级联三能级系统中高阶非线性效应的研究

本文采用二阶相干函数理论研究了级联三能级系统中三阶及五阶极化拍频(TPBCTS及FPBCTS)的非线性效应.通过对泵浦光为宽带及窄带情形的分析,我们发现三阶及五阶极化拍频信号的强度在时域内的变化取决于激光的统计特性和跃迁的横向驰豫率,从而在测量原子能级分裂时可以得到消除多普勒极限增宽的精度.另外,我们对信号的空间调制也进行了分析.     

NONLINEAR EFFECTS OF THIRD-AND FIFTH-ORDER ON POLARIZATION BEATS IN A FOUR-LEVEL SYSTEM

We have employed second-order coherence function theory to study the nonlinear effects of third-and fifth-order on polarization beats in a four-level system (TPBFS and FPBFS). It is found that the different temporal behavior of the beat signal in TPBFS and FPBFS depends on the stochastic properties of the lasers and transverse relaxation rate of the transition. We have considered the cases that pump beams have either narrow band or broadband linewidth and found that for both cases a Doppler-free precision can be achieved in the measurement of the energy-level difference between two excited states which are dipolar forbidden from the ground state. We also discussed the spatiall modulation behavior of the beat signal.     

V型三能级系统中高阶非线性效应的研究

本文采用二阶相干函数理论研究了V型三能级系统中三阶及五阶极化拍频(TPBVTS及FPBVTS)的非线性效应.通过对泵浦光为宽带及窄带情形的分析,我们发现三阶及五阶极化拍频信号的强度在时域内的变化取决于激光的统计特性和跃迁的横向弛豫率,从而在测量原子能级分裂时可以得到消除多普勒极限增宽的精度.另外,我们对信号的空间调制也进行了分析.     

Fifth-order attosecond polarization beats using twin color-locked noisy lights in cascade three-level system with Doppler-free approach

Fifth-order attosecond sum-frequency polarization beat (FASPB) is studied in a cascade three level system with the phase-conjugation fourth-order coherence function theory. An improved schematic diagram of geometry, which is different from that inducing fifth-order femtosecond different-frequency polarization beat(FFDPB), is used to obtain FASPB. By analyzing the cases that pump beams have either narrow or broad bandwidth, it is found that the temporal behavior of the sum-frequency polarization beat signal depends on the properties of the lasers and transverse relaxation rate of the atomic energy-level system. Finally,the cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes and the difference between attosecond and femtosecond polarization beats have been discussed, it is found that cascaded or sequential lower processes can often obscure the direct fifth-order polarization beat processes.     

PHASE FLUCTUATIONS ON RAMAN-ENHANCED NONDEGENERATE FOUR-WAVE MIXING

We have employed phase-diffusion model to study the effects of laser field correlation on the Raman-enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing (RENFWM). The different roles of the field fluctuations have been pointed out. A time-delayed method has been proposed to suppress the thermal background. An enhancement of the ratio between the resonant and nonresonant RENFWM signal intensities was found as the time delay is increased when the laser has broadband linewidth. When the lasers have Gaussian line shape, we also present a second-order coherence function theory to elucidate the temporal asymmetry behavior of the RENFWM.     

阿秒极化拍的V型三能级对称二阶相干理论

基于两单光子过程的相位共轭二阶极化干涉，从理论上研究了V型三能级系统在阿秒量级的对称和频极化拍频（SFPB），考虑了抽运光束为窄带线宽或宽带线宽的情形，发现测得的信号对任意带宽的马可夫随机光场的统计特征非常敏感，其在测量偶极禁界跃迁两激发态之间的能级和时并不受激光线宽的限制，仅取决于光学跃迁均匀增宽，而且可以得到消除多普勒增宽的测量精度.在窄带情形下，场关联对SFPB信号影响很弱.在宽带情形下，SFPB信号表现出共振 非共振交叉关联.SFPB作为一种阿秒超快调制过程，从理论上说它可以扩展到任何和频能级系统. 关键词： 阿秒 和频 极化拍 二阶相干     

