基于多参数模型的非分散红外光谱气体检测稳定性方法研究

针对非分散红外光谱传感器零点和温度漂移问题,建立了一种基于零气光强、参考光强、标准温度、环境温度、温度漂移系数等多参数模型,对红外传感器长期连续运行中存在的零点和温度漂移进行自动校正和补偿。测试结果和长时间应用表明,仪器在各种变换的环境条件下检测精度均小于5%F.S。CO₂的平均检测精度从未综合处理前的9.26%提高到了处理后的1.23%,CH₄的平均检测精度从未综合处理前的10.61%提高到了处理后的0.70%,克服了很多气体检测仪存在的稳定性差,标定周期短等不足,有效提高了仪器的检测精度、稳定性,降低了维护成本。     

二维红外相关光谱分析对十二烷氧基苯甲酸的相变过程

利用显微红外光谱技术在宽范围的温度区域跟踪对十二烷氧基苯甲酸相变过程,经二维相关红外光谱分析,来描述对十二烷氧基苯甲酸在不同温度区间的分子动态变化。结果认为固态由烷基相互缠结以多种羧酸聚集体的状态存在,95℃发生的相转变主要是非均相的十二烷基熔基熔融和氧基苯甲酸部分重结果的过程,132℃以后的相转变主要是羧酸聚集体部分氢键集中断裂和羧酸苯醚基团迅速熔融的结果。     

电光调制器输入端光纤温度对光纤频率调制光谱影响的研究

激光光谱技术由于其高灵敏、高分辨、可在线检测等优点被广泛的应用与痕量气体探测领域,而频率调制光谱(FMS)技术由于其除了探测灵敏度高的优点外且可同时探测气体样品的吸收和色散,通常还被应用于原子分子物理、量子光学等领域。发展全光纤FMS可以在保持气体探测灵敏度的同时有效简化实验装置,然而FMS是一项偏振态敏感技术,光纤温度变化等引起不适当的偏振态变化会诱发残余幅度调制(RAM),该RAM不仅使FMS线型扭曲,同时对其色散信号产生直流偏置,因此研究光纤温度对RAM特性的影响具有非常重要的意义。研究首先通过理论和实验验证了相位可控波片模型解释保偏光纤特性的可行性,然后实验测量了进入电光调制器(EOM)前保偏光纤温度对RAM的影响,发现由RAM引起的色散光谱直流偏置随温度呈正弦变化,且在24和26.8 ℃时直流偏置为零,即无RAM的状态,然而基于温度的直接RAM消除无法替代Wong-Hall提出的伺服反馈控制来实现其长期抑制,这种温度诱发RAM的变化也是所有FMS色散信号背景漂移的主要原因。     

Characterization of water mobility and distribution in low- and intermediate-moisture food systems

The mechanism of water uptake in low moisture cereals and cookies has been studied by NMR relaxometry and solid imaging technology implemented on a low-resolution benchtop NMR spectrometer. A comparison between classical MRI and SPRITE imaging are also presented to highlight the benefits of each technology. The spin lattice (T(1)) and spin spin (T(2)) relaxation times, the 1D and 2D SPRITE imaging, were determined on Smacks, corn flakes, chocolate chips cookies, soft caramel candies with a chocolate crème filler, and corn starch/water systems. The Smacks and corn flakes were studied based on the soaking time in milk, and the results showed that T(1) and T(2) decreased in the first 20 sec of soaking and then increased with the soaking time. For Smacks stored at different relative humidity, T(1) decreased during the first day of storage and then was relatively constant over storage time indicating that the system reached an equilibrium. 1D SPRITE profiles indicated an increase in signal intensity over storage time for cookies in 58% RH. However, the moisture uptake was insignificant indicating that the water mobility (and not the amount of water) changed due to various chemical interactions in the system (hydrogen bonding, starch retrogradation, glassy/rubbery equilibrium). The T(1) and T(2) of corn starch/water systems decreased as the concentration in starch increased and temperature increased from 30 degrees C to 60 degrees C. However, for temperatures higher than 60 degrees C, the relaxation times increased showing more mobility and flexibility of the polymer chains during gelatinization.     

