试谈“电磁互应”

本文沿对偶性的思路引进磁电感应概念与电磁感应对偶,统称为电磁互应．从位移电流引伸出磁电感应定律,并与法拉第电磁感应定律相对偶．引进广义电荷（随时间变化着的磁场）——潜性电荷,广义电流（随时间变化着的电场）——位移电流等对偶性的提法,力求使电磁理论中的对称性部分表述得更完整些．建议把“电磁感应与麦克斯韦方程组”表述为“电磁互应与麦克斯韦方程组”．     

带电粒子在四电荷点阵中的运动

本文讨论了带电粒子在四电荷点阵平面中所受的作用力以及不同初始条件下的运动。     

牛顿第三定律与电磁动量

对于该刊2008年第6期赵超先老师的文章《对有电磁作用时的牛顿第三定律的讨论》中的观点,我们有不同的看法。电荷与电荷、运动电荷与运动电荷之间的作用力是通过电磁场这种物质作用的,电荷受到的力是电磁场的作用力,而不是电荷之间直接作用的,所以,这些力不是作用与反作用力。     

与电象有关的互作用力及其所作功和互能

通过实例说明,用电场强度和功的定义可以直接计算与电象有关的互作用力、通过平移无限分离二体系的准静态过程中电场力所作的功,并根据功能关系定义了电象情形与真实情形的互能,指出两种情形下在无限分离二体系的过程中电场力所作的功及二体系的互能均不一定是半值关系．     

静电学中的固有能、相互作用能及有关问题

本文用场能的观点定义了电荷系统的固有能与电荷系统间的相互作用能，进而讨论了中性导体静电感应与线性介质极化中的能量问题，明确了两种运用功能原理求相互作用的作法与区别．     

一种新型BEPCII束团电荷测量系统

介绍了一种新型传感器Turbo-ICT在BEPCII输运线电荷量测量上的应用。 该探测器的电荷测量系统具有强抗干扰能力和较高的信噪比,能满足各种运行模式,尤其是Top-Up模式时的测量需求。介绍了该系统的工作原理、设计思想和功能。目前,该系统已在BEPCII电子输运线上在线应用于电荷量测量和注入效率的计算,文中给出了实际测量结果以及该系统进一步优化的方案。     

谈库仑定律的适用条件

1库仑定律的不同表述(1)人民教育出版社《普通高中课程标准试验教科书选修3-1》真空中两个静止点电荷之间的相互作用力,与它们的电荷量的乘积成正比,与它们的距离的二次方成反比,作用力的方向在它们的连线上[1].(2)广东教育出版社《普通高中课程标准试验教科书选修3-1》真空中两个点电荷之间的相互作用力,与它们的电荷量的乘积成正比,与它们的距离的二次方成反比,作用力的方向在它们的连线上[2].     

用约瑟夫森电荷比特系统实现一种特殊量子态的传输

构造了一种约瑟夫森电荷量子比特电路系统,并研究了四量子位态在该系统中的传输特性.对均匀与非均匀传输通道两种情形分别讨论了怎样通过控制外加磁通来实现激发态 1〉从第一量子位到第四量子位的理想传输.此外还分析了量子态在该系统中传输时的平均保真度,结果表明该系统不能传输一个任意态. 关键词： 量子态传输 约瑟夫森电荷比特     

过渡金属氧化物中新奇量子态与电荷-自旋互转换研究进展

为了满足信息技术时代下海量数据的高效存储及处理,具有低功耗、非易失性的自旋电子器件受到极大关注.能够高效产生自旋流的自旋源材料是新型自旋-轨道力矩器件的重要组成部分.近二十年来,在探索具有高效产生自旋流的材料体系,以及理解材料相关物理机制两方面都取得了较大的进展.最近,在过渡金属氧化物中涌现出许多与产生自旋流密切相关的新奇量子态,成为自旋源的新兴材料体系被广泛研究.研究结果表明,过渡金属氧化物具有对电子结构高度敏感、显著且灵活可调的电荷-自旋转换效率,具有巨大的应用潜力.本文主要综述了过渡金属氧化物中新奇的电子能带结构及其与电荷-自旋互转换的关联机制,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

