat. The meat quality, nutrient substances, sensory quality, electronic nose, electronic tongue and volatile compounds of dry-cured yak meat were determined. The results indicated that the moisture content and hardness value of ultrasonic treatment group was significantly lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Ultrasonic treatment increased the value of b*, and decreased the value of L*, a*, pH, chewiness, melting temperature and enthalpy. Springiness value significantly increased from control group to 300 W of ultrasonic power group. Shear force significantly decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power (P < 0.05). Ultrasonic treatment had no effect on the TVB-N content, but it could increase the TBARS content. Ultrasonic treatment could significantly increase the essential FAA (EFAA) and total FAA (P < 0.05). In addition, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content significantly increased with the increase of ultrasonic power (P < 0.05). Ultrasound treatment negatively affected the meat’s color, smell, and taste but increased its tenderness and the overall acceptability. It also significantly increased alcohols and aldehydes contents (P < 0.05), which were consistent with the measurement of electronic nose and electronic tongue. The results demonstrated that the the appropriate ultrasonic power assisted in the processing improves quality of dry-cured yak meat, particularly for the power of 300 W.     

Effect of ultrasound treatment on microstructure,colour and carotenoid content in fresh and dried carrot tissue

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of ultrasound treatment on the carrot tissue microstructure, colour and carotenoids content. To avoid adverse effects of rinsing out substances contained in the raw material, carrot slices were vacuum-packed and treated with ultrasounds in an ultrasonic bath using 21 and 35 kHz frequency for 10, 20 and 30 min. Images of the carrot tissue made by scanning electron microscope were analysed by calculating the cross-section area for each cell. The colour was measured using CIE L^∗a^∗b^∗ method. To determine total carotenoid content spectrophotometric method was used. Obtained results indicate that the structural properties of carrots treated with ultrasound were significantly different from the samples without any treatment and it was clearly noticed during analysing images of scanning electron microscope. There was observed the influence of ultrasound treatment on colour L^∗, a^∗ and b^∗ parameters, especially for carrot treated with ultrasound for 30 min, independent of the applied frequency of the ultrasonic waves. Similarly, sonic treatment resulted in substantial increase of carotenoid in comparison to raw carrot, especially in the case of 35 kHz frequency ultrasounds. Probably, such significant increase is caused by the destruction of the original structure and thus higher extraction ability of these compounds.     

Applying colour science in colour design

Although colour science has been widely used in a variety of industries over the years, it has not been fully explored in the field of product design. This paper will initially introduce the three main application fields of colour science: colour specification, colour-difference evaluation and colour appearance modelling. By integrating these advanced colour technologies together with modern colour imaging devices such as display, camera, scanner and printer, some computer systems have been recently developed to assist designers for designing colour palettes through colour selection by means of a number of widely used colour order systems, for creating harmonised colour schemes via a categorical colour system, for generating emotion colours using various colour emotional scales and for facilitating colour naming via a colour-name library. All systems are also capable of providing accurate colour representation on displays and output to different imaging devices such as printers.     

Studies upon Qualification of Meat from Animals Irradiated and Contaminated with Radiocaesium

Abstract

The problem concerning qualification of food originated from animals irradiated and contaminated with ¹³⁷caesium appeared especially after the Chernobyl accident. So, it was a reason to undertake respective studies on 108 rabbits divided into three groups: group I – non-irradiated rabbits, group II – irradiated with a dose of 103 mCkg^?1 (400 R), group III – irradiated with a dose of 206 mCkg^?1 (800 R). All animals were contaminated intragastrically with an aqueous solution of ¹³⁷CsCl. After slaughter samples of the muscles were cured in 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15% brine or were cooked for 2 hrs. In the case of curing the radioactivities of meat and brine, and the concentrations of salt in cured meat were estimated after 7, 14, and 21 days. The radioactivities of cooked meat, broth, and condensed water vapour were estimated after 1 and 2 hrs. Taking into account the decrease of the radioactivities, duration of curing, and concentrations of salt in cured meat the optimum results were achieved when the meat from non-irradiated rabbits was cured for 7 days in 3% brine, and that of irradiated rabbits in 5% brine with regard to a lower stability of this meat. The decontamination effectiveness of cooking was similar in all examined rabbits. Radiocaesium penetrates into the brine or broth and escapes with water vapour thereafter.     

Spectral imaging system for non-contact colour measurement

This paper describes the development of a non-contact system for measuring colour of printed material at web speeds. The system proposed uses a non-contact spectrophotometer based on a holographic grating, in conjunction with a conventional monochrome area scan camera, from which colour spectral data is extracted, whilst a xenon flash is used to illuminate colour samples. Software and hardware details of the system are given, along with the underlying mathematics for colour space conversion and measurement. Conversion equations from X, Y, Z chromaticity co-ordinates to the RGB system are presented, and also equations to convert from the L^*a^*b^* colour space to X, Y, Z chromaticity co-ordinates. Experimental results are presented whereby the non-contact spectral system is shown to perform to a colour tolerance exceeding that of conventional colour video systems.     