Temperature dependence of diffuse field phase

Diffuse fields, which have scattered from microstructure or reflected from walls so much as to prohibit conventional analyses, are usually examined by means of the time evolution of their ultrasonic spectral energy density. The phase information is usually discarded as resisting analysis. The phase, while unpredictable is, however, robust; according to theory it remains constant if source and receiver are not disturbed. Nevertheless, in practice we do observe slow drifts of phase over time scales of minutes. Here we examine the hypothesis that the phase drifts are due to temperature fluctuations. Temperature changes on cooling from 40 degrees C to room temperature were monitored and compared with changes in diffuse field phase. It was found that the reverberant ultrasonic field in a 7 cm aluminum block evolves with temperature in a manner that is in accord with published data on the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocities. Our 1 MHz transient source gives rise to a complex waveform that is observed to undergo an almost pure dilation. The precision with which this shift can be measured approaches 20 ns. This is remarkable when compared with the 100 ms travel time of the signal. Thus the temperature dependence of elastic wave speed is measured with a precision limited by the precision of one's thermometer. The signal is also found to suffer some distortion which, it is suggested, is related to the different rates of change of longitudinal and shear speeds. The corresponding prediction for the degree of distortion is found to be in accord with measurements.     

数字光纤陀螺的第二反馈回路实验研究

针对光纤陀螺受外界环境,主要是温度影响,提出了一种控制相位调制器长期漂移的方法。用数字光纤陀螺的第二个反馈回路来控制相位调制通道的增益,尤其是2π复位来控制相位调制器相应的长期漂移。在-40°C～60°C,将标度因子的稳定性控制在0.000 4以内。在陀螺解调电路中采用FPGA进行数字信号处理,实现了两级反馈环路。     

基于白光LED和LD的准直测量比较

为探究白光LED用于准直测量的可行性与优劣势,将其与LD的准直光束对比,进行功率和定位的长期稳定性以及不同空气扰动下的稳定性实验与分析.实验结果表明:在功率稳定性方面,LD开机预热后功率才能趋于稳定,长时间工作会因激光器发热而受到影响,而白光LED无需预热便能长时间保持稳定;在定位稳定性方面,白光LED产热少,由其作为热源引起系统结构的漂移明显小于LD;根据以空气中存在均匀温度梯度场为模型的理论分析和同一干扰下白光中不同波长成分的漂移量计算结果,发现在同样干扰下,波长越长,光束受影响程度越小,白光所受影响略大于LD,为不同波长不同强度光束的加权平均效果.最后,通过基准验证实验,比较两种准直光束对同一直线导轨直线度误差的测量结果,发现白光LED准直光束在传播过程中强度分布保持稳定.研究表明白光LED成本低、功率稳、发热少,适用于准直测量.     

Dynamics of phason fluctuations in the i-AlPdMn quasicrystal

We report on the study of the dynamics of long wavelength phason fluctuations in the i-AlPdMn icosahedral phase using coherent x-ray scattering. When measured with a coherent x-ray beam, the diffuse intensity due to phasons presents strong fluctuations or speckles pattern. From room temperature to 500 degrees C the speckle pattern is time independent. At 650 degrees C the time correlation of the speckle pattern exhibits an exponential time decay, from which a characteristic time tau is extracted. We find that tau is proportional to the square of the phason wavelength, which demonstrates that phasons are collective diffusive modes in quasicrystals, in agreement with theoretical predictions.     

