19F NMR化学位移经验公式的影响因素

化学位移是核磁共振技术的重要参数,目前对¹H NMR、¹³C NMR已提出一系列估算化学位移的经验公式,但¹⁹F NMR化学位移规律研究报道则较少,以δ=B+∑△i+C化学位移通式为基础,分析屏蔽常数对化学位移的作用,并针对¹⁹F原子,分析了氟的电子云密度、立体效应、溶剂效应、氢键、标准、浓度和温度等影响因素,对¹⁹F NMR化学位移经验公式的提出提供理论依据。     

取代苯甲酸羧基中的17O-NMR化学位移研究

提出了计算取代苯甲酸羧基¹⁷O NMR化学位移的公式：δ_cal（¹⁷O）=250.0+Δo+Δm+Δp,通过线性回归法确定了8种取代基参数.经回归检验表明该公式计算结果置信度为99.5 %,羧基¹⁷O NMR化学位移计算值与实验值的偏差Δδ全部在2.0以内.     

氟苯类化合物19F NMR化学位移的计算

提出了计算氟苯类化合物¹⁹F NMR化学位移的公式：δ_cal（¹⁹F）=-113.5+Δo+Δm+Δp+C, 结合最小二乘法通过线性回归得到了20种取代基参数, 计算结果以160种氟苯类化合物的263个¹⁹F NMR化学位移数据为样本点作回归检验,置信度为99.5%,计算值与实验值的平均偏差为0.628,计算值与实验值的标准偏差为4.720,约有93.2%的¹⁹F NMR化学位移计算值的计算误差<7.0（相对误差<0.7%）.     

取代亚胺中亚胺基15N NMR化学位移规律的研究

提出了计算苯甲醛亚胺、N-苯基亚胺、N-甲基亚胺、N-异丙基亚胺中亚胺基氮原子¹⁵N NMR化学位移的经验公式：δ_cal=δ_0n+Δα+Δβ+Δγ+c. 按亚胺基氮原子和碳原子上两类取代基的不同分别结合最小二乘法通过线性回归各得到5种取代基参数,计算结果分别以其化学位移数据为样本点作回归检验,置信度为99.5%,最大误差Δδ≤3.1,大约有95%的¹⁵N NMR化学位移计算值的计算误差小于3.0（相对误差小于0.3%）. 初步分析了芳香族亚胺苯环上对位取代基对亚胺基氮原子化学位移的影响.     

脂肪胺类化合物氨基15N NMR化学位移规律的研究

提出了计算脂肪胺类化合物的¹⁵N NMR化学位移的经验公式：δ_cal（¹⁵N）=-380.2+ΣΔα+ΣΔβ+ΣΔγ+ΣΔδ+ΣC,结合最小二乘法通过线性回归得到了11种取代基参数,计算结果以133种化合物的133个¹⁵N NMR化学位移数据为样本点进行回归检验,置信度为99.5 %,约有94.7 %的¹⁵N NMR化学位移计算值的计算误差小于5.0（相对误差小于0.5 %）.     

脂肪酮和脂肪酰卤羰基17O-NMR化学位移的研究

提出计算脂肪酮和脂肪酰卤羰基17ONMR化学位移的公式:δcal=δ0n+C×Δα,通过线性回归法确定了22种取代基参数.经回归检验表明该公式计算结果置信度为99.5%,与实验值的偏差Δδ在10.0以内的羰基17ONMR化学位移计算值在90%左右.     

羧酸甲乙酯中羰基17O-NMR化学位移研究

提出了计算羧酸甲乙酯中羰基¹⁷O-NMR化学位移的公式：δ_cal（¹⁷O）=360.0+Δα+Δβ+Δγ,通过线性回归法确定了22种取代基参数.经回归检验表明该公式计算结果置信度为99.5%,与实验值的偏差Δδ在5.0以内的羰基¹⁷O-NMR化学位移计算值~100%.     

取代基效应对脂肪醇^13C NMR化学位移的影响

用原子电负性、静电作用、极化度作为基本参数, 并结合表征原子空间连接方式的立体效应参数, 对醇分子中不同环境碳原子的化学位移进行关联, 将120个模型化合物(91个脂肪一元醇, 29个二元醇)中747个碳原子相关参数值和化学位移值带入模型中得到如下估算方程:δC=42.947 9 + 63.064 0Qi-3.628 6F+5.121 3Σαx-6.584 8QiΣαx-4.842 7NαH-0.585 5NγH-4.104 6NγOH(R=0.998 1 R2=0.996 1 S=1.14 F=27 125.2 n=747)方程中各参数物理意义比较明确. 通过用"留一法"(LOO)检验(Rcv=0.998 0, R2cv=0.996 0, Scv=1.16)及对样本外5个化合物69个碳原子化学位移的预测值和实验值比较, 结果表明模型方程具有很好的稳定性和预测精度, 该模型的提出为以后计算更加复杂化合物的13C NMR化学位移奠定了良好的基础.     

