Salt transport and crystallization in porous building materials

Salt weathering is a major cause of deterioration of porous building materials. To obtain information about the mechanisms underlying these damage processes we have studied the moisture and ion transport. We measured the time evolution of NaCl saturated samples of fired-clay brick during one-sided drying using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The moisture content and amount of dissolved Na ions could be measured quantitatively as a function of position. The NaCl concentration profiles obtained from these data reflect the competition between advection to the surface and redistribution by diffusion. By representing the measured moisture and NaCl profiles in an efflorescence pathway diagram (EPD) also the crystallization can be taken into account.     

红外热像法研究空心砖墙表面温度

建筑墙体的室内表面温度直接反映墙体的保温隔热性能,并且作为室内平均辐射温度的主要组成部分对室内热环境有重要影响。针对建筑工程中大量使用的空心砖墙体具有表面温度不均匀的特点,采用ThermaCAM P20型红外热像仪和ThermaCAM Reporter分析软件,研究应用红外热像法测量空心砖墙体的表面温度,分析空心砖墙体的温度特征以及空心砖、 砌筑砂浆、 配砖等组成材料对表面温度分布的影响。在高层住宅建筑工程现场,选择三层住宅的填充外墙位置,使用不同的烧结页岩空心砖、 砌筑砂浆和配砖砌筑成三种空心砖墙体进行传热实验。通过采集三种烧结页岩空心砖墙体在冬季室内采暖条件下的内表面温度红外热像图,对比分析了两种空心砖和两种砂浆砌筑的墙体表面温度特性数据以及温度均匀性和温度频率分布。结果表明：提高空心砖和砌筑砂浆的保温性,能够有效提高墙体内表面温度,改善室内热环境;由保温砂浆代替水泥砂浆砌筑的节能型烧结页岩空心砖墙体,表面温度的不均匀性从0.6 ℃下降为0.4 ℃,并使表面温度频率分布发生变化,从非对称分布变为正态分布;随着表面温度均匀性的提高,平均温度所占的频率增大。本研究为空心砖墙体热功能的提高和优化提供了依据。     

熔盐对Li+/Na+离子交换及折射率分布的影响

研究发现利用Li⁺/Na⁺离子交换制取径向梯度折射率(GRIN)棒透镜时,在NaNO₃熔盐中,添加NaCl,会影响Li⁺/Na⁺离子交换反应平衡,最终改变径向GRIN棒透镜的折射率分布、折射率差值及像差.并着重分析和讨论了在本实验中NaNO₃+NaCl混合熔盐对径向GRIN棒透镜中折射率分布、数值孔径及像差的影响机理.     

Salt effects on water/hydrophobic liquid interfaces: a molecular dynamics study

We investigate structural and dynamical properties of NaCl and KCl solution/n-decane interfaces. We find that K(+) and Cl(-) ions localize close to the interface and modify the orientations of both first-layer and second-layer water molecules in the interfacial region. Na(+) and Cl(-) ions are also localized; however, they do not affect the orientation significantly. NaCl salts cause an increase of the surface tension and the residence time of interfacial water molecules. They also decrease the residence time of interfacial n-decane molecules. KCl salt has similar effects, although to a smaller extent. These findings may help us to better understand biological interfaces in physiological solutions.     

Small-angle neutron scattering study of temperature vs. salt dependence of clouding in charged micellar system

Clouding is studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) on a charged micellar system of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) with varying temperature and salt NaCl. We show that the clouding occurs as a result of increase in the attractive potential between the micelles mediated by the dehydrated TBA(+) counterions on increasing temperature and in the presence of salt. Both micelles and clusters coexist at cloud point temperature (CP) and beyond CP. The addition of salt can be used to obtain CP at room temperature (30° C). The relative effect of different salts on clouding has been found in the order CaCl(2) > MgSO(4) > Na(2)SO(4) > NaF > NaCl > KCl > CsCl > NaBr > NaNO(3). This order is explained on the basis of two important roles played by salt ions: i) counterion condensation that increases the size of the micelles and ii) dehydration of TBA(+) counterions by salt ions for bridging the micelles.     

Investigation on nanobubbles on graphite substrate produced by the water–NaCl solution replacement

How to produce nanobubbles repeatedly on a certain surface with sufficient amount is a key issue in nanobubbles research. It is well known that nanobubbles can be produced by exchanging water with organic solutions like alcohol which contains higher concentration of dissolved gas than that in water. However, it is not clear if this mechanism would work when exchanging water with the relatively low concentrations of dissolved gas such as salt solutions. In this paper, we employed NaCl solutions with different concentrations to replace water on graphite surface. We found that nanobubbles could indeed be generated and showed similar properties with those produced by other methods. Nanobubbles could be apparently observed when the NaCl concentration was as low as 0.15 M and their densities increased with the salt concentrations. When the concentration of NaCl was higher than 2.00 M, the number of nanobubbles increased slowly and nearly kept a constant. We also showed that the dissolved gas played an important role in the formation process of nanobubbles.     

