Visualization of scattering media upon backscattering of a linearly polarized nonmonochromatic light

The method of polarization visualization of multiply scattering macroinhomogeneous media, based on analysis of the spatial distributions of polarization characteristics of a linearly polarized radiation backscattered from a medium, is discussed. The effect of optical characteristics of the medium and the scattering geometry on the quality of the images obtained in the case of visualization of an absorbing heterogeneity immersed into a multiply scattering medium is considered. The comparative analysis of the quality of formed images was performed with the use of different polarization characteristics of the backscattered radiation as a visualization parameter. The theoretical interpretation of the obtained experimental results is given within the framework of the phenomenological approach based on the concept of the distribution of the effective optical paths of partial components of the scattered optical field. To calculate the probability density of the effective optical paths, the statistical simulation method was used.     

Polarization visualization of scattering media with CW laser radiation

The method of polarization visualization of a multiply scattering medium containing macroinhomogeneities based on analysis of polarization spatial distribution of a scattered linearly polarized light is discussed. The treatment is based on statistical properties of the effective optical path distribution of scattered field components. The influence of media scattering properties and the geometry of the experiment on the inhomogeneity image contrast obtained with use of polarization degree and of normalized scattered intensity of radiation as visualization parameters are discussed, as well as spatial resolution achieved in these both cases. Using the results of theoretical analysis and of the experimental model, the relationship between the shapes of spatial distributions of polarization degree and the intensity of the scattered light is considered as a function of the position of the visualized object (an absorbing half-plane immersed in a plane layer of the scattering medium). The opportunities for enhancing the quality of the images formed in this way are also discussed.     

Speckle diagnostics of multiple scattering media with the use of frequency-modulated laser radiation

A method for probing randomly inhomogeneous multiple scattering media with the use of frequency-modulated laser radiation is considered. The method is based on analysis of the dependence of the blinking index of time-averaged speckles formed upon scattering of the probing radiation in a medium on the frequency modulation depth of the probing radiation. In the case of a binary frequency modulation, the blinking index of the detected speckle-modulated radiation is determined by the cosine Fourier transform of the probability density of the optical path-length difference of partial components of the scattered field in the probed medium. The values of the probability density of the optical path-length difference reconstructed with the use of the proposed method from the measured blinking index of speckles for model scattering media (fluoroplastic layer and layer of TiO₂ particles on a glass substrate) are in a good agreement with the results of statistical simulation of the probing radiation transfer in multiple scattering media.     

Pure-triplet scattering for radiative transfer in binary discrete random finite media with reflective boundaries and internal source of radiation

The stochastic solution of the monoenergetic radiative transfer equation in a finite slab random medium with pure-triplet anisotropic scattering is considered. The random medium is assumed to consist of two randomly mixed immiscible fluids labelled by 1 and 2. The extinction function, the scattering kernel, and the internal source of radiation are treated as discrete random variables, which obey the same statistics. The theoretical model used here for stochastic media transport assumes Markovian processes and exponential chord length statistics. The boundaries of the medium under consideration are considered to have specular and diffuse reflectivities with an internal source of radiation inside the medium. The ensemble-average partial heat fluxes are obtained in terms of the average albedos of the corresponding source-free problem, whose solution is obtained by using the Pomraning-Eddington approximation. Numerical results are calculated for the average forward and backward partial heat fluxes for different values of the single scattering albedo with variation of the parameters that characterize the random medium. Compared to the results obtained by Adams et al. in the case of isotropic scattering based on the Monte Carlo technique, it can be demonstrated that we have good comparable data.     