基于时变功率谱的激光器调谐瞬时线宽测量方法研究

半导体激光器的线宽通常采用激光外差测量技术,通过差拍信号的功率谱密度函数来确定,受傅里叶变换方法的限制,得到的均是在一定时间段内的静态平均线宽。为了获得半导体激光器在电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽特性,提出了利用时变功率谱获知调谐瞬时线宽的相干和非相干测量方法,并分别进行了理论分析和实验验证。首先对半导体激光器输出光信号及差拍信号进行了时间-频率域下的数学描述,确定了时变功率谱与调谐瞬时线宽的关系;其次,针对差拍信号的趋向性特征,提出了趋势局部均值分解方法,并研究了利用分解出的乘积函数建立差拍信号及激光器输出光信号的时变功率谱的方法;最后利用非相干和相干测量法分别获得了分布反馈式半导体激光器在50~51及50~100 mA锯齿波电流调谐过程中的瞬时线宽。     

Spatial coherence properties of azimuthally polarized laser modes

Understanding of coherence properties of optical fields is of basic importance both in classical optics and in quantum physics. Coherence properties of electromagnetic laser modes are only now beginning to be explored and have not yet been tested experimentally, except in the simplest cases. In this paper, we first study theoretically the coherence properties of azimuthally polarized laser modes and we clarify the distinction between coherence and correlations in stochastic electromagnetic fields, a distinction which has up to now not been fully understood and has, in fact, been a subject of controversy. Our analysis clearly illustrates the distinction between these two concepts. After elucidating theoretically the coherence properties of radially polarized laser modes, we describe an experimental study of their properties, made by the use of a recently introduced reversed-wavefront Young’s interferometer. A good agreement between theory and experiment has been found.     

Multiplexed Optical Fiber Interferometric Sensor System by Synthesis of Optical Coherence Function with Phase Generated Carrier

A novel system for multiplexed optical fiber interferometric sensors is proposed applying the synthesis of optical coherence function with phase generated carriers. The ideal parameters of the laser diode frequency modulation for the phase generated carrier with the synthesis of the optical coherence function are discussed. A basic experimental setup including two interferometric sensors is constructed. The results show that the phase signal from the two sensors can successfully be demultiplexed by scanning the synthesized coherence peak.     

Synthesized optical coherence tomography for imaging of scattering objects by use of a stepwise frequency-modulated tunable laser diode

A technique named synthesized optical coherence tomography (SOCT) has been proposed and developed as an alternative method to the well-known optical coherence tomography for cross-sectional imaging of scattering objects. SOCT is based on the principle of synthesis of an optical coherence function by use of a tunable laser diode. With stepwise frequency modulation of light and synchronous phase modulation, the coherence function is synthesized into a peak at an arbitrary location. The longitudinal scattering distribution of the object under test is thus obtained without a mechanically driven reference. Two-dimensional tomography was demonstrated in a basic experiment with a lateral mechanical scan.     

基于微波频差转换的光学拍频研究

光学拍频是大学物理和光学实验教学中的重要内容.由于激光器存在中心波长漂移问题,实验中不易产生可观测的拍频信号.受到微波光子技术中微波波段和光波波段相互作用机理的启发,提出了基于微波频差转换的光学拍频方法.借助强度调制和相位调制将两个频差较小的微波信号调制到同一光载波上,结合光学滤波器获得了两个频差极小的稳定光信号,利用光电探测器实现光学拍频,从仿真和实验两个层面分别获得了可视化的低频拍频信号.该研究为大学物理和光学实验提供了与科学前沿相结合的实验方案,可拓展教学内容和教学深度,有利于培养学生的科学素养.     

Semiconductor laser amplitude and phase noises effects in coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry C-OFDR

We study the effects of the semiconductor laser noise on the generated beat signal, in Coherent Optical Domain Reflectometry device. By using a general laser noise analytical model, based on Volterra non-linear treatment of laser rate equations, we find a novel general expression of the beat photocurrent. We show that the coherence and the incoherence cases are observed for a different delay time intervals than the ones known in literature. We show that the coherence domain corresponds to a delay time lower than the half of the laser coherence time τ₀<1/2τ_c, and the incoherence domain corresponds for τ₀>2τ_c. An original shape of the beat signal autocorrelation function affected by the laser noises is obtained.     

