一种现场测量材料吸声特性的新方法

现有的材料吸声系数测量方法主要有混响室法和驻波管法,都属于实验室测量方法,不适合现场测量。使用普通扬声器的反射法可以对材料的吸声特性进行现场测量,但是对材料尺寸和测试环境有较高的要求。本文利用参量阵非线性自解调可听声的高指向性和在阵长距离内的平面波特性,结合传递函数法,测量材料的吸声系数,并与传统驻波管测量结果进行了对比。结果表明在普通房间条件下,不需要驻波管,混响室等实验环境,即可对小尺寸的材料进行吸声系数的现场快速测量,具有较大的实用性。      

微穿孔平板式空间吸声体的理论分析

对微穿孔平板式空间吸声体的吸声特性进行了理论预计,其中运用了半厚度模型分析和四端网络计算方法。计算结果与混响室实测数据符合较好。文中根据预测结果,分析了影响微穿孔平板式空间吸声体吸声性能的诸项主要因素,可为设计应用提供指南。     

混响室中扩散体的总面积和测得的吸声系数

一、引 言 按混响室法作吸声系数测量时,人们总是用在混响室内尽可能无规地悬挂扩散体的办法来获得必要的声扩散。大的弯曲平板就是常用的一种扩散体。过去认为,扩散体的总面积是一个非常重要的量,如太小,则由于扩散不足测得的吸声系数太低,如太大,吸声系数同样会偏低,因为混响过程主要由扩散体之间的多次声反射而不再由房间某个墙面的吸声系数决定。一般取扩散体总面积为地板面积的1.6倍。根据在欧洲和美国做的几次巡迴测量和最近的研     

关于测量三棱镜顶角的两种方法比较

通过对自准法和平行光法测量三棱镜顶角的实验调节过程进行比较,对这两种方法测量的数据结果进行对比分析,得出实验中使用自准法测量顶角是一种测量精度和测量方法都更实用的方法。     

扩散场内微穿孔板吸声特性的实验研究

在驻波管和混响场内对微穿孔板吸声结构做了吸声测量。同时在混响室对微穿孔板加吸声材料混合结构做了吸声测量。目的是了解微穿孔板在随机入射场或混响场内的吸声特性与垂直入射的关系。文中给出计算及测量结果,并说明了影响微穿孔板吸声结构特性的因素,以及在实际应用中的注意点。对今后要进行的工作提出了建议。     

微穿孔空间吸声体的实验研究

作为无纤维化材料的微穿孔吸声板在建筑声学中应用日广,但过去大多是按贴墙(顶)后留空腔装置的构造形式来考虑的。本文根据混响室实验结果讨论了两种不同形式(平板式和圆筒式)的微穿孔空间吸声体的声学特性。文中有关价格性能比的分析,对设计应用也极具参考价值。由于它们的造型可有多种变化,亦为室内装饰提供了更多选择。与金属板相比,塑料膜片制成的微穿孔空间吸声体,则有质轻价廉,加工和吊装方便等优点。有关平板式空间吸声体的理论分析将另文介绍。     

基于数字图像相关法的空间目标位姿测量

针对传统立体视觉位姿测量方法中必须事先确定计算点的数量和位置的局限性,提出了一种基于三维数字图像相关法(3D-DIC)的空间目标位姿测量方法。该方法通过3D-DIC获得被测物不同时刻的全场坐标信息,根据提取的相应计算点坐标,结合空间向量求解空间目标的位姿参数。该方法可灵活选取计算点的数量和位置,并相应提出了计算点数量最优比条件。通过位移旋转台和六自由度平台分别对复杂形貌特征的面具试样进行了多位姿参数测量的实验验证。实验结果表明,计算点数量满足最优比条件时位姿测量精度最高,计算点的位置对测量结果影响较小,六自由度平台的测量误差在允许范围之内。所提出的3D-DIC位姿测量方法可在较小的误差范围内实现对空间目标多个位姿参数的测量。     

分光仪应用拓展

本文提出了棱镜顶角的两种新的测量方法．对外入射时的光栅光谱进行了分析和测量，并对光栅在载物台上的位置进行了研究。     

圆筒式电动可调吸声体的设计与试验

可调混响技术在大型剧院式多功能演播厅中设计应用在国内尚属先例。本文介绍的圆筒式电动可调吸声体的技术设计综合了声学、建筑、装修、机械及电气等多方面的要求，文中着重阐述了可调吸声体的声学设计、结构设计及传动设计技术，并对可调吸声体的混响室试验结果作了简要的分析。     

基于声场重建的材料吸声系数测量方法

针对现有方法对材料吸声系数进行现场测量时存在低频测量误差大的问题,本文提出了一种利用扬声器线阵列对材料吸声系数进行现场测量的新方法。该方法使用基于能量比值约束的最小二乘法在待测材料表面进行平面波声场重建并结合双传声器传递函数法对材料的吸声系数进行测量。数值仿真表明在100～1600 Hz频率范围内,新方法在未加约束时能够对材料的吸声系数进行准确测量。在半消声室中利用新方法测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了能量比值约束值对测量结果的影响,并和阻抗管以及其它两种现场测量方法的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够对吸声材料在160～1600 Hz频段内的吸声系数进行准确测量,并且相较于现存的现场测量方法,新方法具有更低的测量频率下限。     