天光背景下混浊大气中成像质量的分析方法

调制传递函数(MTF)定量描述混浊介质对图像质量的影响,它是混浊介质的固有光学特性,利用等效原理可以获得MTF从低频到高频的完整特征.在实际应用中,混浊介质中的图像质量不仅取决于介质的MTF,还与图像的背景辐射密切相关.本文从混浊大气中图像退化机理出发,理论分析了空间频域中天光背景下图像质量的退化过程.参考等效原理,提出了一种考虑天光背景的表观MTF,得到了表观MTF与介质MTF和天光背景的定量关系,从而得到了一种分析背景辐射下混浊介质中图像质量的有效便捷方法.针对图像质量优化方法,从空间频域的角度提出了一种评价原则.     

Monte Carlo simulation for millimeter wave propagation and scattering in rain medium

As the operating frequencies of communications systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, the effects of multiple scattering in precipitation media become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in rain medium by the Monte Carlo method. The em wave is regarded as a Markov chain of photon collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. For the sake of simplicity, the polarization is not taken into account, the above mentioned problems are described by the scale integro-diffierential equation of transfer. When the plane wave through a random medium with particle size distribution, the technique of weighted average is used to characterize the radiation intensity, including average scattering, absorption coefficients and phase function. The Monte Carlo simulation algorithms are done for the rain attenuation and reflectance at millimeter wavelength region. Our computational results are in good agreement with experimental data of rain attenuation.     

The influence of anisotropic scattering on the radiative intensity in a gray, plane-parallel medium calculated by the DRESOR method

Even though there have been many ways to treat complex anisotropic scattering problems, in most of the cases only the radiation flux or its dimensionless data were provided, and radiative intensity with high directional resolution could merely be seen. In this paper, a comprehensive formulation for the DRESOR method was proposed to deal with the anisotropic scattering, emitting, absorbing, plane-parallel media with different boundary conditions. The method was validated by the data from literature and the integral formulation of RTE. The DRESOR value plays an important role in the DRESOR method, and how it is determined by the anisotropic scattering was demonstrated by some typical results. The intensities with high directional resolution at any point can be given by the present method. It was found that the scattering phase function has little effect on the intensity for thin optical thickness, for example, 0.1. And there is the largest boundary intensity for the medium with the largest forward scattering capability, and the smallest one with the largest backward scattering capability. An attractive phenomenon was observed that the scattering of the medium makes the intensity at boundary can not reach the blackbody emission capability with the same temperature, even if the optical thickness tends to very large. It was also revealed that the scattering of the medium does not mean it cannot alter the magnitude of the energy; actually, stronger scattering causes the energy to have more chance to be absorbed by the medium, and indirectly changes the energy magnitude in the medium. Finally, it is easy to deduce all the associated quantities such as the radiation flux, the incident radiation and the heat source from the intensity, just as done in literature.     

Pure-triplet scattering for radiative transfer in binary discrete random finite media with reflective boundaries and internal source of radiation

The stochastic solution of the monoenergetic radiative transfer equation in a finite slab random medium with pure-triplet anisotropic scattering is considered. The random medium is assumed to consist of two randomly mixed immiscible fluids labelled by 1 and 2. The extinction function, the scattering kernel, and the internal source of radiation are treated as discrete random variables, which obey the same statistics. The theoretical model used here for stochastic media transport assumes Markovian processes and exponential chord length statistics. The boundaries of the medium under consideration are considered to have specular and diffuse reflectivities with an internal source of radiation inside the medium. The ensemble-average partial heat fluxes are obtained in terms of the average albedos of the corresponding source-free problem, whose solution is obtained by using the Pomraning–Eddington approximation. Numerical results are calculated for the average forward and backward partial heat fluxes for different values of the single scattering albedo with variation of the parameters that characterize the random medium. Compared to the results obtained by Adams et al. in the case of isotropic scattering based on the Monte Carlo technique, it can be demonstrated that we have good comparable data.     