Colour naming

An experimental study exploring colour ranges corresponding to different colour names has been conducted. Available colour terms in Turkish language have been identified and the most frequently known or used colour terms have been attained. Using the Munsell Color System, colour ranges reflecting the colour naming and colour perception of Turkish people, have been constructed for each colour term. The discussion of the findings and observations during the research are also included.     

用模糊算子法对用通俗语言描述的颜色标志的定量评价

本文在确定颜色模糊性的基础上,用模糊算子的方法分析了用通俗语言描述的颜色标志,提出了一种颜色标志的定量方法。     

Practical colour management

Spectrophotometers have been successfully used for colour measurement. This paper addresses digital imaging as a complementary and alternative method of colour measurement and appearance and an effective communication tool as part of a practical colour management programme within the supply chain of a textile retailer. The specific needs—to measure and communicate textured dyed material and printed fabric—are discussed, as well as the colour specification and quality control (QC) of currently un-measurable fabrics and accessories. A unique method of using digital imaging for the assessment of colour fastness will also be discussed.     

Colour and lighting in hospital design

Little information or guidance has been available to assist the development of a hospital's visual environment. A report on lighting and colour design schemes, accessible to non professionals with responsibility for refurbishment strategies, was required by NHS Estates. Firstly, 20 hospitals were audited to establish a picture of current practice and to identify key issues where colour design could broadly enhance the environment for patients, staff and visitors. Critical areas were outlined in this report, where colour design can be utilised and applied, for the benefit of all users, from ambience to essential legal requirements such as colour contrast for the visually impaired.Provision of staff relaxation rooms that are different in terms of colour and lux levels from immediate work spaces, or thoughtfully designed areas for patients awaiting intensive treatment, have been shown to have some beneficial effects on a sense of well being. Colour and design have not been established as a definite cure for sickness and ill health, but certainly monotony and poor conditions in premises that have not been refurbished with any care, have had a detrimental affect on recovery rates and staff morale. The realisation that a well balanced and attractive environment is of major importance to patients’ health is, in no way new; Florence Nightingale observed that ‘a variety of form and brilliance of colour in the objects presented to patients are an actual means of recovery’.     

Then and now: James Clerk Maxwell and colour

A survey of the researches of James Clerk Maxwell into the production and perception of colour is presented, and links to a selection of present day applications of colour science are indicated. Although false colour photography was not known in Maxwell's time, aspects of his work, suitably interpreted, have a bearing on the wide applicability of the technique. An outline is given of one application of false colour to visualising and analysing data on fluid motion.     

Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol

The present study optimised the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. Influence of temperature (25.86–54.14 °C) and ultrasonic power densities (UPD) (76.01–273.99 mW/mL) on total betalains (BT), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), amaranthine (A), and isoamaranthine (IA) were evaluated using response surface methodology. Moreover, betalain extraction kinetics and mass transfer coefficients (K_La) were determined for each experimental condition. BT, BC, BX, TP, AA, b*, K_La, and A were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature extraction and UPD, whereas L*, a*, and IA were only affected (p < 0.05) by temperature. All response models were significantly validated with regression coefficients (R²) ranging from 87.46 to 99.29%. BT, A, IA, and K_La in UAE were 1.38, 1.65, 1.50, and 29.93 times higher than determined using conventional extraction, respectively. Optimal UAE conditions were obtained at 41.80 °C and 188.84 mW/mL using the desired function methodology. Under these conditions, the experimental values for BC, BX, BT, TP, AA, L*, a*, b*, K_La, A, and IA were closely related to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the developed quadratic models. This study proposes a simple and efficient UAE method to obtain betalains and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, which can be used in several applications within the food industry.     

Colour centre-free perovskite single crystals

Yb³⁺:YAlO₃ (YAP) and Yb³⁺:GdAlO₃ (GAP) are interesting 1 μm high-power laser media thanks to their very good thermo-mechanical properties. However, as-grown perovskite single crystals exhibit colour centres. Parasitic thermal load generated by these centres is deleterious for high-power laser action and can lead to crystal damages. Moreover these defects decrease Yb³⁺ lifetime. They are related to trapped holes on the oxygen network. In the present work, several schemes to remove colour centres are presented. Attention is focused on cerium codoping, thermal annealing under reducing atmosphere and growth of non-stoechiometric compounds.     