可调谐半导体激光器的瞬时光谱测量方法研究

可调谐半导体激光器在调谐过程中的瞬时光谱特性,如瞬时的波长、调谐率、功率、线型和线宽等参数影响着以激光器为光源的光学测量和光相干通信系统的精度。然而,能够同时测量这些瞬变参数的技术至今未见报道。提出了一个基于时频分析的测量半导体激光器在调谐过程中瞬时光谱参数的方法,利用一个短时延外差测量系统,利用激光器瞬时光谱参数与差拍信号瞬时参数的关系,最终获得了半导体激光器在连续电流调谐过程中的瞬时光谱。测量系统采用了10 cm光程差的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,调谐电流是幅度为20~120 mA、频率是1 kHz的锯齿波,差拍信号可视为直流信号、载波信号与噪声的叠加,按照短时延相干光测量原理,差拍信号中的直流分量幅度的大小反映了激光器输出光信号的功率;载波信号是一种多项式相位信号,由其频率可以推算激光器输出光谱的中心频率或波长;噪声信号则与激光器输出光谱的线型和线宽相关,通过对噪声信号进行时频分析,可以获知激光器在连续电流调谐过程中每一时刻或每个电流下的瞬时线型、线宽。采用了趋势局部均值分解方法对差拍信号进行了准确分离,并对分离信号分别进行处理,同时获知了半导体激光器在调谐过程中的瞬时输出光功率、光波长、调谐率及线型、线宽。在去掉弛豫部分后截取的整周期差拍信号对应的调谐电流60~115 mA变化范围内,半导体激光器(FRL15DDR0A31-18950, Furukawa)瞬时输出光功率变化范围是5.16~10.6 mW,瞬时光波长变化范围为1 579.2~1 579.6 nm;激光器的瞬时调谐率在0.004 8~0.011 5 nm·mA-1范围内单调变化;线宽是852.55~954.95 kHz,呈非线性随机分布。基于短时延、局部均值分解和时频分析方法的瞬时光谱参数测量系统可以准确得到各瞬时光谱参数,测量结果与激光器的静特性相符,且测量系统结构简单,使我们更深入地理解激光器的工作原理,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Observation of Sub-femtosecond Polarization Beats Using Twin Noisy Driving Fields

We study the phase-conjugate polarization interference in a V-type three-level system and obtain an analytic closed form for the second-order stochastic correlation of sum-frequency polarization beat. In our Na vapour atomic system pumped by laser pulse of nano-second timescale duration, we experimentally demonstrate an ultrafast modulation of the four-wave mixing signal intensity with a sub-femtosecond timescale period, corre- sponding to the sum-frequency of the resonant transitions from 3S1/2 to 3Pl/2 and 3P3/2.     

Coherent-burst laser ranging: decoupling resolution and unambiguous range

A novel signal encoding and decoding method for laser ranging is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The coherent-burst method uses a quasi-continuous interrupted burst of modulated laser radiation to achieve high-precision ranging at all distances. Both time of flight and phase shift are determined based on an amplitude-modulation pattern that has electronic coherence with a master oscillator. High-frequency modulation provides high absolute precision, while measured temporal delay from transmission to reception eliminates potential uncertainty from aliasing. The method is demonstrated with low-power diode lasers that can be modulated at frequencies in excess of 250 MHz.     

Autocorrelation Method to Detect Frequency Shift of a Laser Diode by Short Pulse Irradiation

A new method to investigate fast frequency modulation of a laser diode by applying optical pulse irradiation is presented. The self-delayed heterodyne technique and an autocorrelation method are used to detect beat in the heterodyne signal due to frequency shift by the irradiation. Autocorrelation of the beat signal is suggested to be calculated via its spectrum.     

Dual-color operation of a femtosecond optical parametric oscillator exhibiting stable relative carrier-envelope phase-slip frequencies

A femtosecond optical parametric oscillator is demonstrated that can operate in a regime where two signal pulses with well-separated center wavelengths are simultaneously resonant. Measurements show that the oscillator output contains a stable modulation at a frequency corresponding to the difference in the carrier-envelope phase-slip frequencies of the co-resonant pulses. The physical origin of this internal beat signal is attributed to second-order mixing effects, and its frequency is shown to be consistent with theory.     

Research for Signal Power Spectrum Distribution in Laser Doppler Rotational Speed Measurement

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RAMAN-ENHANCED POLARIZATION BEATS WITH PHASE-CONJUGATION GEOMETRY

The Raman-enhanced polarization beats (REPB) with phase-conjugation geometry in carbon disulfide are investigated using chaotic and phase-diffusion models. The overall accuracy of using REPB to measure the resonant frequency of Raman-active vibrational mode is determined by the relaxation rates of the Raman mode and the molecular-reorientational grating. Different stochastic models of the laser field only affect the sixth- and fourth-order coherence function. The difference between the REPB and the fourth-order coherence on ultrafast modulation spectroscopy is discussed as well from a physical viewpoint.