基于Tessier-AAS法的华中大农区污染红土Pb赋存形态非生物转化机制研究

土壤重金属污染已成为人类面临的共同挑战,典型的重金属污染场地包括金属矿山、公路沿线、工业集中区、农业耕地等。对于事关农业安全生产的大农区,土壤超量重金属往往导致农产品品质下降甚至使用价值丧失,由此造成的经济损失不可估量。实际上,农作物体内累积重金属量与土壤“活性”重金属关系更加密切,这部分重金属主要以可交换态存在,在一定条件下能够与碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态相互转换。因此,明确土壤条件对重金属有效性的作用规律,有望从源头上降低重金属对农作物的污染风险。基于前期研究成果,以华中大农区酸性网纹红土为检测对象,采用Tessier连续提取-原子吸收光谱法(AAS)揭示不同条件对红土Pb形态转化的非生物调控机制。结果表明：红土样品Pb总量为32.56 mg·kg-1,低于《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准推荐值,但比全国土壤Pb平均含量要高。不同形态Pb含量分布为残渣态>Fe-Mn氧化态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,其中残渣态Pb占Pb总量的54.55%。红土pH值通过改变无机胶体和有机质表面电荷量来控制Pb的结合行为和可交换态含量;不同含水率导致红土氧化还原电位差异,进而影响Pb的形态转化行为。此外,秸秆加入量和老化时间也能改变Pb的形态分布,但残渣态Pb含量始终最高。红土Pb的Muller指数I_geo为0.302 5,表明土样采集区人为污染值得注意。Tessier连续提取-AAS法能有效表征红土Pb赋存形态的非生物转化机制。     

连续小波变换定量反演土壤有机质含量

以北京市东部地区96个潮土土样的土壤参数及对应光谱数据为数据源,采用连续小波多尺度分析处理与分析。首先将土壤光谱进行初步处理,生成小波系数,其次将土样的有机质含量与小波分解系数开展相关性分析,提取特征波段,最后采用特征波段建立预测耕层有机质含量的模型。结果表明：经连续小波处理后,光谱对耕层有机质含量的预测能力明显优于传统光谱变换技术;经连续小波分解后,对土壤有机质含量的预测能力随光谱分辨率降低呈先降后升再降的趋势;连续小波分析算法可提升土壤光谱对有机质含量的估测能力,与土壤高光谱反射率相比,基于连续小波变换的土壤有机含量最佳的精度提高19%;由于光谱分辨率为80 nm建立的模型精度较高,其R2达到0.632,这表明在连续小波算法下,光谱分辨率较低的宽波段数据可用于土壤有机质含量的监测。     

金盏菊原生质体对土壤铅/镉响应机制的FTIR, 2D-IR和XPS证据

土壤修复是“十四五”期间国家重点支持的环保领域,是实现社会可持续发展的重要保障。与其他方法相比,植物修复技术整体优势突出,对于土壤重金属的去除净化更为有效。原生质体是植物细胞代谢活动的重要场所,相对于细胞壁而言,原生质体对重金属胁迫的生理响应同样强烈。现阶段,同类植物修复机制研究多从分子生物学层面切入;本研究则从谱学角度展开,初步探究植物原生质体对土壤重金属的反馈信号。以代表性的菊科植物金盏菊为研究对象,通过Pb/Cd胁迫盆栽实验获取金盏菊样本,差速冷冻离心法得到金盏菊原生质体。引入Tessier连续提取-原子吸收光谱法(AAS)揭示胁迫强度与Pb/Cd赋存形态的内在关联,结合X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、二维相关红外光谱(2D-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)识别金盏菊原生质体对Pb/Cd响应的谱学表现。结果表明：金盏菊原生质体可交换态Pb/Cd比例不高,胁迫强度对不同形态Cd含量影响很小。XRD图谱最强信号出现在31.7°(NaCl晶体),同时检测出Pb盐 [Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl] 和Cd盐(CdS)特征峰。FTIR图谱的3 510 cm-1附近强吸收带源于—OH伸缩振动,胁迫过程导致峰形杂乱、峰位偏移;2D-IR结果说明Pb/Cd优先与金盏菊原生质体—OH和C═O结合。从XPS图谱可以看出,反应前后原生质体C,O元素结合能有异。C(1s)结合能略有增加,说明C原子参与了配位反应;O(1s)峰位有所偏转,暗示含O基团对Pb/Cd的结合包含多种途径。新出现的Pb(4f)峰源于π电子-Pb的交互作用;胁迫浓度增加导致Cd(3d)结合能升高,表明Cd具有明显失电子倾向。相关结果可以与前期获得的Pb/Cd/金盏菊细胞壁结合特性互为补充,对于完善同领域的深度和广度、构建植物修复理论和技术体系意义重大。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱测定土壤中Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb和As的研究

