EicC束流冷却方案设计与模拟

对核子内部结构的研究是当前理论和实验研究的重要前沿,高能散射实验是探索核子结构的理想工具。中国科学院近代物理研究所计划在已开建的强流重离子加速器项目(HIAF)的基础上,升级建造中国极化电子离子对撞机(EicC)。EicC将提供质心系能量为15～20 GeV的电子和质子双极化束流,对撞亮度设计指标为2×10³³ cm^-2s^-1,离子束的有效冷却是EicC实现亮度目标的关键。针对离子束流初始发射度大、能量高、流强强的特点,EicC采用两级束流冷却方案,首先在增强器(BRing)中利用常规直流电子冷却器降低离子束流发射度,其次在对撞环(pRing)中采用基于能量回收型直线加速器(ERL)的高能束团冷却系统,抑制对撞过程中的离子束发射度增长。以质子束为例,模拟研究了EicC束流冷却装置中电子束的尺寸、温度、冷却段的磁场和束流光学参数对冷却速率和冷却过程的影响,最终得到了满足亮度要求的束流冷却参数。     

中国极化电子离子对撞机探测器设计

核子是构成宇宙可见物质的最主要成分，也是研究强相互作用的最佳实验室。对核子内部结构的研究是当前理论和实验研究的重要前沿。在核子内部结构的实验研究中，电子- 离子对撞机(Electron Ion Collider, EIC)是最理想的装置，能提供核子内部最清晰的图像，是人类认识物质世界深层次结构，特别是核子与原子核结构最理想的工具。中国极化电子离子对撞机EicC项目，设想在已开建的HIAF 高能离子束的基础上进行升级:将离子束流升级成15~20 GeV 的极化束流，建设3~5 GeV 高能极化电子束流，实现质心系能量为10~20 GeV双极化电子- 离子对撞，在海夸克能区对核子内部结构进行精细测量，并对质子质量、奇特强子态等诸多重要物理课题展开研究。在本文中，我们开发了EicC 快模拟软件，对探测器性能进行参数化模拟；通过物理模拟汇集EicC探测需求，利用探测器模拟软件进行优化并提出EicC 探测器谱仪的初步设计方案。该谱仪方案提供了接近全立体角的覆盖范围和大动量范围内的粒子鉴别能力，兼顾EicC项目丰富的物理课题。     

国际直线对撞机的参数选择

给出了确定直线对撞机参数的一般程序, 作为一个例子, 给出了超低束团电量时的参数表. 文章的主要目的是说明束流参数和对撞点以及阻尼环之间的相互制约关系. 对于17km的阻尼环, 它的能量被建议由5GeV升到7GeV. 然而,对于6km的阻尼环能量为5GeV是合理的.     

正对撞束束补偿的理论和模拟研究

束束效应是限制对撞机性能提高的重要因素,其限制作用可以通过补偿机制来改善。针对正对撞束束效应,提出两种实现束束补偿的对撞机结构,并对实现束束补偿的原理和需要满足的条件进行分析。提出利用能量回收型直线加速器产生的电子束流进行正对撞束束补偿的方案,并且基于超级质子质子对撞机进行模拟研究,研究了补偿前后束流粒子分布、频移和粒子损失等变化情况。束束补偿可以减小束团内部粒子的频散,减小束流损失,提高束流寿命,可以大幅提高单束团流强,从而提高对撞机亮度。     

北京正负电子对撞机BEPC和BEPCⅡ

对撞机是一种把两束相向运动的带电粒子加速到高能量,并使之在其中进行对撞的加速器,是探索物质微观世界的强有力的工具。北京正负电子对撞机由四大部分构成:注入器与束流输运线、储存环、北京谱仪和同步辐射装置。直线加速器产生的正负电子束分别由两支束流输运线注入到储存环。正负电子束流在储存环中积累并达到所需要的流强和能量时,在对撞点交叉、对撞。安放在对撞点的北京     