厚度对非极性聚合物薄膜驻极体电荷储存及电荷动态特性的影响

以Du Pont公司的商用Teflon FEP A型薄膜为例，通过热脉冲技术、等温表面电位衰减测量和开路热刺激放电电流谱分析等实验结果，讨论了经常温和高温电晕充电后样品厚度对薄膜驻极体的沉积电荷密度、薄膜驻极体的内电场、体电导率以及电荷储存稳定性的影响.通过热脉冲技术组合电导率温度曲线的测量，研究了在不同温度条件下样品厚度对沉积电荷层的平均电荷重心移动的影响.结果表明：在充电参数一定的条件下，随着膜厚的降低，储存电荷密度上升，但电荷稳定性有所下降.因此，合理地调控薄膜厚度，可以有效地优化驻极体的电荷储存能 关键词： 厚度 驻极体 电荷储存能力 电荷稳定性     

导体与点电荷之间的相互作用能的一点讨论

不带电荷的导体移到点电荷的静电场中时,导体表面会产生感应电荷.我们证明对任意形状的导体,导体和点电荷之间的相互作用能是点电荷与其镜象电荷之间库仑作用能的1/2,并且对此结果给出一个非常简单的解释.     

Arrays of Charged (±2π)-Twist Disclinations in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

The notion of an electrostatic charge of (±2)-twist disclinations is used to approximate the evaluation of the electrostatic interaction energy among disclinations forming arrays in finite samples of ferroelectric chiral smectic C liquid crystals. Screening effects of free charges in a material surrounding the disclination are taken into account by introducing a phenomenological depolarisation factor.The electrostatic interaction energy is important in chiral smectic C materials with high values of the spontaneous polarisation when screening effects of free charges are small. Then the electrostatic interaction leads to elimination of disclinations from the sample. When there is a high concentration of free charges in the sample (smaller value of depolarisation factor), the electrostatic interaction energy is of the order of the elastic interaction energy of disclinations what influences the equilibrium of disclination arrays in the sample. Two disclination configurations are considered. In the Brunet-Williams configuration the disclinations of opposite topological charge have also the opposite electrostatic charge so their attraction is augmented. This attraction can be balanced by the helical structure in the central part of the sample when the sample thickness is rather high.On the contrary, in the Glogarová-Pavel configuration the disclinations of opposite topological charge have the electrostatic charge of the same sign. The equilibrium in this configuration is either a balance of elastic attraction and electrostatic repulsion if elastic and Coulomb forces are of the same order or it is governed by the value of the anchoring energy when electrostatic interaction prevails over the elastic one.     

Two identical conducting spheres with same potential in a uniform electric field

Interaction, polarization, and charges or electric field distribution of conducting spheres in applied electric field are in many fields including electrorheological fluids, electrophoresis, and electrical engineering. A system with two equipotential conducting spheres in an applied uniform electric field is analyzed by image method. A new method is put forward to calculate the image charges distribution when using image method, which ensures the validity of image method to analyze equipotential cases. An apparatus is constructed to measure the force experimentally as well. Results show that the distribution of electric field and electric interaction are different with the case not equipotential.     

两块带电导体的相互作用能

导出了两块导体在给定电量，给定电势时和一块给定电量，另一块给定电势时，3种情况下的相互作用能公式，并从电磁场能量和导体有量两个角度来表示互作用能公式，指出带电导体之间的互作用能一般由电势能，导体带电状态改变做功和外电源提供的能量这3部分构成。     

Dynamics of One‐Dimensional Electrons With Broken Spin–Charge Separation

Spin–charge separation is known to be broken in many physically interesting one‐dimensional (1D) and quasi‐1D systems with spin–orbit interaction because of which spin and charge degrees of freedom are mixed in collective excitations. Mixed spin–charge modes carry an electric charge and therefore can be investigated by electrical means. We explore this possibility by studying the dynamic conductance of a 1D electron system with image‐potential‐induced spin–orbit interaction. The real part of the admittance reveals an oscillatory behavior versus frequency that reflects the collective excitation resonances for both modes at their respective transit frequencies. By analyzing the frequency dependence of the conductance the mode velocities can be found and their spin–charge structure can be determined quantitatively.     