应用便携式X射线荧光光谱对土壤中的重金属元素Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb和As进行测试,分析土壤粒径、含水量、土壤类型对检测结果的影响,并选用北京、新疆、黑龙江、云南和江苏的典型土壤研究重金属元素含量与X射线荧光光谱特征峰强的关系.实验表明,土壤粒径影响了测试的精密度,土壤粒径从40目降低到100目,检测的相对标准偏差从15.6%减少至6.9%;土壤含水量主要影响样品检测的特征峰强,土壤含水量从5%提高到25%,与无水样品相比的相对峰强从86%降低到69%,相对峰强与土壤含水量符合方程I=100e-0.015c,I为相对峰强,c为土壤含水量(R2=0.83,n=30).在0～1500 mg·kg-1区间,土壤中重金属元素含量与X射线荧光光谱特征峰强间有着良好的线性相关,但不同土壤类型间的线性方程有着较大的差异,云南土壤样品建立的线性方程有着较小的斜率.通过检测土壤标准样品,验证了便携式X射线荧光光谱检测土壤中重金属元素有着较好的准确度和精密度,适用于土壤中重金属的快速检测.     

土壤铅污染光谱的HHT鉴别及BC-PLSR铅含量预测模型

土壤重金属污染问题一直备受关注,利用高光谱遥感对其进行研究取得了大量的成果,主要集中在利用土壤光谱的导数变换、连续统去除等常规方法预测土壤重金属含量上。土壤光谱数据与非线性非平稳的机电信号、医学信号等具有一定的相似性。通过希尔伯特黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform, HHT),对土壤铅(Pb)污染光谱进行频率域分析,实现土壤Pb污染光谱的HHT鉴别,并建立土壤Pb含量预测模型。首先,进行土壤Pb污染实验,采集土壤Pb污染样品的光谱、含水率及有机质含量;其次,通过土壤Pb污染样品光谱的HHT时频分析和第二个本征模函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF)分量(IMF2)瞬时频率的二阶导数识别土壤Pb污染的特征波段;最后,选择合适的频率域参数、土壤光谱一阶导数、土壤有机质含量及土壤含水率作为参数,利用箱形图、聚类分析、偏最小二乘法建立土壤Pb含量预测模型。研究结果表明：土壤Pb污染的HHT时频分析图可以鉴别土壤Pb污染光谱,未受污染的土壤光谱HHT时频分析图在波段序列为250~430之间没有异常信号,Pb污染土壤的光谱HHT时频分析图在波段序列为250~430之间存在多个异常信号,并且随着浓度的升高,异常信号分布范围越来越广,当污染浓度达到800 μg·g-1时,土壤样品的光谱信号在波段序列为270处、频率为0.3 Hz之前出现了较强的异常信号;土壤Pb污染光谱经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)处理后,得到的未受污染的土壤光谱IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数的突变非常微弱,而Pb污染的土壤光谱IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数存在明显的突变点,根据突变点及土壤Pb污染光谱的IMF2的瞬时频率的二阶导数识别的土壤Pb污染光谱的特征波段区间为2 150~2 300 nm;利用不同浓度Pb污染下土壤光谱Hilbert能量谱峰值、EMD能量熵、一阶导数、有机质和含水率,通过箱形图去除了六组异常样品,然后利用聚类分析的方法将去除异常样品后的土壤Pb污染样品分为两类,最后将Hilbert能量谱峰值、EMD能量熵、2 134 nm波段一阶导数、790 nm波段一阶导数、1 276 nm波段一阶导数、2 482 nm波段一阶导数、有机质和含水率作为参数建立两类数据的BC-PLSR(boxplot cluster-partial least squares regression)模型预测土壤中Pb含量,经验证模型精度较高,相关系数分别为0.88和0.99。     

