A closed-form solution for removing the dead time effects from the poststimulus time histograms

Discharge patterns from cochlear nerve fibers contain important information about acoustic stimuli and encoding schemes of the peripheral auditory system. Yet these patterns are distorted due to refractory or dead time effects. By modeling discharges from peripheral auditory nerves as a self-exciting Poisson process, the effects of dead time on a poststimulus time histogram can be determined, assuming the recovery time does not depend on acoustic stimuli. If the recovery function is known, a closed-form formula is available to remove the dead time distortions from the poststimulus time histogram.     

Determination of the scintillator decay time by the autocorrelation method

An autocorrelation method is developed for determining the composition and decay time of scintillators. This method also allows studying the spatial distribution of nuclear radiation and controlling the amount of the dopants introduced in the scintillator. The decay time is measured from a few nanoseconds to microseconds. It is found out that the decay time increases in plastic scintillators with a wavelength shifter and a Gd doped.     

On the delay time of the total signal from a set of transmitters

The time dependence of the total signal from a group of closely spaced acoustic or electromagnetic transmitters radiating the same (up to an amplitude factor) signals is considered. If the duration of the partial signal is sufficiently long, the time dependence of the signal from the set of transmitters turns out to be close to that of the signal from a single transmitter up to a delay time. This delay does not necessarily coincide with the time it takes for an optical (or acoustic) signal to pass from the transmitters to the observation point. At different points of the space, this delay time may exceed, or be shorter than, the light (sound) delay time and also may be positive or negative. This follows from the backward or forward extrapolation of the time dependence of the signal when variously delayed and attenuated copies of the same signal that are produced by different transmitters are added up (i.e., interfere). One result of such an extrapolation, which arises upon transmitting a signal with its leading or trailing edge cut off, is the reconstruction of its time dependence, i.e., the detection of the nontransmitted part of the signal.     

Unstable combustion induced by oblique shock waves at the non-attaching condition of the oblique detonation wave

The instability of oblique shock wave (OSW) induced combustion is examined for a wedge with a flow turning angle greater than the maximum attach angle of the oblique detonation wave (ODW), where archival results rarely exist for this case in previous literatures. Numerical simulations were carried out for wedges of different length scales to account for the ratio of the chemical and fluid dynamic time scales. The results reveal three different regimes of combustion. (1) No ignition or decoupled combustion was observed if a fluid dynamic time is shorter than a chemical time behind an OSW. (2) Oscillatory combustion was observed behind an OSW if a fluid dynamic time is longer than a chemical time behind an OSW and the fluid dynamic time is shorter than the chemical time behind a normal shock wave (NSW) at the same Mach number. (3) Detached bow shock-induced combustion (or detached overdriven detonation wave) was observed if a fluid dynamic time is longer than a chemical time behind a NSW. Since no ignition or decoupled combustion occurs as a very slow reaction and the detached wave occurs as an infinitely fast reaction, the finite rate chemistry is considered to be the key for the oscillating combustion induced by an OSW over a wedge of a finite length with a flow turning angle greater than the maximum attach angle for an ODW. Since this case has not been previously reported, grid independency was tested intensively to account for the interaction between the shock and reaction waves and to determine the critical time scale where the oscillating combustion can be observed.     

On the time dependence of the dielectric dispersion for triglycine sulfate in the vicinity of the curie point

The evolution of the dielectric spectrum of triglycine sulfate with time is investigated in the frequency range from 20 MHz to 1 Hz at a temperature of 48.8°C for 420 min. It is revealed that the evolution of the dielectric spectrum exhibits a non-steady-state behavior due to the broadening of the relaxation-time spectrum. The process clearly manifests itself in a transformation of the Cole-Cole diagram with time. The transformation to a quasi-stationary state is completed in approximately 1 h. The phenomenon is explained by the retarded motion of domain walls. The inference is made that, for ferroelectrics, the time evolution of all parameters associated with the domain-wall state should be a universal property.     

Time and temperature dependence of the specific heat of non-crystalline solids within the tunneling model

We propose a new way to introduce the measuring time in the Tunneling Model of non-crystalline solids. We have obtained a time dependent relation for the specific heat which can be used without limits in time or temperature. We prove that under the usual assumptions of the standard Tunneling Model and without free parameters one can understand quantitatively the experimentally observed time and temperature dependence of the specific heat and heat release experiments on vitreous silica over ten orders of magnitude in time. We also discuss the influence of conductions electrons on the time dependent specific heat. Time dependent experiments could provide useful information on the interaction of Tunneling Systems with conduction electrons.     

