不同密度物质分布对暴涨宇宙演化影响的研究

获得了相关于宇宙暴涨的具有一般形式的物质密度ρ的表达式,解出了表征宇宙标度因子演化的一般解,得到当宇宙学常数对物质密度的贡献大于零时有指数复合函数形式的一般暴涨,当宇宙学常数对密度的贡献小于零时宇宙有余弦复合函数形式的演化.当一般密度函数的参数取特殊值时,回到通常人们得到的解,而且找出了影响宇宙暴涨的一个新的动力学参数C.     

弗里德曼模型中静态宇宙条件的两个等效解法

弗里德曼模型是描述当前宇宙的标准模型.其中静态宇宙条件下的物质密度和宇宙常数密度解析关系,对应于无大爆炸区的边界,是宇宙学领域的一个经典问题.经典解法从弗里德曼方程出发,通过消除高斯曲率和标度因子,获得物质密度和宇宙常数密度的相关方程,然后解出.整个推导过程较为曲折复杂.本文给出了一种简单便捷的等效方法.新方法利用哈勃常数的表达式,根据基本物理量的实际取值范围,将问题转化为数学极值问题,从而获得解决.     

充满物质的Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙的稳定性

研究了在含有宇宙(学)常数的Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙模型中,充满、满足p=(γ-1)ρ物质宇宙的稳定性.通过计算引力波的扰动,以及dp/dp=γ-1的扰动,得到对于ε=-1,Λ<0,满足Einstein场方程的宇宙只要γ≥0是不稳定的. 关键词： 充满物质的Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙 虫洞 时空稳定性     

10维紧致baby宇宙模型与量子引力中的几率函数

本文计算了10维紧致baby宇宙模型中的量子几率函数.我们发现仅对于Yang-Mills baby宇宙,流形紧致到四维时空的几率才可能最大.同时讨论了与此有关的大Wormholes疑难问题.     

哈勃常数危机

哈勃常数定量刻画了当前宇宙的膨胀速率,精确测定哈勃常数是现代宇宙学的一个重要科学问题.近年来,哈勃常数的局域直接测量值与全局模型拟合值之间出现了越来越严重的偏差,其中局域直接测量值来自于晚期宇宙的局域距离阶梯测量结果,而全局模型拟合值来自于早期宇宙的微波背景辐射对宇宙学标准模型的观测限制.如果该偏差不是由其中任何一种观测手段的观测误差和系统误差所致,那么很有可能意味着存在超出宇宙学标准模型的新物理.本文从观测和模型两方面简述该哈勃常数危机问题,并结合作者近年来对此问题的研究从观测和模型两方面进行展望.     

华罗庚与爱因斯坦相对论及其扩展——纪念华罗庚诞辰一百周年

华罗庚先生运用矩阵几何与投影几何,研究并简化了爱因斯坦狭义相对论的基本原理,得到惯性运动的对称性,并促进了对德西特不变的狭义相对论的研究.他的深入考察至今仍引领着我们如何面对精确宇宙学的挑战.爱因斯坦相对论作为以宇宙常数Λ>0为特征的宇观物理学的基础面临疑难.相对性原理应该扩充到具有两个不变普适常数c和l,具有24个生成元的惯性运动对称性的相对性原理.于是,存在庞加莱、德西特和反德西特不变的3种相对论,伴随着对偶庞加莱运动学,它们构成相对论三位一体.取……,德西特相对论提供宇观尺度之新运动学,亦可避开相对性的宇宙佯谬.华老不仅是大数学家,而且是大思想家和大教育家,是一位为复兴中华民族而奉献终身的伟大代表.     