利用原子吸收光谱法分析盐胁迫对野生披碱草矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

应用原子吸收光谱法测定了两份耐盐性不同的野生披碱草种质材料在不同盐浓度胁迫条件下根组织和叶组织中的大量元素(Na,K,Ca,Mg)和微量元素(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)含量,并对野生披碱草种质材料矿质元素吸收和积累的选择性与耐盐性的关系进行了分析,结果表明：随着盐胁迫浓度的升高,野生披碱草种质材料叶和根组织中Na含量不断增加,耐盐材料HS叶组织中的Na含量显著低于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);而K和Ca含量呈下降的趋势,在高浓度盐胁迫下,耐盐材料HS中两种元素的含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);微量元素Fe和Zn在野生披碱草材料根、叶组织中的含量升高,Cu在根组织中的含量没有变化,但是在叶组织中升高,而Mn在根、叶组织中的含量都呈下降的趋势,耐盐材料HS叶组织和根组织中Zn和Fe含量低于敏盐材料LS,Mn含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05)。     

A homogenised vibratory model for predicting the acoustic properties of hollow brick walls

The prediction and the physical understanding of sound transmission through masonry walls made of hollow bricks remain an open question. To solve this problem a semi-analytical approach is proposed. The inhomogeneous structures of the brick wall are homogenised and a simplified analytical model is established to calculate the transmission loss of an equivalent finite and multilayered anisotropic plate. An efficient numerical homogenisation technique is derived to define the equivalent anisotropic brick. This process only needs the knowledge of the elastic tensor of the brick material that has been determined using ultrasonic measurements. The features of the simplified brick wall have been then investigated through Lamb waves dispersion curves. Finally, the model has been used to explain the transmission loss curve of a wall and a good agreement between predictions and test data is obtained.     

不同盐胁迫对新疆耐盐植物藜叶片钾、钠元素含量及相关基因表达的影响

为应对日益严峻的土壤盐渍化问题,研究具有应用前景的盐生及耐盐植物对盐胁迫的响应机制已成为近年来的热点。实验采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了NaCl和KCl长期胁迫下新疆耐盐植物藜叶片K和Na元素的含量,以半定量RT-PCR方法对参与离子转运的3个基因NHX,VP1和VAP-C的表达水平进行了检测,就不同盐胁迫对K和Na元素含量影响的机制进行了初步讨论。结果表明:(1)藜在低浓度NaCl胁迫时可选择性吸收钾离子,从而避免钠离子在植物体内的积累;(2)藜在高浓度NaCl胁迫时有较强的富集钠离子能力,过量的钠离子可通过液泡膜离子转运系统区隔至液泡,进而维持细胞质内正常的钾钠离子平衡;(3)藜不能耐受高浓度KCl胁迫,可能与其在细胞质内积累大量的钾钠离子有关。研究初步表明,藜能够耐受较高浓度的NaCl胁迫,且对Na+具有较强的富集能力,这为今后利用其改良盐渍化土地及开发这一耐盐植物奠定了基础。     

Silver nanoparticles and silver ions stabilized in NaCl nanocrystals

This study presents a two-step synthesis of nanoparticles and the stabilization process of Ag ions in the matrix of NaCl nanocrystals. Ag⁺ ions are incorporated to NaCl with a new and attractive method that can be easily used for the different types of alkaline halides. The nanoparticles with predominant size found between 10 and 15 nm were stabilized on the surface and/or interior of NaCl nanocrystals using, in the first stages, the ionic-exchange property of zeolite A4. The optical properties of the materials were characterized through optical absorption, leading to well defined absorption bands located in the wave length values between 217–275 nm and 350–770 nm approximately, for Ag⁺ and AgNp, respectively. The antibacterial property of Ag ions and nanoparticles stabilized in NaCl was analyzed against gram-negative Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella bacteria. In order to quantify the antibacterial effect of Ag ions and nanoparticles the inhibition ratio was used as a parameter on the bacteria colonies grown in culture medium by conventional methods. Ag⁺ ions that were stabilized in NaCl nanocrystals show a mayor inhibition ratio in contact with Klebsiella bacteria, conversely Ag nanoparticles showed better results in contact with E. coli.     