Robust geometric,phase and colour structured light projection system calibration

This paper introduces a new comprehensive procedure for both geometric and colour calibration of structured light system. In order to perform both geometric and colour calibration procedure, a new calibration artifact is proposed. The intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of projector and camera are estimated by using an extended pinhole camera model with a tangential and radial distortion. Camera image plane coordinates are obtained by extracting features from images of a calibration artifact. Projector image plane coordinates are calculated on the basis of continuous phase maps obtained from a fringe pattern phase reconstruction procedure. In order to stereo calibrate camera-projector system, pairs of corresponding image plane points are calculated with subpixel accuracy. In addition, one of three pattern views is used in colour calibration. RGB values of a colour field pattern detected by camera and their reference values are compared. This comparison leads to derivation of a colour transformation matrix. The performance of the proposed method is tested by measuring plane, sphere and distance reference. Also 360 degrees complex object 3D model from a set of measurements is obtained. Residual mean errors for all tests performed are calculated.     

分光光度法测定海产品中微量镉

本文在文献［１］基础上,研究了在六次甲基四胺－ＫＮＯ３－ＨＮＯ３存在下,镉与二甲酚橙显色反应的最佳条件。在ｐＨ＝６．２～６．４范围内,镉与二甲酚橙配合物的最大吸收波长λｍａｘ＝５７８．４ｎｍ,摩尔吸光系数为１．６×１０４Ｌｍｏｌ－１ｃｍ－１,镉含量在０．５～６μｇｍＬ－１范围内符合朗伯比耳定律,检测限为０．００７μｇｍＬ－１,回收率在９０％以上,方法简便,灵敏度高,用于样品分析取得满意结果。     

用T值测量仪测量卤钨灯色温

云南光学仪器厂研制的TCY微光物镜T值测量仪不仅可以测量物镜T值,而且还可以测量和标定各种卤钨灯的色温。文章阐述了用该仪器测量色温的原理、方法。并重点分析了多方面的误差因素。还指出了提高精度的方法和注意事项。实际测试结果和理论计算吻合较好:在2000～3000K范围内其测量精度为±10 K左右。用该仪器测量色温,操作简便、省时、经济并有较高的精度。建议推广应用。     

氮分压对氮化锆薄膜颜色的影响规律研究

CIElab颜色空间坐标是氮化锆薄膜非常关键的技术指标,而氮分压对氮化锆薄膜颜色坐标有较大的影响。应用中频反应磁控溅射技术沉积氮化锆薄膜,通过对炉内分压强和氮化锆薄膜颜色的测量,绘制了氮分压对CIE颜色坐标L*,a*,b*值的影响曲线。发现随炉内氮分压的增大,薄膜颜色坐标a*,b*值呈环形曲线、L*值呈单调下降的变化趋势。并使用金属自由电子气模型对颜色变化趋势进行了理论分析。发现颜色坐标的变化是由于随氮分压增加,自由电子浓度降低引起等离子体频率降低造成的。对薄膜的X射线衍射谱(XRD)以及电阻率测量结果的分析表明,在氮分压较大时,颜色坐标L*的明显下降变化是由于Zr3N4等的禁带宽度小于可见光谱的极限造成的。     

Laser-active colour centres with functional periodic structures in LiF fabricated by two interfering femtosecond laser pulses

We report a new technique to fabricate both laser-active F₂ and F₃⁺ colour centres in lithium fluoride and permanent periodic gratings with fringe spacings as fine as sub-micron size simultaneously by two interfering infrared femtosecond (fs) laser pulses. In particular, the optical properties of such colour centres produced by a single fs laser pulse are compared with those created by damage from radiation such as X-rays. Moreover, the present technique is applied to the first production of three-dimensional active channel waveguide and a pulsed distributed-feedback (DFB) laser at around 700 nm in LiF containing F₂ colour centres with fine-pitched micro-grating structures.     

Thermal decay of stable colour centres in Gd3Ga5O12 crystals

This work is devoted to an analysis of thermal decay processes of the stable colour centres (CC) created in gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂, crystals under irradiation by gamma-quanta (E=1.25 MeV, D=10⁶ Gy). An analysis of the model of CC accumulation under irradiation as well as an isochronous heating model is presented. The decay activation energy (Δ E) for O^? and F centres in GGG crystals is calculated in accordance with this model.     

小范围内精确控制CRT显示颜色和色差的研究

目前CRT显示器颜色特性化的最高精度大约是0.5ΔEab。一些在CRT上进行颜色和图像视觉评价的实验要求在颜色中心小范围内能更精确地控制显示颜色和色差。实验中采用了线性插值特性化方法,并提出了一种小范围三通道相互影响的颜色控制方法。实验结果表明:该方法对L,a,b控制的精度分别是0.14,0.082,0.103;对三种色差CIELAB,CIE94和CIEDE2000的控制精度分别是0.18,0.18,0.22。     

植物油颜色的谱识别方法

本文提出一种植物油色的谱识别新方法.该方法突破了传统的三刺激值测色模式,提出了用光谱特征及非固定的场景模式,替代三刺激值及其固定的CIE测量模式,建立了良好的判别函数,适于植物油色的客观检验与定级.结果令人满意.