重离子碰撞中QCD物质整体极化的实验测量

高能重离子碰撞中Λ超子和φ, K^*0矢量介子的整体极化的实验数据证实了夸克物质整体极化的新现象,引起了研究人员的广泛关注,成为高能核物理前沿新的热点研究方向.本文主要从实验测量上回顾整体极化研究,着重阐述相对论重离子对撞机(RHIC)上的螺旋径迹探测器(STAR)合作组在不同对撞能量点开展的Λ超子和φ, K^*0介子的整体极化测量结果,并拓展到含有多个奇异夸克粒子Ξ,Ω的整体极化测量和Λ沿着束流方向的局域极化研究.本文也将简单点评大型强子对撞机(LHC)能区和HADES实验低能区的测量结果,并对这些实验结果给出的物理信息进行简单描述.     

北京正负电子对撞机中的束束作用偏转效应

 利用静电分离器对正负电子束团在垂直方向上的相对轨道偏差进行了扫描，并用数字示波器对束流轨道的变化进行监视，在北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)上完成了垂直方向上的束束作用偏转效应的观察与测量。实验过程和实验结果可为北京正负电子对撞机改进工程(BEPCⅡ)的对撞调节提供参考依据。把束团之间相对位置偏差的测量转换为对束流偏转角度的测量是可行的，也是有效克服束流位置探测器分辨率不足的一种方法。     

ISR的一个发现:质子-质子截面升高

正在欧洲核子研究中心CERN于20世纪60～70年代建成并运行的交叉储存环ISR为当时世界第一台最高质心系能量(60 GeV)的质子-质子对撞机,在其上利用当时最先进的实验设备开展了质子-质子相互作用几率及其作用后的空间分布——即包括总截面和前向散射微分截面——测量。特别是得到总截面随能量增高而增加的结果,打破了当时认为随能量增高总截面不再增加的结论。这同理论和21世纪最新的世界最高能量的LHC强子对撞     

BEPCⅡ工程磁铁设计与制造

北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)改造工程是将原来的单环升级为高亮度的双环对撞机(BEPCⅡ), 即在现存的BEPC隧道里增加一个新的储存环. 使得BEPCⅡ能够提供从1.0GeV到2.1GeV能量范围的高亮度对撞束流供高能物理实验用, 同时外环还要兼容2.5GeV能量250mA流强的同步辐射专用模式运行, 实际上相当于有3个储存环运行. 由于受到BEPC储存环隧道空间的局限, 物理上的高亮度要求, 以及BEPCⅡ真空盒设计采用带前室(Antechamber)结构, 因此给各种磁铁设计与制造增加了相当大的难度. 着重介绍BEPCⅡ储存环和对撞区中几种主要常规磁铁的设计、制造概况, 同时也给出了相应的磁场测量结果.     

双束流负载效应

分析研究了双束流储存环上的束流负载效应.束团纵向尾场的作用分别为:能量损失、同步频移和耦合束不稳定性,这里只研究前两个方面.以来团连续分布的束团串情形和均匀分布情形为例,给出了同步相移、频移与高次模参数及高频腔分布的关系.研究结果有助于优化高频腔的工作模式(通过调节调谐杆的位置来改变高次模的频率)和环上束团的分布,以减小束流负载效应.当高频腔关于对撞点对称分布时,正负电子的束流负载效应相同,可以用补偿单束流负载效应的方法来补偿正负电子束团的相位.     

Achievement of ultralow emittance beam in the accelerator test facility damping ring

For high luminosity in electron-positron linear colliders, it is essential to generate low vertical emittance beams. We report on the smallest vertical emittance achieved in single-bunch-mode operation of the Accelerator Test Facility, which satisfies the requirement of the x-band linear collider. The emittances were measured with a laser-wire beam-profile monitor installed in the damping ring. The bunch length and the momentum spread of the beam were also recorded under the same conditions. The smallest vertical rms emittance measured at low intensity is 4 pm at a beam energy of 1.3 GeV, which corresponds to the normalized emittance of 1.0x1.0(-8) m. It increases by a factor of 1.5 for a bunch intensity of 10(10) electrons. The measured data agreed to the calculation of intrabeam scattering within much better than a factor of 2.     