一般醛和甲酸羰基17O-NMR化学位移的研究

提出了计算一般醛和甲酸羰基¹⁷O-NMR化学位移的公式: δ_cal=615.0+Δ_α,通过线性回归法确定了21种取代基参数.经回归检验表明该公式计算结果置信度为99.5%,一般醛和甲酸羰基¹⁷O化学位移计算值与实验值的偏差Δδ全部在5.0以内.     

取代苯乙酮羰基17O-NMR化学位移的研究

提出计算取代苯乙酮羰基¹⁷O-NMR化学位移的公式：δ_cal=550.0+Δo+Δm+Δp,通过线性回归法确定了12种取代基参数.以44种取代苯乙酮为样本点作回归检验表明该公式的置信度为99.5%,计算值与实验值的偏差Δδ在5.0（相对误差约0.5%）以内的羰基¹⁷O-NMR化学位移的计算值在90%左右.     

Solid state 19F NMR parameters of fluorine-labeled amino acids. Part II: aliphatic substituents

A representative set of amino acids with aliphatic 19F-labels has been characterized here, following up our previous compilation of NMR parameters for single 19F-substituents on aromatic side chains. Their isotropic chemical shifts, chemical shift tensor parameters, intra-molecular 19F dipole-dipole couplings and temperature-dependent T1 and T2 relaxation times were determined by solid state NMR on twelve polycrystalline amino acid samples, and the corresponding isotropic 19F chemical shifts and scalar couplings were obtained in solution. Of particular interest are amino acids carrying a trifluoromethyl-group, because not only the 19F chemical shift but also the intra-CF3 homonuclear dipolar coupling can be used for structural studies of 19F-labeled peptides and proteins. The CF3-groups are further compared with CH2F-, CD2F-, and CD3-groups, using both 19F and 2H NMR to describe their motional behavior and to examine the respective linebroadening effects of the protonated and deuterated neighbors. We have also characterized two unnatural amino acids in which a CF3-label is rigidly connected to the backbone by a phenyl or bicyclopentyl moiety, and which are particularly well suited for structure analysis of membrane-bound polypeptides. The 19F NMR parameters of the polycrystalline amino acids are compared with data from the correspondingly labeled side chains in synthetic peptides.     

Multiple-quantum coherences of molecular groups:19F in CF3COOAg

The three (3Q) and six (6Q) quantum coherences of two proximate methyl groups were studied to find out if they can be used to determine the possible nonequivalence of the groups relative to chemical shifts. Numerical calculations of the efficiency of excitation and detection of 3Q and 6Q coherences in reorienting and static methyl group pairs were performed. The crystal orientation, resonance offset, chemical shifts and finite value of the RF field were taken into account. Experimental¹⁹F 2D NMR spectra were obtained from a single crystal of CF₃COOAg. To record 6Q spectra in pure absorption mode in presence of chemical shifts, the data were acquired according to the hypercomplex method. 3Q spectra of the same sample were recorded in absolute-value mode.     

Carbon-13 and fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy of the supramolecular solid p-tert-butylcalix(4)arene.alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene

The supramolecular 1:1 host-guest inclusion compound, p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene x alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene, 1, is characterized by 19F and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Whereas the 13C NMR spectra are easily interpreted in the context of earlier work on similar host-guest compounds, the 15F NMR spectra of solid 1 are, initially, more difficult to understand. The 19F[1H] NMR spectrum obtained under cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning conditions shows a single isotropic resonance with a significant spinning sideband manifold. The static 19F[1H] CP NMR spectrum consists of a powder pattern dominated by the contributions of the anisotropic chemical shift and the homonuclear dipolar interactions. The 19F MREV-8 experiment, which minimizes the 19F-19F dipolar contribution, helps to identify the chemical shift contribution as an axial lineshape. The full static 19F[1H] CP NMR spectrum is analysed using subspectral analysis and subsequently simulated as a function of the 19F-19F internuclear distance (D(FF) = 2.25 +/- 0.01 A) of the rapidly rotating CF3 group without including contributions from additional libration motions and the anisotropy in the scalar tensor. The shielding span is found to be 56 ppm. The width of the centerband in the 19F[1H] sample-spinning CP NMR spectrum is very sensitive to the angle between the rotor and the magnetic field. Compound 1 is thus an attractive standard for setting the magic angle for NMR probes containing a fluorine channel with a proton-decoupling facility.     