The effect of rotational angle and experimental parameters on the diffraction patterns and micro-structural information obtained from q-space diffusion NMR: implication for diffusion in white matter fibers

Diffusion NMR may provide, under certain experimental conditions, micro-structural information about confined compartments totally non-invasively. The influence of the rotational angle, the pulse gradient length and the diffusion time on the diffusion diffraction patterns and q-space displacement distribution profiles was evaluated for ensembles of long cylinders having a diameter of 9 and 20 microm. It was found that the diffraction patterns are sensitive to the rotational angle (alpha) and are observed only when diffusion is measured nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the cylinders i.e., when alpha= 90 degrees +/- 5 degrees under our experimental conditions. More importantly, we also found that the structural information extracted from the displacement distribution profiles and from the diffraction patterns are very similar and in good agreement with the experimental values for cylinders of 20 microm or even 9 microm, when data is acquired with parameters that satisfy the short gradient pulse (SGP) approximation (i.e., delta -->0) and the long diffusion time limit. Since these experimental conditions are hardly met in in vitro diffusion MRI of excised organs, and cannot be met in clinical MRI scanners, we evaluated the effect of the pulse gradient duration and the diffusion time on the structural information extracted from q-space diffusion MR experiments. Indeed it was found that, as expected, accurate structural information, and diffraction patterns are observed when Delta is large enough so that the spins reach the cylinders' boundaries. In addition, it was found that large delta results in extraction of a compartment size, which is smaller than the real one. The relevance of these results to q-space MRI of neuronal tissues and fiber tracking is discussed.     

石膏溶解相变过程中流体效应的拉曼光谱研究

应用拉曼光谱仪,原位观测了不同流体中石膏随温度变化的溶解相变过程。纯水流体升温过程中,石膏在170～190℃范围内发生脱水,相变为无水石膏,随后升至250℃再快速降至常温,无水石膏无变化,脱水相变过程不可逆;1mol.L-1 Na2SO4溶液升温过程中,石膏在170～190℃范围内发生脱水,相变为无水石膏,升至250℃再快速降至常温,无水石膏重新相变为含水石膏,脱水相变过程可逆。该研究反映流体效应会影响矿物溶解相变机制,研究过程中不可忽视。     

A study of phase stability in invar Fe--Ni alloys obtained by non-conventional methods

It is known that thermodynamic equilibrium in Fe--Ni alloys, in the invar composition at temperatures below 450^°C, is difficult to achieve because of the slow diffusion rate at low temperatures. One of the ways in which we can study phase transformation which may be responsible for invar behavior is to investigate: (i) materials of similar composition obtained by non-conventional methods, known to allow the enhancement of diffusion at temperatures where atomic mobility is nil on the laboratory time scale; (ii) materials which have been treated for very long periods of time (geological time scale) in the same temperature range, such as in meteorites. In this context we have studied the phase stability of Fe--Ni phases in mechanically alloyed powders, in ion-beam mixed multilayers and in meteorites. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

LiIO3多型性相变的进一步研究

本文用差热分析、恒温热处理、X射线衍射等方法,对LiIO₃在常压的相变过程做了进一步的研究。对于LiIO₃的常压相变机制有了较为详尽的了解。并发现LiIO₃在高温可相对稳定存在三个相:β,η和δ,它们可分别自行熔化,其熔点相应为:432℃,421℃和416℃,从它们的热经历和存在的温度范围,表明其稳定性顺序为β>η>δ。在室温干燥空气中,与α相和β相共存的还有ζ相,ζ相升温放热转变为β相。在α相存在的温区里,ζ相经过长时间热处理并不转变为α相,同时,ζ相转变为β相的温度比α相高。与α→β的情况相同,β对ζ→β也有诱导作用。而且的ζ存在对α→β也有促进作用。θ相(θ₁与θ₂)与γ相一样,是相变过程的中间过渡相。 关键词：     

Temperature dependence of proton relaxation times in vitro

Accurate measurement of tissue relaxation characteristics is dependent on many factors, including field strength and temperature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sample temperature, viscosity and proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and spin-spin relaxation time (T2). A review of two basic models of relaxation the simple molecular motion model and the fast exchange two state model is given with reference to their thermal dependencies. The temperature dependence for both T1 and T2 was studied on a 0.15 Tesla whole body magnetic resonance imager. Thirteen samples comprising both simple and complex materials were investigated by using a standard spin-echo (SE) technique and a modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) multi-echo sequence. A simple linear relationship between T1 and temperature was observed for all samples over the range of 20 degrees C to 50 degrees C. There is an inverse relationship between viscosity and T1 and T2. A quantity called the temperature dependence coefficient (TDC) is introduced and defined as the percent rate of change of the proton relaxation time referenced to a specific temperature. The large TDC found for T1 values, e.g. 2.37%/degrees C for CuSO4 solutions and 3.59%/degrees C for light vegetable oils at 22 degrees C, indicates that a temperature correction should be made when comparing in-vivo and in-vitro T1 times. The T2 temperature dependence is relatively small.     