X—射线荧光分析散函数法的原理及其应用：—Ⅲ.连续背景幂？…

本文在宽的基体变化范围内对波长为０．０８１ｎｍ的连续散射Ｘ－射线进行了研究,表明质量衰减系数与连续散射强度之间不再遵守传统散射内标法所假定的反比例关系,而是呈一种幂函数关系。理论证明和实验结果一致。提出了用０．０８１ｎｍ处的散射强度的函数校正基体效应的方法,用于地质样品中微量锶的测定,结果显示,在较大的基体变动范围内,本不与传统散射内标法相比准确度提高近４倍,克服了传统方法适应基体变化范围小的缺点     

Scattering of electromagnetic radiation by an ionized gaseous medium

A statistical model is proposed for the scattering of microwave radiation by a weakly ionized gaseous medium irradiated by hard ionizing radiation. It is shown that owing to the correlation of the positions of the elementary scatterers, the predominant contribution comes from scattering on the tracks of the high-energy ionizing particles. The prospects for radar detection of the tracks of radioactive ionization of air are assessed. The maximum distance for radar detection of a cloud of radioactive contamination is calculated as a function of the second release of nuclide activity. An analysis is made of the dependence of the detection threshold on the type of radioactivity, observation geometry, and wavelength of the probe radiation. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 76–82 (February 1997)     

Radiation force and torque on a two-dimensional circular cross-section of a non-viscous eccentric layered compressible cylinder in acoustical standing waves

The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical formalism and derive series expansions for the time-averaged force and torque exerted on a compound coated compressible liquid-like cylinder,insonified by acoustic standing waves having an arbitrary angle of incidence in the polar(transverse)plane.The host medium of wave propagation and the eccentric liquid-like cylinder are non-viscous.Numerical computations illustrate the theoretical analysis with particular emphases on the eccentricity of the cylinder,the angle of incidence and the dimensionless size parameters of the inner and coating cylindrical fluid materials.The method to derive the acoustical scattering,and radiation force and torque components conjointly uses modal matching with the addition theorem,which adequately account for the multiple wave interaction effects between the layer and core fluid materials.The results demonstrate that longitudinal and lateral radiation force components arise.Moreover,an axial radiation torque component is quantified and computed for the non-absorptive compound cylinder,arising from geometrical asymmetry considerations as the eccentricity increases.The computational results reveal the emergence of neutral,positive,and negative radiation force and torque depending on the size parameter of the cylinder,the eccentricity,and the angle of incidence of the insonifying field.Moreover,based on the law of energy conservation applied to scattering,numerical verification is accomplished by computing the extinction/scattering energy efficiency.The results may find some related applications in fluid dynamics,particle trapping,mixing and manipulation using acoustical standing waves.     

Multiple Scattering Solution of Millimeter Wave Propagation in Strong Sandstorm

As the operating frequencies of communication systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, and the density of particles in medium is more denser, the effects of multiple scattering in sandstorm become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in strong sandstorm by the Monte Carlo method. Based on the analytical theory of multiple scattering, the millimeter wave propagation and scattering in discrete random media are investigated by means of the particle-tracking technique. The millimeter wave is regarded as a Markov chain of wave particle collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. Considering the effect of multiple scattering, millimeter wave attenuation induced by strong sandstorm is simulated numerically. The values of theoretical calculation are in good agreement with the measured results of simulated experiment at 34 and 93 GHz.     

布里渊光时域分析传感器的消偏振衰落技术

在布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)光纤传感器中,由于受激布里渊散射的偏振相关性的影响,激励光和探测光的偏振态随机变化引起的信号起伏严重影响布里渊散射光信号的稳定测量。通过建立与偏振态有关的激励光和探测光的耦合方程,推导出接收探测光光强关于激励光和探测光偏振态的理论公式,并由此提出偏振扩展接收技术。理论分析表明,偏振扩展接收技术可以有效地抑制偏振相关信号衰落。通过对耦合方程进行模拟,验证了理论分析的正确性和偏振扩展接收技术的可行性。最后给出了采用偏振扩展接收的布里渊光时域分析实验结果,与理论分析和模拟具有较好的一致性。     

Features of the scattering of focused terahertz radiation from the probe of a terahertz near-field microscope