以光谱技术对旱田黄土复合污染的异位柱淋洗修复研究

土壤污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性、累积性和不可逆转性的特点,其毒性危害要通过长时间的作物富集和食物链循环才能显现出来。现阶段,土壤污染多具有复合污染属性,如何对典型地区复合污染土壤进行修复和治理,具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。西北黄土区是我国重要的黄土分布区,以模拟Pb和氯吡硫磷复合污染旱田黄土为研究对象,通过异位柱淋洗实验考察乙二胺四乙酸 (EDTA)对污染黄土的修复效果,采用紫外分光光度法 (UV)、原子吸收 (AAS)、扫描电镜-X射线能谱 (SEM-EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等光谱手段揭示黄土淋洗特性和机制。实验结果表明：淋洗液流速和pH值能不同程度地影响淋洗曲线。在实验条件下,经过240 min的淋洗反应,能去除黄土中70%以上的Pb和90%以上的氯吡硫磷,淋洗后黄土Pb的有效性大幅度降低。黄土形貌从淋洗前的表面致密、凹凸不平变为淋洗后的轮廓不清、颗粒分散,EDS数据初步解释了淋洗过程Pb的去除和部分土壤元素的淋洗损失。淋洗过程导致FTIR图谱中部分波峰位移、消失或峰强减弱,体现出黄土体系化学环境的变化,推测淋洗过程对以物理吸附方式与土壤结合的污染物处理效果更好。应用EDTA异位柱淋洗修复Pb和氯吡硫磷复合污染黄土是可行的,具有一定实际应用潜力。     

FPXRF——偏最小二乘法定量分析土壤中的铅含量

在实验室条件下,利用NITON XLt920型便携式X射线荧光光谱(field portable X-ray fluorescence,FPXRF)仪获取土壤样品的X射线荧光光谱数据,并采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立土壤Pb含量的预测模型。模型所用的光谱范围为与土壤中Pb元素密切相关的两个波段:10.40～10.70 keV和12.41～12.80 keV;最佳主成分数为6。模型经交互验证,其预测结果与实测值之间的相关系数为0.966 6,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.873 2。另外为了与偏最小二乘法做比较,还分别利用仪器直接获取的Pb含量读数以及X射线荧光光谱数据中Pb的Lα和Lβ线的强度与ICP测定值进行一元线性和多元线性回归,相关系数分别为0.680 5和0.730 2,均低于PLS模型的预测结果。研究表明,相比较传统的原子吸收等测试方法,便携式XRF仪在保证一定测试精度基础上,具有方便、快速、无损和耗费少等优势,可作为进一步分析前有力的筛选手段。     

土壤和沉积物中不同形式有机质的表征

从北京通州地区3个河流沉积物和天津渤海湾地区4个土壤样品中提取胡敏酸(HA)和非水解碳(NHC),并进行了元素分析、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和固态13 C核磁共振(13 C NMR)等一系列定性定量的研究。结果显示:同一来源的NHC中H/C和O/C比值低于HA的H/C和O/C比值;NHC和HA表面含氧官能团的含量分别为7.6%～10.7%,40.9%～46.7%;13 C NMR和FTIR显示NHC主要由脂肪碳和芳香碳组成;从土壤中比从沉积物中提取的NHC的芳香度高。研究结果表明,与HA相比,NHC的热成熟度高,疏水性强。     

光谱二阶差分Gabor展开法土壤铜铅污染鉴别

土壤是人类生存环境的重要载体,因此,土壤重金属污染问题一直备受关注。随着遥感技术的发展,高光谱遥感在土壤重金属研究中取得了大量的成果,但是,基本上是根据土壤中有机质、铁、粘土矿物等的光谱吸收特征和反演土壤中重金属含量,而不能够区分土壤重金属污染光谱之间的微弱差异。通过盆栽土壤不同浓度铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)污染实验得到不同浓度Cu和Pb污染下盆栽土壤光谱曲线、土壤含水率和有机质含量,提出了一种光谱二阶差分Gabor展开方法探测不同浓度Cu和Pb污染下土壤光谱曲线之间的微弱差异。以二阶差分为基础,首先将土壤光谱转换为稀疏光谱,然后结合土壤稀疏光谱与Gabor展开理论,在频率域中检测不同浓度土壤重金属污染光谱之间的微弱差异,因此,摆脱了单纯通过土壤光谱反射率信息反演土壤重金属含量的研究,而是对土壤重金属污染光谱信息进行时频分析,最终达到检测土壤重金属污染瞬时光谱存在的目的。结果表明：受Cu和Pb污染的盆栽土壤光谱二阶差分Gabor展开系数尺度及等高线分布有较大的差异,Cu污染的盆栽土壤光谱二阶差分Gabor展开系数尺度分布存在两个较高的峰值,且等高线在第1 800~3 600项之间稀疏分布,Pb污染的盆栽土壤光谱二阶差分Gabor展开系数尺度分布存在一个较高的峰值,且等高线在第3 200~3 600项之间密集分布;二阶差分Gabor展开法检测的土壤Cu和Pb污染结果与土壤Cu和Pb含量、土壤含水率、土壤有机质是密切相关的,由于土壤Cu和Pb含量、有机质含量、含水率的不同,土壤Cu和Pb污染二阶差分Gabor展开光谱尺度分布而不同。根据相关性分析结果,分别将土壤Cu和Pb污染划分为三组：Cu(50)~Cu(300),Cu(400)~Cu(800),Cu(1 000)以上;Pb(50)以下,Pb(100)~Pb(300),Pb(400)~Pb(1 200)。     