MRI phase offset correction method impacts quantitative susceptibility mapping

Individual channel ultra-high field (7T) phase images have to be phase offset corrected prior to the mapping of magnetic susceptibility of tissue. Whilst numerous methods have been proposed for gradient recalled echo MRI phase offset correction, it remains unclear how they affect quantitative magnetic susceptibility values derived from phase images. Methods already proposed either employ a single or multiple echo time MRI data. In terms of the latter, offsets can be derived using an ultra-short echo time acquisition, or by estimating the offset based on two echo points with the assumption of linear phase evolution with echo time. Our evaluation involved 32 channel multi-echo time 7T GRE (Gradient Recalled Echo) and ultra-short echo time PETRA (Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition) MRI data collected for a susceptibility phantom and three human brains. The combined phase images generated using four established offset correction methods (two single and two multiple echo time) were analysed, followed by an assessment of quantitative susceptibility values obtained for a phantom and human brains. The effectiveness of each method in removing the offsets was shown to reduce with increased echo time, decreased signal intensity and reduced overlap in coil sensitivity profiles. Quantitative susceptibility values and how they change with echo time were found to be method specific. Phase offset correction methods based on single echo time data have a tendency to produce more accurate and less noisy quantitative susceptibility maps in comparison with methods employing multiple echo time data.     

Loss of moisture from harvested rice seeds on MRI

The drying of rough rice seeds was visualized with the single point mapping imaging (SPI) technique by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at various temperatures, and the results were compared with those of the oven-drying method. Most of the water was present in the embryo and endosperm. The water reduction rate was larger on the outside than in the central position of the rice seeds at 50 degrees C, although this discrepancy was not obvious at 40 degrees C. Water reduction was brought about with time according to the kinetics of the multiple components, for both MR imaging and the ventilated-oven method. Images were continuously measured (10 min per image for 100 min). The reduction rate of water from rice kernels increased rapidly with temperature (up) to near 60 degrees C then rose slowly above 60 degrees C. Latent heat was calculated as 15 kcal/mol. deg from the changes of drying rate at temperatures below 60 degrees C.     

Feasibility of ultrasound phase contrast for heating localization

Ultrasound-based methods for temperature monitoring could greatly assist focused ultrasound visualization and treatment planning based on sound speed-induced change in phase as a function of temperature. A method is presented that uses reflex transmission integration, planar projection, and tomographic reconstruction techniques to visualize phase contrast by measuring the sound field before and after heat deposition. Results from experiments and numerical simulations employing a through-transmission setup are presented to demonstrate feasibility of using phase contrast methods for identifying temperature change. A 1.088-MHz focused transducer was used to interrogate a medium with a phase contrast feature, following measurement of the baseline reference field with a hydrophone. A thermal plume in water and a tissue phantom with multiple water columns was used in separate experiments to produce a phase contrast. The reference and phase contrast field scans were numerically backprojected and the phase difference correctly identified the position and orientation of the features. The peak temperature reconstructed from the phase shift was within 0.2 degrees C of the measured temperature in the plume. Simulated results were in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, employment of reflex transmission imaging techniques for adopting a pulse-echo arrangement was simulated, and its future experimental application is discussed.     