Decay rates and wall absorption at low frequencies

This paper is concerned with evaluating the error of conventional estimates of the boundary absorption of rectangular enclosures, with particular reference to reverberation room sound power measurements. The reverberation process is examined theoretically; the relative contributions to the decay rate from different modes in a rectangular room are calculated from an ensemble average over rooms with nearly the same dimensions. It is shown that the traditional method of determining the absorption of the walls of reverberation rooms systematically underestimates the absorption at low frequencies; the error is computed from the ensemble average. Finally, an unbiased estimate of the sound power radiated by a source in a reverberation room is derived. This estimate involves measurement of the initial decay rates of the room and is, unlike the usual reverberation room sound power estimate, neither based on statistical diffuse field considerations nor on the normal mode theory.     

周期结构表面散射系数测试及修正方法*

无规入射散射系数是描述结构声反射特性的重要参数,在周期结构等典型扩散体的声学设计和室内声场模拟中具有重要的作用。本文给出了混响室法测试无规入射散射系数的原理,对正弦型周期结构进行了实验测试,并针对测试中存在的缺陷,提出了一种考虑空气间隙吸声的修正方法,经验证具有较好的修正效果。     

Field measurement of airborne sound insulation between rooms with non-diffuse sound fields at low frequencies

Procedures for the field measurement of airborne sound insulation between rooms with diffuse fields are described in International Standard ISO 140-4. However, many dwellings contain rooms with volumes less than 50 m³, where low frequency measurements are less reliable; hence there is a need for a measurement procedure to improve the reliability of field measurements in rooms with non-diffuse fields. Procedures are proposed for sound pressure level and reverberation time measurements for the 50, 63 and 80 Hz third octave bands. The sound pressure level measurement combines corner microphone positions with positions in the central region of each room. This provides a good estimate of the room average sound pressure level with significantly improved repeatability.     

The influence of absorption factors on the sensitivity of a virtual room’s sound field to scattering coefficients

Currently there is limited information on what scattering coefficients (SCs) to assign materials in geometrical room acoustic computer models. As a result, room modelers rely on general guidelines and intuition when assigning SCs. How sensitive is the predicted sound field to the user’s choice of scattering coefficients? The sound field’s sensitivity depends on its diffusivity (without SCs); the more diffuse the room’s sound field is, the less sensitive the virtual room is to the selection of SCs. In rooms with no fittings to diffuse sound energy, the sound field diffusivity is influenced by (1) room shape, (2) volume, (3) amount and (4) location of absorption, and (5) the choice of SCs. This investigation focuses only on the latter three factors. A rectangular room is modeled in ODEON v6.5 with 10 absorption schemes. These schemes vary in terms of the area of mirrored reflective surfaces, average absorption coefficient, and standard deviation of absorption. The amount of diffuse reflections at each room boundary as dictated by the SC is increased uniformly in each room. Changes in the room sound field, in particular in the reverberation time (T30), are examined at each step. Sound field diffusivity, and consequently a virtual room model’s sensitivity to SCs, is found to depend most on the area of mirrored reflective surfaces. Also, a proposed quantity called the Scattering Sensitivity Index appears to predict sound field diffusivity.     

An image source computer model for room acoustics analysis and electroacoustic simulation

A computer program for the determination of the impulse response of rooms, using the mirror image method, has been developed. It is intended for acoustical planning of auditoria and the simulation of sound fields. The computer also generates the necessary information for the automatic mixer, delay unit and reverberation unit, which makes it possible to change sound field simulations in a short time.The program allows arbitrary room shapes to be analyzed by representing curved surfaces with plane approximations. The program also calculates energy time gaps, radiation angles and angles of incidence for the investigated source and receiver positions. The absorption coefficients of the reflecting surfaces are also taken into account. The source and the receiver may be positioned anywhere in the room. Compared with other programs described in the literature, this program yields more information, necessary particularly for electroacoustic room acoustics simulation and acoustical planning.     

Sound power measurements in a reverberant room

This paper describes and discusses the ASHRAE standard test procedure for measuring the sound power output of mechanical equipment in reverberation room [1]. Particular attention is given to the qualification test required of a facility for the measurement of pure tones.     