X射线荧光法测定土壤中的金属含量

本文叙述了用波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定环境土壤样品中Pb、Zr、Sr、Rb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Fe、Mn、Ti元素的条件，用GSD参考标样建立的元素含量与X射线强度间的函数式线性良好，方法的可靠性用GSD参考标样检验，各元素测定结果的相对标准偏差均在4.85%以下。文中还讨论了用非线性方法研究样品稀释比与X射线强度间的线性关系。同一样品中各元素稀释比与X射线强度间的非线性关系，可用线性的经验方程表示。     

复合污染旱田黄土中还田秸秆动态腐解的光谱学特性

秸秆是农业生产的重要副产物,其资源化再利用一直是国内外学者关注的热点。目前,秸秆还田已成为秸秆资源化利用的主要途径之一。还田秸秆能在合适的土壤环境和土壤微生物的作用下腐烂分解,将腐殖质和矿质元素等组分释放进入土壤体系。这不仅能改变土壤固有的肥力属性,对于土壤重金属污染物的环境化学行为也将产生一定影响。实验土壤采集于西部典型黄土区,采用SEM-EDS、元素分析、FTIR和13C NMR等光谱联用技术,研究复合污染黄土中还田秸秆腐解残体的表面特性及生成胡敏酸性质差异。实验结果表明：在秸秆还田全程,秸秆腐解残体呈现出“结构致密→表面崩解→骨架破坏”的表面形貌动态变化特性,EDS检测结果揭示了腐解残体元素组成的变化行为。新生成的胡敏酸脂族性较高、芳香性较低,属于较“新鲜”和“年轻”的胡敏酸,有利于提高黄土有机质活性。秸秆腐解各阶段FTIR图谱具有很高的相似性,波峰的变化揭示了胡敏酸生成过程的复杂性。13C NMR结果说明胡敏酸芳香性逐渐降低、脂族性不断增加,证实了胡敏酸分子结构的简单化趋势。光谱联用技术对于揭示黄土区秸秆还田过程胡敏酸的性质差异是可行的。     

纳米铝粉/聚苯乙烯包覆粒子的制备及表征

利用超声波的分散和粉碎作用,对纳米Al粒子进行了表面疏水处理。然后,以无水乙醇为反应介质,苯乙烯为单体,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为分散剂,在氮气保护环境下,利用超声波的活化和引发作用,引发苯乙烯单体在纳米Al粒子表面进行分散聚合反应,制备出了纳米铝粉/聚苯乙烯包覆粒子。最后,运用多种测试手段对纳米Al/PS包覆粒子形貌、粒径大小及分布、表面特性、化学组成及结构等进行了表征。测试结果表明,所制备的纳米Al/PS包覆粒子已经形成了完整的球型核壳包覆结构,表面完整无缺陷,粒径大小约为2.0 m。     

Surface-coated fly ash used as filler in biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films: Part 1—The modification process

The surfaces of fly ash (FA) particles were modified by surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and used in fabrication of composite films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Both unmodified fly ash (FA) and modified fly ash (SLS-FA) samples were examined using a range of analytical tools including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The distribution patterns of SLS-FA particles were shifted to the higher regions compared to FA by adding 1.2-4.2 μm in the ranges between 2 and 25 μm, whereas the modification process reduced the size of the particles over 25 μm due to grinding during the activation process. The increased 1.2-4.2 μm in average can be considered the thickness of the surfactant on the SLS-FA surface. On the oxides based chemical analysis by XRF, the compositions were almost unchanged. SEM and TEM were visualised the irregular sizes morphology mostly spherical of the particles, although it is impossible to capture the images of exactly same particles in modified and unmodified forms. The composite films reinforced with SLS-FA showed 33% higher strength than those of FA filled films. The enhancement of tensile strength attributed from the level of physical bonding between SLS-FA and PVA surfaces.     