Effects of coil dimensions and field polarization on RF heating inside a head phantom

Deterioration of radiofrequency (RF) inhomogeneity with increasing static magnetic field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the fundamental challenges preventing their clinical rendition and posing safety hazards. Variation in RF coil designs could help redistribute RF energy absorption over the imaged object. This work is intended to determine experimentally the difference in RF heating produced within a human head phantom by in situ measurement of RF inhomogeneity as a function of coil design utilized at 8 T. The heating patterns of 1/4 wavelength (long) and 1/8 wavelength 11-cm (short) transverse electromagnetic (TEM) coils loaded with a homogeneous human head phantom at 340 MHz were evaluated. In addition, different transmit/receive (T/R) configurations were used in search for the possibility of "hot-spot" formation. Fluoroptic thermometry was used to measure temperatures in multiple positions in a head phantom made of ground turkey breast for RF powers corresponding to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 10 min. Numerical simulations were performed to study the general RF power deposition patterns in phantoms at 340 MHz including the effects of field polarization. The temperature increases varied from 0 to 0.8 degrees C for the long RF coil, while the short RF coil produced a maximum temperature change of 0.5 degrees C. Similar to ultra high-field electromagnetic simulations, these measurements revealed low peripheral and high deep-tissue heating at 8 T. The findings indicated that the largest temperature changes for both cases were less than 1 degrees C. While these results showed an increase in localized heating due to RF pulses at 8 T, they highlight that RF inhomogeneity could be redistributed using different RF coil designs through which the hot spots could be made cooler.     

Optimum pulse flip angles for multi-scan acquisition of hyperpolarized NMR and MRI

The optimum pulse flip angles were calculated for multi-scan acquisition of hyperpolarized NMR and MRI. The derived formulae could be correlated with the best angle for ordinary steady-state acquisition, the so-called Ernst angle. Although single-scan acquisition has been popular in hyperpolarized measurements, signal accumulation by increasing scans may become very effective for improving the total signal gain, especially when the sample's longitudinal spin relaxation time is long. The optimum angles were calculated from theoretical relations between the exponential of the pulse repetition time/relaxation time ratio and the total scan counts. Constant and variable flip angle cases are presented, both of which yield similar cumulative signal amplitudes. For the constant angle case, a numerically calculated semi-universal curve is presented for the rough estimation of the best angle, as the results were not significantly dependent upon the degree of hyperpolarization within the realistic range. Meanwhile, for the variable angle case, the best angles were approximated from a clean trigonometric series relation, in which the initial pulse became near the Ernst angle and the last pulse was always 90 degrees . A modification of the variable angle scheme enables the acquisition of uniform signal amplitude throughout all scans.     

Measurement of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in human tissues by a thermodynamic method

A thermodynamic method for measuring the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in tissues is presented. It is based on the measurement of change in phase velocity as a function of time as the hydrostatic pressure of the sample is quickly reduced from a known value. This technique circumvents the effect of the attenuation in the medium and does not require a prior knowledge of the thermodynamic parameters of the tissues. The method is used to estimate nonlinearity parameters for normal and malignant tissues in the temperature range 20 degrees to 37 degrees C. The values and the temperature dependence of these parameters are found to vary with the nature of the tissues.     

Role of dislocation loops on the elastic constants of lyotropic lamellar phases

We study the role of dislocation loops defects on the elasticity of lamellar phases by investigating the variation of the lamellar elastic constants, ˉ and K, induced by the proliferation of these defects. We focus our interest on one particular lamellar phase made up of a mixture of C₁₂E₅ and DMPC in water, which is already well-characterised. This lamellar phase undergoes a second-order (or weakly first-order) lamellar-to-nematic phase transition at about 19^°C and dislocation loops are seen to proliferate within the lamellar structure when temperature is decreased below 30^°C. The values of both elastic constants of this given lamellar phase are measured as a function of temperature, approaching the lamellar-to-nematic transition, with the help of Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS) on oriented lamellar phases. Very surprisingly we observe a strong and rapid increase in both ˉ and K as the lamellar-to-nematic transition temperature is approached. These increases are seen to start as soon as dislocation loops can be observed in the lamellar phase. We interpret our results as being the consequence of the appearance and proliferation of dislocation loops within the lamellar structure. According to a simple model we developped we show that ˉ and K are proportional to the density of dislocation loops in the lamellar phase.