The scattering of pulsed terahertz radiation from metallic probes in the form of thin cylinders and cones with a small opening angle, which are used in apertureless terahertz near-field microscopes, has been investigated. The extrema of the waveform of pulsed terahertz radiation scattered from a free probe are linearly shifted with a change in the vertical position of the probe, and the spectral distribution is characterized by an inversely proportional frequency dependence. In the presence of a reflecting surface under the probe, when new excitation and detection directions appear, the spectrum of scattered terahertz radiation does not differ from the spectrum of the incident radiation. The experimental data are in mutual agreement with the theoretical results obtained within the model of the generation of diffraction edge waves at the interface of inhomogeneous excitation between the excitation region and shadow region.     

Analysis of collimated radiation in participating media using the discrete transfer method

A general formulation of the discrete transfer method is provided to analyze radiative heat transfer problems in a participating medium subjected to collimated radiation. The formulation is validated by considering 1-D planar absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering gray medium in radiative equilibrium. Anisotropy of the medium is approximated by linear anisotropic phase function. For the purpose of comparison, the problem is also solved analytically. Results are obtained for different angles of incidence of the collimated radiation. At a given angle of incidence, results are obtained for forward, isotropic and backward scattering situations. Heat flux results are compared over a wide range of values of the extinction coefficient. Emissive power distributions in the medium are also obtained for some cases. The discrete transfer method results are found to compare very well with the analytic results.     

Bessel驻波对椭球形液滴的声辐射转矩

在实际的声操控中,由于声辐射力、表面张力和重力的共同作用,液滴往往呈现出椭球的形状,在螺旋声场中会受到力矩的作用而发生转动。从声波的散射理论出发,根据部分波展开法求解得到了椭球形液滴在Bessel驻波场中的声散射系数,并给出了其受到的声辐射转矩的解析式。在此基础上,对椭球形不可压缩液滴和椭球形可压缩液滴分别进行数值计算。仿真结果表明,不可压缩液滴的声辐射转矩与声束半锥角的关系更密切,而可压缩液滴则更依赖于特定的频率;提升Bessel驻波场的阶数有利于增强声辐射转矩的峰值,但在中低频处较难对可压缩液滴产生明显的力矩。该研究结果预期对利用螺旋声场进行液滴的操控具有理论指导作用。      

A Highly Efficient Scheme of Redistribution of Optical Radiation Scattered by Spatial Gratings of Atomic Populations

Optics and Spectroscopy - The radiation intensity redistribution of the probe field upon its scattering by spatially periodic atomic population gratings in a medium with a four-level tripod...     

磁化冷等离子体球的瑞利散射

给出了不同坐标系中介质参数张量的变换,得到了磁化冷等离子体球电场的表达式,得出了任意各向异性目标散射场的表达式,研究了磁化冷等离子体球的微分散射截面、散射截面等的函数关系,仿真结果与有关文献一致,表明了本算法的有效性,从而为各向异性目标识别等提供理论支持。     

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给出了不同坐标系中介质参数张量的变换,得到了磁化冷等离子体球电场的表达式,得出了任意各向异性目标散射场的表达式,研究了磁化冷等离子体球的微分散射截面、散射截面等的函数关系,仿真结果与有关文献一致,表明了本算法的有效性,从而为各向异性目标识别等提供理论支持。     

Bimodal temporal distribution of photons in ultrashort laser pulse passed through a turbid medium

The criteria were determined for simultaneous observation of scattered and unscattered (ballistic) peaks in temporal distribution of a narrow pulsed laser beam passed through a strongly scattering medium. Conditions were found for such an observation on the basis of non-stationary two-flux model for radiation transport. Calculation results permitted the definition of a compromise between the parameters of the initial laser pulse and the properties of a scattering medium. This provided the separate observation of various types of photons. The theoretical calculations were confirmed by experiments on recording pulse profiles of passed radiation of fs-laser in a water–milk solution.