平衡电负性与烷烃核磁共振碳谱位移

定义了烷烃分子中碳原子的平衡电负性(AEE),用平衡电负性和Nⁱ_H(em=0, α, β, γ)和N^j_C(j=α, β, γ)结构信息参数研究了烷烃的¹³C NMR化学位移模型.结果表明,烷烃¹³C NMR化学位移(CS)可用下式来定量描述：
CS=-1736.776+755.118AEE+5.2539N⁰_H+1.8837N^β_H-0.2066N^γH
用上式估算了99个碳原子的化学位移,标准差为0.9861ppm,平均绝对误差0.78ppm,预测值与实验值十分吻合.     

19F Magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorooctanoic acid encapsulated in liposome for biodistribution measurement

The tissue distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is known to show unique biological responses, has been visualized in female mice by (19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) incorporated with the recent advances in microimaging technique. The chemical shift selected fast spin-echo method was applied to acquire in vivo (19)F MR images of PFOA. The in vivo T(1) and T(2) relaxation times of PFOA were proven to be extremely short, which were 140 (+/- 20) ms and 6.3 (+/- 2.2) ms, respectively. To acquire the in vivo (19)F MR images of PFOA, it was necessary to optimize the parameters of signal selection and echo train length. The chemical shift selection was effectively performed by using the (19)F NMR signal of CF(3) group of PFOA without the signal overlapping because the chemical shift difference between the CF(3) and neighbor signals reaches to 14 kHz. The most optimal echo train length to obtain (19)F images efficiently was determined so that the maximum echo time (TE) value in the fast spin-echo sequence was comparable to the in vivo T(2) value. By optimizing these parameters, the in vivo (19)F MR image of PFOA was enabled to obtain efficiently in 12 minutes. As a result, the time course of the accumulation of PFOA into the mouse liver was clearly pursued in the (19)F MR images. Thus, it was concluded that the (19)F MRI becomes the effective method toward the future pharmacological and toxicological studies of perfluorocarboxilic acids.     

卤代苯和卤代萘磺化产物的1H NMR研究

研究了卤代苯和卤代萘磺化产物的¹H NMR分析方法.结合各产物有关质子的化学位移,偶合常数,分裂形式,积分高度可得到各种磺化产物的比例.讨论了双共振去偶合实验的具体应用,化学位移理论值的计算及其在质子谱峰归属中所起的作用,磺化产物¹H和¹⁹F的偶合分裂现象.首次报道了卤代芳香化合物多磺酸取代产物的¹H NMR数值.     

Measuring nanopore size from the spin-lattice relaxation of CF4 gas

The NMR 19F spin-lattice relaxation time constant T1 for CF4 gas is dominated by spin-rotation interaction, which is mediated by the molecular collision frequency. When confined to pores of approximately the same size or smaller than the bulk gas mean free path, additional collisions of molecules with the pore walls should substantially change T1. To develop a method for measuring the surface/volume ratio S/V by measuring how T1 changes with confinement, we prepared samples of known S/V from fumed silica of known mass-specific surface area and compressed to varying degrees into cylinders of known volume. We then measured T1 for CF4 in these samples at varying pressures, and developed mathematical models for the change in T1 to fit the data. Even though CF4 has a critical temperature below room temperature, we found that its density in pores was greater than that of the bulk gas and that it was necessary to take this absorption into account. We modeled adsorption in two ways, by assuming that the gas condenses on the pore walls, and by assuming that gas in a region near the wall is denser than the bulk gas because of a simplified attractive potential. Both models suggested the same two-parameter formula, to which we added a third parameter to successfully fit the data and thus achieved a rapid, precise way to measure S/V from the increase in T1 due to confinement in pores.     

环己烷13C NMR化学位移的预测

通过计算机辅助方法对¹³C NMR化学位移进行预测.这个方法包括分子拓扑指数和几何参数特征值的计算及对所选特征进行的变量压缩,并对所选共振碳的化学位移与其提取的特征进行多元回归分析,从而得出其相关数学模型.本文预测了环己烷中45个仲碳原子的¹³C化学位移,其标准误差约为1.4ppm.