Multicomponent approximation for evaluation of nonequilibrium charge fractions of ions passing through thin films

A method is proposed to calculate the nonequilibrium charge fractions and mean charges of light ions, depending on film thickness. The calculated results are presented for three charge fractions of 0.75 MeV/nucleon B ion beam, passing through the organic film, and for four charge fractions of 2 MeV/nucleon Ne beam, passing through the carbon film. The dependence of energy loss on the initial charge of projectile Ne ions and target thickness in the nonequilibrium conditions is examined.     

The most general form of the vector potential in electrodynamics

The most general form of the vector potential is deduced in curved spacetime using general relativity. It is shown that the longitudinal and timelike components of the vector potential exist in general and are richly structured. Electromagnetic energy from the vacuum is given by the quaternion valued canonical energy-momentum. It is argued that a dipole intercepts such energy and uses it for the generation of electromotive force. Whittaker’sU(l) decomposition of the scalar potential applied to the potential between the poles of a dipole, shows that the dipole continuously receives electromagnetic energy from the complex plane and emits it in real space. The known broken 3-symmetry of the dipole results in a relaxation from 3-flow symmetry to 4-flow symmetry. Considered with its clustering virtual charges of opposite sign, an isolated charge becomes a set of composite dipoles, each having a potential between its poles that, inU(1) electrodynamics, is composed of the Whittaker structure and dynamics. Thus the source charge continuously emits energy in all directions in 3-space while obeying 4-space energy conservation. This resolves the long-vexing problem of the association of the “source” charge and its fields and potentials. In initiating 4-flow symmetry while breaking 3-flow symmetry, the charge, as a set of dipoles, initiates a reordering of a fraction of the surrounding vacuum energy, with the reordering spreading in all directions at the speed of light and involving canonical determinism between time currents and spacial energy currents. This constitutes a giant, spreading negentropy which continues as long as the dipole (or charge) is intact. Some implications of this previously unsuspected giant negentropy are pointed out for the Poynting energy flow theory, and as to how electrical circuits and loads are powered.     

Li掺杂少层MoS2的电荷分布及与石墨和氮化硼片的比较

基于第一性原理计算, 研究了Li掺杂的少层(1-3层) MoS₂的电荷分布, 并与石墨片和BN片的电荷分布特征进行了比较. 与石墨片和BN片相同的是: 电荷转移的大部分只发生在Li与最靠近Li的第一层MoS₂之间. 然而, 第二层和第三层MoS₂也能获得10%的转移电荷, 而石墨片和BN片的第二层和第三层得不到2%的电荷. 结合静电能和功函数的分析可知, MoS₂、石墨片和BN片的电荷分布主要由层间的静电相互作用和功函数来决定. 这些研究结果对于揭示具有多层结构的电荷分布特征及其电子器件的设计提供了理论支持.     

Dielectric mismatch and shallow donor impurities in GaN/HfO2 quantum wells

In this work we investigate electron–impurity binding energy in GaN/HfO₂ quantum wells. The calculation considers simultaneously all energy contributions caused by the dielectric mismatch: (i) image self-energy (i.e., interaction between electron and its image charge), (ii) the direct Coulomb interaction between the electron–impurity and (iii) the interactions among electron and impurity image charges. The theoretical model account for the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the results shows how the magnitude of the electron–impurity binding energy depends on the position of impurity in the well-barrier system. The role of the large dielectric constant in the barrier region is exposed with the comparison of the results for GaN/HfO₂ with those of a more typical GaN/AlN system, for two different confinement regimes: narrow and wide quantum wells.