Thermal processing and native oxidation of silicon nanoparticles

In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to investigate in-air oxidation of silicon nanoparticles ca. 11 nm in diameter. Particle samples were prepared first by extracting them from an RF plasma synthesis reactor, and then heating them in an inert carrier gas stream. The resulting particles had varying surface hydrogen coverages and relative amounts of SiH _x (x = 1, 2, and 3), depending on the temperature to which they had been heated. The particles were allowed to oxidize in-air for several weeks. FTIR, XPS, and EELS analyses that were performed during this period clearly establish that adsorbed hydrogen retards oxidation, although in complex ways. In particular, particles that have been heated to intermediate hydrogen coverages oxidize more slowly in air than do freshly generated particles that have a much higher hydrogen content. In addition, the loss of surface hydride species at high processing temperatures results in fast initial oxidation and the formation of a self-limiting oxide layer. Analogous measurements made on deuterium-covered particles show broadly similar behavior; i.e., that oxidation is the slowest at some intermediate coverage of adsorbed deuterium.     

Deposition of silver nanoparticles on carbon nanotube by chemical reduction method: Evaluation of surface,thermal and optical properties

Silver was stabilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by chemical-reduction technique using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a reducing agent. The influence of silver on the performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated by employing Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RAS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reflectance spectroscopy (RS). FTIR as well as RS methods evidenced the synthesis procedure using chemical reduction method was successful. Performing TGA of the samples under oxygen atmosphere demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) generated on MWCNTs surface can decrease the thermal stability of the particles by the catalytic oxidation of CNTs. In contrary, the thermal stability of the MWCNTs has improved under nitrogen atmosphere. EDX results showed the presence of Ag, Au and Co on the surface of deposited sample. The synthesised silver multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ag–MWCNTs) were found to have higher UV reflection activity compared with untreated particles. The Ag–CNTs can be used in producing anti-UV composites.     

Surface modification of ceria nanoparticles and their chemical mechanical polishing behavior on glass substrate

To improve their chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) performance, ceria nanoparticles were surface modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) through silanization reaction with their surface hydroxyl group. The compositions, structures and dispersibility of the modified ceria particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), laser particle size analyzer, zeta potential measurement and stability test, respectively. The results indicated that APS had been successfully grafted onto the surface of ceria nanoparticles, which led to the modified ceria nanoparticles with better dispersibility and stability than unmodified ceria particles in aqueous fluids. Then, CMP performance of the modified ceria nanoparticles on glass substrate was investigated. Experimental results showed that the modified ceria particles exhibited lower material removal rate (MRR) but much better surface quality than unmodified ceria particles, which may be explained by the hardness reduction of ceria particles, the enhancement of lubrication of the particles and substrate surfaces, and the elimination of the agglomeration among the ceria particles.     

Ultraviolet irradiation induced changes in the surface of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) film

Changes in surface characteristics of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (PES-C) film induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were investigated. The surface properties of the pristine and irradiated films were studied by attenuated total-reflection FTIR (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that photooxidation degradation took place on the sample surface after irradiation and the oxygen content in the surface increased as evidenced by FTIR-ATR and XPS results. The water contact angle of the irradiated films decreased with increasing irradiation time, which was ascribed to the increased polarity of the surface induced by photooxidation. The etching of ultraviolet irradiation induced the roughening of PES-C surface after irradiation with its root-mean-square roughness (RMS) determined by AFM increased from 2.097 nm before irradiation to 7.403 nm in the area of 25 μm × 25 μm.     

Applications of polymeric micelles with tumor targeted in chemotherapy

The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by cross-linking method. In this method; during the adsorption of cationic chitosan molecules onto the surface of anionic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with electrostatic interactions, tripolyphosphate (TPP) is added for ionic cross-linking of the chitosan molecules with each other. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The XRD and XPS analyses proved that the synthesized iron oxide was magnetite (Fe₃O₄). The layer of chitosan on the magnetite surface was confirmed by FTIR. TEM results demonstrated a spherical morphology. In the synthesis, at higher NH₄OH concentrations, smaller sized nanoparticles were obtained. The average diameters were generally between 2 and 8?nm for CS MNPs in TEM and between 58 and 103?nm in DLS. The average diameters of bare MNPs were found as around 18?nm both in TEM and DLS. TGA results indicated that the chitosan content of CS MNPs were between 15 and 23?% by weight. Bare and CS MNPs were superparamagnetic. These nanoparticles were found non-cytotoxic on cancer cell lines (SiHa, HeLa). The synthesized MNPs have many potential applications in biomedicine including targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging?(MRI), and magnetic hyperthermia.