On the concept of time and the origin of the cosmological temperature

Time arises in the theory of gravity through the semiclassical approximation of the gravitational part of the solution of the Wheeler-De Witt equation in the manner shown by Banks (SCAG). We generalize Banks' procedure by grafting a Born-Oppenheimer type approximation onto SCAG. This allows for the feedback of matter onto gravity, wherein the latter is driven by the (quantum) mean energy-momentum tensor of matter. The wave function is nonvanishing in classically forbidden configurations of gravity. In SCAG this is described by the evolution of matter in imaginary time. This is interpreted as an inverse temperature, and the norm of the matter wave function, no longer conserved for these gravitational configurations, is a partition function. A simple cosmological model is worked out to illustrate these ideas. In this model it is shown that the temperature of the matter which emerges into the classically permitted region is the inverse bounce time of the bounce executed by the system in the forbidden region (behind the horizon).Time present and time past are both perhaps present in time future. And time future contained in time past. If all time is eternally present All time is unredeemable.—T. S. Eliot, Burnt Norton,Four Quartets, 1943.In honor of Ilya Prigogine on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

卤化银材料光作用过程的时间分辨谱测量

卤化银材料是重要的光信息材料，对于信息科学与技术的发展具有非常重要的作用。光作用过程的时间特性在很大程度上决定了卤化银材料性能的优劣。本文采用微波吸收技术来测量卤化银材料光作用过程的时间特性。卤化银材料样品被放入微波谐振腔中，在准分子激光的作用下，卤化银材料中生成了光生载流子，光生载流子的产生改变了卤化银材料的介电函数。因此，介电函数的变化体现光生载流子时间特性的信息，同时，介电函数的变化引起微波谐振腔品质因数的改变，品质因数的改变使腔输出了一个反射波，反射波包含卤化银材料光作用时间特性的信息，通过测量反射波、我们能获得卤化银材材料光作用过程的时间分辨谱并研究光作用过程的时间特性。本文获得了卤化银材料光作用过程的时间分辨谱，并对黑白、彩色和X－光片的光作用时间特性进行了分析。     

On the relation between retarded and advanced arrival of a pulse at the output of an optical system

It is shown that the possibility of negative delay time of a pulse at the output of an optical system (compared to the pulse at its input) is a necessary consequence of the possibility of positive delay time of the pulse and the superposition principle. In particular, two optical systems with different positive delay times are sufficient for creating an optical system with a negative delay time. The negative delay time of a pulse can be considered as a spline extrapolation of its time dependence resulting from the interference of several copies of the pulse with different delays. It is shown that a negative delay time of a pulse arises necessarily in any interferometer in an area of destructive interference of two copies of the initial pulse that are similar in amplitude and undergo different delay times.     

Dependence of the time of the appearance of a Stark echo response on irreversible relaxation of a system

The dependence of the time of the appearance of a Stark (gradient) echo response on the irreversible transverse relaxation time of a system in the nanosecond range and on the width of the excitation region of an inhomogeneously broadened line has been investigated. It has been shown that the use of nonresonant laser pulses with an artificially created spatial inhomogeneity makes it possible to determine the relaxation time in the nanosecond range from the time of the appearance of a Stark (gradient) echo response, which is a more accurate method than the method of determining the relaxation time from the decay of the intensity by varying time intervals of the exposure to inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields.     

Effect of optical pumping on the momentum relaxation time of graphene in the terahertz range

The momentum relaxation time of a photoexcited graphene in the THz frequency range has been studied by using terabertz time domain spectroscopy under optical pumping at room temperature. It is found that the momentum relaxation time of the graphene as a function of the optical pumping intensity exhibits a threshold behavior. The features of the momentum relaxation time as a function of the optical pumping intensity are also investigated. The results are useful for understanding the basic underlying physics of graphene scattering as well as finding the possible applications in carbon- based electronics.     

Physics of the fastest communication

A communication system involves the transmission of information from source to destination and after receiving all the information or a complete signal an acknowledgement is then sent to the source by the destination itself to let the source know that it (destination) has received the signal. In this paper we examine about how to reduce the time of acknowledgement to make the communication faster. In this paper we present a method of sending an acknowledgement signal, in which the last quantum (sample) of the signal is used to compute the time of acknowledgement. The formula for calculating the time of acknowledgement in the case of a continuous time signal and a discrete time signal is also derived in the paper. This technique is applicable for analog communication, digital communication and space communication.     

Spacetime Coarse Grainings and the Problem of Time in the Decoherent Histories Approach to Quantum Theory

We investigate the possibility of assigning consistent probabilities to sets of histories characterized by whether they enter a particular subspace of the Hilbert space of a closed system during a given time interval. In particular we investigate the case that this subspace is a region of the configuration space. This corresponds to a particular class of coarse grainings of spacetime regions. We consider the arrival time problem, as a warm up, to deal with the problem of time in reparametrization invariant theories (as for example in canonical quantum gravity) which subsequently we examine. Decoherence conditions and probabilities for those application are derived. The resulting decoherence condition does not depend on the explicit form of the restricted propagator that was problematic for generalizations such as application in quantum cosmology. Closely related to our results, is the problem of tunnelling time as well as the quantum Zeno effect. Some interpretational comments conclude, and we discuss the applicability of this formalism to deal with the arrival time problem and the problem of time in general.     