The average absorption coefficient for enclosed spaces with non uniformly distributed absorption

This study concerns the determination of an equivalent acoustic absorption model of the flat heterogeneous walls present in industrial rooms. Numerous measurements of the reverberation time in reverberant room were carried out for several facings with different distributed spatial absorption. Experimental results were compared to classical reverberation time models. The measurements showed that the change in average acoustic absorption depends on the relative distance between the sound source and the absorbent panels, as it is this which creates heterogeneity. Therefore, taking into consideration, in the theoretical models of average acoustic absorption studied, the solid angles representing the equivalent area of the panels as viewed by the source, improved the accuracy of the calculated reverberation time compared to the measurements. This equivalent acoustic absorption model, based on Sabine's absorption coefficient and employing the solid angle ratio, was used to calculate the reverberation time of several industrial rooms. The results obtained are better than those obtained with the standard formula.     

Ceiling baffles and reflectors for controlling lecture-room sound for speech intelligibility

Reinforcing speech levels and controlling noise and reverberation are the ultimate acoustical goals of lecture-room design to achieve high speech intelligibility. The effects of sound absorption on these factors have opposite consequences for speech intelligibility. Here, novel ceiling baffles and reflectors were evaluated as a sound-control measure, using computer and 1/8-scale models of a lecture room with hard surfaces and excessive reverberation. Parallel ceiling baffles running front to back were investigated. They were expected to absorb reverberation incident on the ceiling from many angles, while leaving speech signals, reflecting from the ceiling to the back of the room, unaffected. Various baffle spacings and absorptions, central and side speaker positions, and receiver positions throughout the room, were considered. Reflective baffles controlled reverberation, with a minimum decrease of sound levels. Absorptive baffles reduced reverberation, but reduced speech levels significantly. Ceiling reflectors, in the form of obstacles of semicircular cross section, suspended below the ceiling, were also tested. These were either 7 m long and in parallel, front-to-back lines, or 0.8 m long and randomly distributed, with flat side up or down, and reflective or absorptive top surfaces. The long reflectors with flat side down and no absorption were somewhat effective; the other configurations were not.     

Reverberation time measurements in non-diffuse acoustic field by the modal reverberation time

The increasing presence of low frequency sources and the lack of acoustic standard measurement procedures make the extension of reverberation time measurements to frequencies below 100 Hz necessary. In typical ordinary rooms with volumes between 30 m³ and 200 m³ the sound field is non-diffuse at such low frequencies, entailing inhomogeneities in space and frequency domains. Presence of standing waves is also the main cause of bad quality of listening in terms of clarity and rumble effects. Since standard measurements according to ISO 3382 fail to achieve accurate and precise values in third octave bands due to non-linear decays caused by room modes, a new approach based on reverberation time measurements of single resonant frequencies (the modal reverberation time) has been introduced. From background theory, due to the intrinsic relation between modal decays and half bandwidth of resonant frequencies, two measurement methods have been proposed together with proper measurement procedures: a direct method based on interrupted source signal method, and an indirect method based on half bandwidth measurements. With microphones placed at corners of rectangular rooms in order to detect all modes and maximize SNRs, different source signals were tested. Anti-resonant sine waves and sweep signal turned out to be the most suitable for direct and indirect measurement methods respectively. From spatial measurements in an empty rectangular test room, comparison between direct and indirect methods showed good and significant agreements. This is the first experimental validation of the relation between resonant half bandwidth and modal reverberation time. Furthermore, comparisons between means and standard deviations of modal reverberation times and standard reverberation times in third octave bands confirm the inadequacy of standard procedure to get accurate and precise values at low frequencies with respect to the modal approach. Modal reverberation time measurements applied to furnished ordinary rooms confirm previous results in the limit of modal sound field: for highly damped modes due to furniture or acoustic treatment, the indirect method is not applicable due to strong suppression of modes and the consequent deviation of the acoustic field from a non-diffuse condition to a damped modal condition, while standard reverberation times align with direct method values. In the future, further investigations will be necessary in different rooms to improve uncertainty evaluation.     

Performance Evaluation and Effectiveness of the Reverberation Room

This research presents a thorough evaluation of the reverberation room at Acoustics Laboratory in National Institute of Standards (NIS) according to the related international standards. The evaluation aims at examining the room performance and exploring its effectiveness in the frequency range from 125 Hz to 10000 Hz according to the international standard requirements. The room, which was designed and built several years ago, is an irregular rectangular shape free from diffusers. Its volume is about 158.84 m³, which meets the requirement of the ISO 354 standard L_max < 1.9V^1/3. Cut-off frequencies of one and one-third octave are 63 Hz and 100 Hz respectively; however Schroder frequency is 400 Hz. Calculations of cut-off frequency and modal density showed adequate modes that give acceptable uniformity starting comfortably from frequency of 125 Hz. The room has a reverberation time that is suitable for its size over the frequency range of interest. The room sound absorption surface area and its sound absorption coefficient satisfy the criteria given in ISO 3741 and ISO 354. There is an accepted diffuse sound field inside the room due to the standard deviation of measured sound level, which is less than 1.5 dB over all the frequency range. The only exception was 125 Hz which may be due to a lack of diffusivity of the sound field at this frequency. The evaluation proves that the NIS reverberation room is in full agreement with the international standards, which in turns qualifies the room to host measurements inside without concerns.