受限钠盐水溶液孔外结晶现象

多孔材料内含盐水溶液中离子的析出结晶是造成多孔结构破坏的重要因素, 因此在建筑保护和地貌学研究中受到了极大关注. 现有研究主要集中于微孔介质中盐的孔内结晶行为. 本文对比研究了限制于纳孔硅胶颗粒孔隙内的NaCl, NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄三种盐溶液在蒸发过程中盐的孔外结晶行为. 利用扫描电子显微镜对所形成晶体的形貌进行了表征. 实验结果表明: 1) 随孔径从2 nm增加至15 nm, NaCl和NaNO₃在硅胶颗粒表面的结晶由晶粒转变为晶须形态, 而Na₂SO₄则由晶须转变为晶粒形态; 2) NaCl和NaNO₃晶须的生长主要沿垂直于颗粒表面的方向, 而Na₂SO₄晶须则在硅胶颗粒表面斜向生长, 后一种生长方式对硅胶颗粒产生横向的应力, 从而对孔结构具有更强的破坏作用; 3) NaNO₃的细长晶须所具有的分支和珠链结构表明其在结晶过程中发生了Plateau-Rayleigh失稳.     

Sodium NMR relaxation in porous materials

The NMR relaxation of hydrogen nuclei of a fluid in a porous material is generally interpreted in terms of the Brownstein-Tarr model, in which the relaxation rate of the signal is inversely proportional to the pore size. We have investigated whether this model can be applied to the relaxation of Na nuclei in a NaCl solution in a porous material. The results indicate that the ion distribution over the pores can be obtained from an analysis of the Na NMR signal decay, if the pore sizes are roughly below 1 microm. This information is very useful for studies of combined moisture and ion transport in porous building materials.     

Changes in pore size distribution inside sludge under various ultrasonic conditions

The pore size distribution is quite significant for determining the transport capacity of heat and moisture in sludge during the drying process. It is crucial to investigate the transformation of the pore size in sludge under sonication. In this paper, the microstructures of pores inside sludge before and after ultrasonic treatment with various ultrasonic conditions were observed using a microscope. Fractal geometry and image analysis were combined to quantitatively identify the evolution of pore size in sludge undergoing various acoustic energy densities and treatment times. The surface fractal dimension (d_f) was applied to characterize the pore size distribution of sludge. The results confirmed that sonication has a positive influence on the characteristics of pore structure inside the sludge and that the average pore size increases with increasing ultrasonic energy level, as determined by both acoustic energy density and treatment time. The d_f appropriately characterizes and quantifies the evolution of the pore size distribution of sludge under various ultrasonic conditions. This work is quite valuable for further investigating and evaluating moisture removal in the sludge drying process assisted by ultrasonic treatment.     

菜豆种子薄层干燥物料内部水分扩散系数的确定

本文将数值方法应用于物性测试,用反问题的研究方法,通过建立物料的内部水分扩散模型及边界条件的处理,把反映物料干燥过程动态特性的实验含水率曲线与物料颗粒内部的水分扩散结合起来,确定物料颗粒在非稳态脱水过程中的内部水分扩散系数,并分析内部水分分布及其动态特性。计算结果与实验曲线拟合的分析表明,本文的方法是可行的,对于进一步分析干燥过程参数对种子劣变的影响及确定优化的干燥工艺从而达到干燥控制的目的有重要的意义。     

Evaporation of saline colloidal droplet and deposition pattern

The dynamic process of the evaporation and the desiccation of sessile saline colloidal droplets, and their final deposition are investigated. During the evaporation, the movement of the colloidal particles shows a strong dependence on the salt concentration and the droplet shape. The final deposition pattern indicates a weakened coffee-ring effect in this mixed droplet system. The microscopic observation reveals that as evaporation proceeds, the particle motion trail is affected by the salt concentration of the droplet boundary. The Marangoni flow, which is induced by surface tension gradient originating from the local evaporative peripheral salt enrichment, suppresses the compensation flow towards the contact line of the droplet. The inhomogeneous density and concentration field induced by evaporation or crystallization can be the major reason for various micro-flows. At last stage, the distribution and crystallization of Na Cl are affected by the colloidal particles during the drying of the residual liquid film.     

The changes of capacitance-loss and current-voltage characteristics of LaMnO3 + δ/SrTiO3:Nb heterojunctions exposed to ambient air

Effects of moisture absorption on capacitance-loss and current-voltage characteristics of LaMnO_3 + δ/SrTiO₃:Nb heterojunction had been investigated after the heterojunctions were exposed to ambient air. The moisture-absorption-induced increases in loss tangent and breakdown voltage were observed, whereas no changes were found on capacitance and diffusion voltage. These results were discussed by the decrease of oxygen ions in LaMnO_3 + δ and the generation of hydroxide ions at grain boundaries. This work will favor both electronic transport analysis and future device applications.     