The Quantum-Classical Comparison of the Arrival-Time Distribution Through the Probability Current

We consider the arrival time distribution defined through the quantum probability current for a Gaussian wave packet representing free particles in quantum mechanics in order to explore the issue of the classical limit of arrival time. We formulate the classical analogue of the arrival time distribution for an ensemble of free particles represented by a phase space distribution function evolving under the classical Liouville's equation. The classical probability current so constructed matches with the quantum probability current in the limit of minimum uncertainty. Further, it is possible to show in general that smooth transitions from the quantum mechanical probability current and the mean arrival time to their respective classical values are obtained in the limit of large mass of the particles.     

Forecasting the underlying potential governing the time series of a dynamical system

We introduce a technique of time series analysis, potential forecasting, which is based on dynamical propagation of the probability density of time series. We employ polynomial coefficients of the orthogonal approximation of the empirical probability distribution and extrapolate them in order to forecast the future probability distribution of data. The method is tested on artificial data, used for hindcasting observed climate data, and then applied to forecast Arctic sea-ice time series. The proposed methodology completes a framework for ‘potential analysis’ of tipping points which altogether serves anticipating, detecting and forecasting nonlinear changes including bifurcations using several independent techniques of time series analysis. Although being applied to climatological series in the present paper, the method is very general and can be used to forecast dynamics in time series of any origin.     

Intensity thresholds and the statistics of the temporal occurrence of solar flares

Introducing thresholds to analyze time series of emission from the Sun enables a new and simple definition of solar flare events and their interoccurrence times. Rescaling time by the rate of events, the waiting and quiet time distributions both conform to scaling functions that are independent of the intensity threshold over a wide range. The scaling functions are well-described by a two-parameter function, with parameters that depend on the phase of the solar cycle. For flares identified according to the current, standard definition, similar behavior is found.     

Use of post-processing to increase the order of accuracy of the trapezoidal rule at time integration of linear elastodynamics problems

In this paper, we suggest a very simple and effective post-processing procedure to increase the order of accuracy in time for numerical results obtained by the trapezoidal rule. We first derive a new exact, closed-form, a-priori error estimator for time integration of linear elastodynamics equations by the trapezoidal rule with non-uniform time increments. Based on this error estimator, we suggest a new post-processing procedure (containing additional time integration of elastodynamics equations by the trapezoidal rule with few time increments) that systematically improves the order of accuracy of numerical results, with the increase in the number of additional time increments used for post-processing. For example, the use of just one additional time increment for post-processing after time integration with any number of uniform time increments, renders the order of accuracy of numerical results equal to 10/3. Numerical examples of the application of the new techniques to a system with a single degree of freedom and to a multi-degree system confirm the corresponding increase in the order of convergence of numerical results after post-processing. Because the same trapezoidal rule is used for basic computations and post-processing, the new technique retains all of the properties of the trapezoidal rule, requires no writing of a new computer program for its implementation, and can be easily used with any existing commercial and research codes for elastodynamics.     

Correlations in the adiabatic response of chaotic systems

Adiabatic variation of the parameters of a chaotic system results in a fluctuating reaction force. The quantum analog of a classical dissipative force, proportional to the time integral of the force-force correlation function, vanishes. We study this quantum-classical crossover for random matrix models. For the Gaussian unitary ensemble the crossover is found to take place on the Heisenberg time scale and the finite time integral practically vanishes for longer times. For the Gaussian orthogonal case, there is no such time scale and the integral falls off inversely proportional to time.     

Generalization of the Fresnel law to the case of a pressure-wave-induced displacement of the interface between acoustic media

The problem of interaction between a nonsteady-state pressure wave and a moving interface between acoustic media is analyzed and solved for the first time with allowance for a finite displacement of the interface induced by the wave. An analytic solution is obtained using a nonlinear time transformation method. Expressions are obtained for the law of motion of the interface, and for the reflected and transmitted waves as a function of the time profile of the incident wave and the acoustic characteristics of the media. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 114–115 (April 1999)     

群速度色散对于纠缠光场二阶关联函数影响的研究

HBT干涉是量子测量中的一种重要手段, 其通过计算光场的二阶关联函数而得到测量结果. 在长距离测距中, 光场的二阶关联函数会受到光纤中群速度色散的影响而发生展宽和平移, 从而在一定程度上影响测量精度. 本文主要针对二阶关联函数半高宽受群速度色散的影响, 给出了半高宽与测量距离与群速度色散系数的关系.