Extremely low vertical-emittance beam in the accelerator test facility at KEK

Electron beams with the lowest, normalized transverse emittance recorded so far were produced and confirmed in single-bunch-mode operation of the Accelerator Test Facility at KEK. We established a tuning method of the damping ring which achieves a small vertical dispersion and small x-y orbit coupling. The vertical emittance was less than 1% of the horizontal emittance. At the zero-intensity limit, the vertical normalized emittance was less than 2.8 x 10(-8) rad m at beam energy 1.3 GeV. At high intensity, strong effects of intrabeam scattering were observed, which had been expected in view of the extremely high particle density due to the small transverse emittance.     

Electron-ion collider in China

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a po- larization of 80%) and protons (with a polarization of 70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3)×10³³ cm−2•s−1. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC.The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.     

Toward therapeutics for clostridium botulinum neurotoxins

Construction work on the new MAX IV synchrotron light facility in northeastern Lund, Sweden, began on May 18, 2011. The MAX IV accelerator system will consist of three parts: one 3 GeV injector linac (also used for the production of short X-ray pulses) and two storage rings operated at 1.5 GeV and 3 GeV, respectively. The two-ring concept will allow the production of synchrotron radiation from optimized undulators within a broad spectral region. The 3 GeV ring has an emittance between 0.2 and 0.4 nm rad, depending on the ID configuration, and the emittance of the 1.5 GeV ring is 5 nm rad.     

The compensation of quadrupole errors and space charge effects by using trim quadrupoles

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) accelerators consist of an H-linac and a proton Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). RCS is designed to accumulate and accelerate proton beam from 80 MeV to 1.6 GeV with a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The main dipole and quadruple magnet will operate in AC mode. Due to the adoption of the resonant power supplies, saturation errors of magnetic field cannot be compensated by power supplies. These saturation errors will disturb the linear optics parameters, such as tunes, beta function and dispersion function. The strong space charge effects will cause emittance growth. The compensation of these effects by using trim quadruples is studied, and the corresponding results are presented.     

Hadronic colliders as probes of the proton spin structure

We perform a systematic analysis of different processes with high energy polarized proton beams: jets, direct photon, lepton pairs (Drell-Yan) andWZ production. Different sets of polarized partonic densities are used that fit EMC and SLAC polarized deep inelastic scattering data with variable amount of quark and gluon components of the proton spin. The case of the future Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) used as a polarized collider at a maximum energy of \(\sqrt s = 500\) GeV is analyzed in detail.     

Littlest Higgs Model and Higgs Boson Associated Production with Top Quark Pair at High Energy Linear e+e- Collider

In the parameter space allowed by the electroweak precision measurement data, we consider the contributions of the new particles predicted by the littlest Higgs model to the Higgs boson associated production with top quark pair in the future high energy linear e⁺e^- collider (ILC). We find that the contributions mainly come from the new gauge bosons Z_H and B_H. For reasonable values of the free parameters, the absolute value of the relative correction parameter δσ/σ^SM can be significanly large, which might be observed in the future ILC experiment with √{S}=800 GeV.     

高能同步辐射光源

基于多弯铁消色散结构的超低发射度储存环光源是新一代同步辐射光源发展的一个重要方向。作为国内第一台第四代同步辐射光源,高能同步辐射光源已经完成物理及工程设计,并于2019年启动建设。高能同步辐射光源电子能量6 GeV,流强200 mA,水平自然发射度低于60 pm?rad,可提供能量达300 keV的X射线,在典型硬X射线波段的同步辐射亮度达1×1022 phs·s?1·mm?2·mrad?2·（0.1%bw）?1,可为材料科学、化学工程、能源环境、生物医学、航空航天、能源环境等众多基础和工程科学研究领域提供先进的实验平台。本文将介绍高能同步辐射光源项目的整体方案及物理设计。