利用哈勃参数直接诊断标准暗能量模型

正宇宙加速膨胀的发现使得现代宇宙学和理论物理的研究面临一个重大的挑战。包括Ia型超新星、宇宙微波背景辐射(CMB)、重子声波振荡(BAO)等不同的观测方法,都证实了宇宙加速膨胀这一个现象,且探测的结果都和宇宙学常数项Λ不随时间演化的基本假设保持一致。尽管观测结果倾向于此,Λ不随时间演化这一个简单的假设却存在着争议。包括巧合性问题,精细调节问题还是没有得到很好的解决。实际上,很多暗能     

宇宙年龄问题上的疑难

宇宙年龄是大爆炸宇宙学中的一个关键性的问题．文章对这问题的缘由、历史以及现状作了阐明．重点讨论了哈勃常数的实测值大小在宇宙年龄问题中的核心作用     

爱因斯坦宇宙常数和宇宙中暗能量

综述了宇宙在加速膨胀的观察证据,从爱因斯坦场方程和动力学方程出发详细分析爱因斯坦引入宇宙常数在宇宙加速膨胀中的作用,探讨宇宙常数和宇宙中暗能量的关系．     

利用羊八井RPC‘地毯’测量哈勃常数和红外背景辐射的可能性

利用宇宙背景光子对河外高能γ射线的吸收,讨论了西藏羊八井RPC‘地毯’实验测量哈勃常数和宇宙红外背景辐射的可能性.指出羊八井RPC‘地毯’实验可以在1–3年内较精确地测量哈勃常数和红外背景辐射.     

宇宙学常数疑难

当代天文学的一系列观测事实都支持应该存在一个非零的正的宇宙学常数，但是，人们发现当前宇宙学常数值太小，而且宇宙学常数即真空能量密度与现在的物质密度巧合地具有相同的量级，然而现有物理学理论还无法给出合理的解释，因此宇宙学常数问题成为物理学和天文学上最重大的疑难之一。文章综述了近年来宇宙在加速膨胀这一重大的天文发现和宇宙学常数的观测结果以及当前理论物理学在宇宙学常数问题上的一些尝试。     

Cosmological constant—the weight of the vacuum

Recent cosmological observations suggest the existence of a positive cosmological constant Λ with the magnitude Λ(G/c³)≈10⁻¹²³. This review discusses several aspects of the cosmological constant both from the cosmological (Sections 1–6) and field theoretical (Sections 7–11) perspectives. After a brief introduction to the key issues related to cosmological constant and a historical overview, a summary of the kinematics and dynamics of the standard Friedmann model of the universe is provided. The observational evidence for cosmological constant, especially from the supernova results, and the constraints from the age of the universe, structure formation, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) anisotropies and a few others are described in detail, followed by a discussion of the theoretical models (quintessence, tachyonic scalar field, …) from different perspectives. The latter part of the review (Sections 7–11) concentrates on more conceptual and fundamental aspects of the cosmological constant like some alternative interpretations of the cosmological constant, relaxation mechanisms to reduce the cosmological constant to the currently observed value, the geometrical structure of the de Sitter spacetime, thermodynamics of the de Sitter universe and the role of string theory in the cosmological constant problem.     

Constraining extended theories of gravity using Solar System tests

Solar System tests give nowadays constraints on the estimated value of the cosmological constant, which can be accurately derived from different experiments regarding gravitational redshift, light deflection, gravitational time-delay and geodesic precession. Assuming that each reasonable theory of gravitation should satisfy Solar System tests, we use these limits on the estimated value of the cosmological constant to constrain extended theories of Gravity, which are nowadays studied as possible theories for cosmological models and provide viable solutions to the cosmological constant problem and the explanation of the present acceleration of the Universe. We obtain that the estimated values, from Solar System tests, for the parameters appearing in the extended theories of Gravity are orders of magnitude bigger than the values obtained in the framework of cosmologically relevant theories.     

The solution of the cosmological constant problem from the inhomogeneous equation of state — a hint from modified gravity?