Preparation and optical properties of soda-lime silicate glasses partially substituted by copper

The ion-exchange process was used to introduce copper ions into soda lime silicate glasses (SLS), the composition of which corresponds to the miscibility gape in the Na 2 O-SiO 2 system. The samples have been immersed either in a molten Cu 2 Cl 2 or CuCl 2 at various temperatures from the range 720-940 v K for different time. The observed green colour of glass is related with the 790-nm absorption band related to the cupric ions. The annealing either in air or in the hydrogen atmosphere was used for the reduction of copper. The effectiveness of these procedures was analysed on a basis of the penetration profiles monitored by roentgenographic methods (diffraction and EDAX). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the replicated surface and common optical absorption measurements have been used to study the morphology of the dopant ions.     

The application of electrical resistance measurements to water transport in lime–masonry systems

The paper describes an experimental determination of impedance spectroscopy derived resistance measurements to record water transport in lime–masonry systems. It strongly supports the use of Sharp Front theory and Boltzmann’s distribution law of statistical thermodynamics to corroborate the data obtained. A novel approach is presented for the application of impedance measurements to the water transport between freshly mixed mortars and clay brick substrates. Once placed, fresh mortar is dewatered by brick and during this time the volume fraction water content of the mortar is reduced. An equation is derived relating this change in water content to the bulk resistance of the mortar. Experimental measurements on hydraulic lime mortars placed in contact with brick prisms confirm the theoretical predictions. Further, the results indicate the time at which dewatering of a mortar bed of given depth is completed. The technique has then potential to be applied for in situ monitoring of dewatering as a means of giving insight into the associated changes in mechanical and chemical properties.     

Flame Emission Measurement of Alkali and Alkali Earth Metals Using Atomic Absorption Apparatus (2) Determination of Na in River Water

Flame Emission measurement of Na using an ordinary atomic absorption apparatus is performed in order to determine the concentration of Na in the surface water of the river Izumi, which is used for the irrigation of rice field in summer time.

The effect of acids and K on Na emission are studied and found to be eliminated when the proper conditions and positions of the flame is chosen. The recovery ratio of 8 ppm and 200 ppm Na added to the well water and river water, respectively, are found to be within 92–105%. This method can be applied to the routine analysis of Na in river water samples.     

埋藏哈密翼龙化石的雅丹风化的光谱分析——以大海道2号水源地雅丹为例

新疆哈密地区翼龙化石具有极高的科学研究价值。哈密翼龙动物群主要埋藏在早白垩世湖相地层形成的雅丹中，富集在风暴沉积层。化石一旦暴露地表，就会发生不同程度的自然风化破碎，尤其是见水或受潮后风化更为严重。哈密大海道2号水源地附近的雅丹底部由于地下水和间歇性地表水的作用，发生了严重的盐碱析出导致的强烈风化现象，造成雅丹下部剥落侵蚀和上层雅丹重力坍塌，从下到上不同地层的风化程度差异较大，底部地层的风化最为剧烈。对大海道雅丹地层剖面取样，利用多种分析方法确定每一层的岩性和可溶盐种类，从微观上揭示雅丹风化的机理。偏光显微观察和X射线衍射（XRD）结果显示每一层都含有石英、长石、方解石和粘土矿物，矿物组成无较大差异，但粘土含量差别较大。精确的可溶盐种类鉴别方法，包括离子色谱（IC）确定出样品中可溶盐离子含量及种类，拉曼光谱（Raman）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）鉴别出样品中的硝酸盐和硫酸盐，扫描电子显微镜能谱仪（SEM-EDS）鉴别出氯盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐。结果显示雅丹各风化层中最底层可溶盐主要是NaCl和Na₂SO₄，第二层是NaCl和CaCl₂，第三层是NaCl，盐种类/含量的差别是此处雅丹从下到上发生不同风化现象的重要原因。结合大海道雅丹所处的气候地理环境（极干旱高盐碱地区、水源地附近），探讨水盐活动规律并关联风化表现，分析该处雅丹风化原因，内因是每层沉积岩的岩性不同，外因是水和盐（NaCl，Na₂SO₄，CaCl₂）的共同作用下，强烈的水盐活动造成了埋藏有哈密翼龙化石的雅丹严重化学风化。这一风化机理也可很好地解释哈密翼龙化石及其围岩层受潮后的强烈风化破碎现象。