The cosmological constant problem is studied in a two component cosmological model. The universe contains a cosmological constant of an arbitrary size and sign and an additional component with an inhomogeneous equation of state. It is shown that, in a proper parameter regime, the expansion of the universe with a large absolute value of the cosmological constant may asymptotically tend to de Sitter space corresponding to a small effective positive cosmological constant. It is argued that such a behavior can be regarded as a solution of the cosmological constant problem in this model. The mechanism behind the relaxation of the cosmological constant is discussed. A connection with modified gravity theories is discussed and an example of a possible realization of the cosmological constant relaxation in f(R) modified gravity is described.     

Surface tension and the cosmological constant

One of the few predictions from quantum gravity models is Sorkin's observation that the cosmological constant has quantum fluctuations originating in the fundamental discreteness of spacetime at the Planck scale. Here we present a compelling analogy between the cosmological constant of the Universe and the surface tension of fluid membranes. The discreteness of spacetime on the Planck scale translates into the discrete molecular structure of a fluid membrane. We propose an analog quantum gravity experiment which realizes Sorkin's idea in the laboratory. We also notice that the analogy sheds light on the cosmological constant problem, suggesting a mechanism for dynamically generating a vanishingly small cosmological constant. We emphasize the generality of Sorkin's idea and suggest that similar effects occur generically in quantum gravity models.     

Phenomenological models of Universe with varying G and Λ

In this article we will consider several phenomenological models for the Universe with varying G and Λ(t), where G is the gravitational ”constant” and Λ(t) is a varying cosmological ”constant”. Two-component fluid model are taken into account. An interaction of the phenomenological form between a barotropic fluid and a quintessence DE is supposed. Three different forms of Λ(t) will be considered. The problem is analysed numerically and behavior of different cosmological parameters investigated graphically. Conclusion and discussions are given at the end of the work. In an Appendix information concerning to the other cosmological parameters is presented.     

Stress-energy connection and cosmological constant problem

We study gravitational properties of vacuum energy by erecting a geometry on the stress-energy tensor of vacuum, matter and radiation. Postulating that the gravitational effects of matter and radiation can be formulated by an appropriate modification of the spacetime connection, we obtain varied geometrodynamical equations which properly comprise the usual gravitational field equations with, however, Planck-suppressed, non-local, higher-dimensional additional terms. The prime novelty brought about by the formalism is that, the vacuum energy does act not as the cosmological constant but as the source of the gravitational constant. The formalism thus deafens the cosmological constant problem by channeling vacuum energy to gravitational constant. Nevertheless, quantum gravitational effects, if any, restore the problem via the graviton and graviton-matter loops, and the mechanism proposed here falls short of taming such contributions to cosmological constant.     

Categorizing Different Approaches to the Cosmological Constant Problem

We have found that proposals addressing the old cosmological constant problem come in various categories. The aim of this paper is to identify as many different, credible mechanisms as possible and to provide them with a code for future reference. We find that they all can be classified into five different schemes of which we indicate the advantages and drawbacks     

A Note on the Cosmic Neutrino Background and the Cosmological Constant

We point out that by considering the cosmic neutrino background and the recently obtained neutrino mass, we can deduce the correct value of the cosmological constant, thus resolving the so called cosmological constant problem.     

Gravitational coupling,dynamical changes of units and the cosmological constant problem

A spacetime interval connecting two neighbouring points can be measured in different unit systems.For instance,it can be measured in atomic unit defined in terms of fundamental constants existing in quantum theories.It is also possible to use a gravitational unit which is defined by the use of properties of macroscopic objects.These two unit systems are usually regarded as indistinguishable up to a constant conversion factor.Here we consider the possibility that these two units are related by an epoch-dependent conversion factor.This is a dynamical changes of units.Regarding a conformal transformation as a local unit transformation,we use a gravitational model in which the gravitational and the matter sectors are given in different conformal frames(or unit systems).It is relevant to the cosmological constant problem,namely the huge discrepancy between the estimated and the observational values of the cosmological constant in particle physics and cosmology,respectively.We argue that the problem arises when one ignores evolution of the conversion factor relating the two units during expansion of the Universe.Connection of the model with violation of equivalence principle and possible variation of fundamental constants are also discussed.