气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理研究

为探究气泡与自由液面相互作用形成水射流的机理,利用高速摄影系统对电火花引起的气泡脉动和水射流现象进行了实验研究.通过改变气泡初始深度,得到了不同无量纲距离条件下气泡与自由面相互作用形成水射流和气泡脉动的动态过程的图像.通过对不同工况下水射流的形成过程的图像进行分析,发现气泡二次脉动引起的水面扰动与一次脉动引起的水面扰动的叠加是产生不同水面现象的实质性机理,而气泡距离自由液面的无量纲距离对两次扰动的叠加效果起着决定性影响.研究结果可以为气泡与自由液面相互作用导致不同水面现象的认知提供新的视角和参考.     

气泡与自由液面相互作用的实验研究

气泡在不同边界附近运动时,其运动特性与在自由场中相比会发生很大变化,特别是当气泡在近自由面附近运动时, 与自由面发生强烈的耦合作用而产生极其复杂的水面现象.为探究其规律,在前人研究的基础上, 采用电火花生成气泡,利用高速摄影系统对气泡与自由液面的相互作用进行了实验观察和研究. 通过对大量实验数据的分析和整理,总结了自由液面的存在对气泡最大半径、脉动周期、射流时间以及射流宽度的影响, 并初步拟合了放电电压与气泡最大半径的关系.对不同水冢现象的具体过程进行了分类和详细的描述, 得出了发生不同水冢现象的决定因素,同时统计得到相同初始条件下水柱最大高度随无量纲距离的变化规律, 为气泡与自由液面相互作用的研究提供了参考.     

刚性柱附近浅水爆炸荷载特性研究

刚性柱附近浅水爆炸时冲击波传播、气泡射流受多种因素影响。考虑水面、水底、刚性柱与水下爆炸冲击波及气泡的耦合作用,基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,建立浅水爆炸全耦合模型,通过经验公式验证有限元模型的正确性。研究表明:采用炸药直径1/3～1/2中心渐变网格能够较好地保证数值模拟精度。在冲击波传播阶段,刚性柱迎爆区冲击波峰值上升并产生切断现象,冲击波下降段被"截断",而背爆区冲击波峰值衰减约50%,同时正压作用时间增加;在气泡脉动阶段,气泡在收缩阶段产生指向刚性柱的气泡射流,当刚性柱与炸药之间的距离约为一个气泡半径时,刚性柱附近的脉冲荷载增幅最大,脉冲荷载最大测点水深较爆心上移。     

距离参数对浅水中气泡运动影响规律的实验和数值模拟

当爆炸气泡在浅水中运动时,同时受到自由面和水底壁面的作用而产生极其复杂的水面现象,气泡的运动特性与在自由场中或单一边界附近处爆炸相比会发生很大变化。为探究其规律,通过电火花诱导气泡实验,利用高速摄影技术对气泡与组合多边界的相互作用进行了研究,总结了自由面距离(γ_f)和壁面距离(γ_w)对气泡运动和水冢类型的影响。并用OpenFOAM进行了数值模拟,分析了距离参数对射流载荷的影响。结果表明:自由面距离参数较壁面距离参数对水冢类型影响更大;射流速度随自由面距离的增大而减小,在0γ_w2时,射流速度随壁面距离的增大先减小后增大;壁面压力与距离呈负相关,射流冲击面积与距离呈正相关。     

水下气体喷射噪声特性研究

水下气体喷射形成了复杂气液流场,同时伴有频带宽、声压大的排气噪声产生。为研究水下排气流动状态与声压频谱之间的关系,建立水下排气噪声测试系统对水下排气形成的两相流场和排气噪声频谱进行了试验研究。结果表明随着排气速度的逐渐增大,排气形成的两相流场由气泡流态过渡为射流流态。伴随着流态的转换,气液边界面附近不稳定,形成大量体积较小气泡,这些小气泡在排气形成的湍流场激振作用下产生共振,从而辐射噪声;另一方面,这些气泡体积小,表面张力大,当多个气泡相互作用以及气泡形态发生变化时将释放出更高的能量,这些能量会辐射形成噪声;喷射流场的流态对水下排气噪声中频段声压峰值有较大的影响。当射流场由气泡流态过渡为射流流态后,2 kHz处对应的声压峰值呈非线性增大。     

圆形破口附近气泡动态特性实验研究

以往对于壁面附近气泡动态特性的研究均是针对完整壁面进行的, 而对带破口壁面附近气泡运动特性的研究很少, 例如舰船结构在遭受药包爆炸冲击波作用后形成破口, 其仍可能会遭受随后生成气泡的二次打击, 破口的存在必定会影响爆炸生成气泡的动力学行为. 本文采用电火花气泡生成与观察实验装置, 对带有破口的壁面附近气泡脉动和射流特性进行研究.通过实验发现, 当气泡在破口同心位置生成时, 破口的存在会使气泡靠近破口一侧形成"腔吸现象", 并使气泡形成对射流. 在此基础上分析了破口大小和无量纲距离对破口附近气泡的影响规律, 最后讨论气泡在破口偏心位置生成时的运动特性, 结果发现破口附近气泡的二次打击威力随偏心距离的增加而增加, 文章旨在为不同边界附近气泡运动规律研究提供参考. 关键词： 气泡 实验 破口 射流     

爆炸深度对浅水爆炸气泡脉动的影响

考虑水面和水底的影响,采用ALE算法构建浅水爆炸全耦合模型,运用LS-DYNA对不同爆炸深度下的浅水爆炸进行数值模拟,通过与COLE经验公式对比,验证了模拟的可靠性。考察了不同爆炸深度下气泡脉动的形态及荷载特性,并分析了爆炸深度对浅水爆炸气泡脉动的影响。结果表明:随着爆炸深度增大,气泡脉动受自由面和重力的影响减小,受静水压力和边界面的影响增大,气泡收缩时产生的射流方向由向下逐渐转变为向上,气泡最大半径到达时间和脉动周期亦增大;比冲量随水深增大而增长的趋势先增强后减弱,当爆炸深度靠近水底时,荷载分布基本趋于一致,但荷载沿传播距离的衰减速度随着爆炸深度增大而变缓;危险爆炸深度随测量深度增大而增大的趋势先陡后缓,至趋近水底面后基本不再变化。     

爆炸气泡与自由水面相互作用动力学研究

为探究爆炸水幕形态与水下流场变化之间的联系,设计了小当量RDX装药水箱内爆炸实验系统.采用两台高速录像机同步拍摄了气泡和水幕形态的演变过程,获得了三种典型气泡形态和六种典型水幕形态.通过观察气泡-水面-空气之间的流场变化和理论分析,揭示了六种形态水幕的演变规律及其形成机理,并与电火花形成气泡实验结果进行了对比分析.通过对不同比例深度条件下的气泡横向半径、纵向半径、膨胀时间、脉动周期、气泡边界运动过程等的统计分析,揭示了近水面水下爆炸形成气泡的动力学过程.     

超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

流体黏性及表面张力对气泡运动特性的影响

基于气泡边界层理论,引入黏性修正,采用边界积分法,考虑黏性效应和表面张力在单气泡以及双气泡耦合作用过程中的影响.首先将建立的数值模型与Rayleigh-Plesset的解析解进行对比,发现二者符合良好,验证了数值模型的有效性;在此基础上,建立考虑流体弱黏性效应的双气泡耦合模型,研究流体黏性和表面张力作用下,气泡表面变形、射流速度、流场能量转换等物理量的变化规律;最后研究雷诺数和韦伯数对于气泡脉动特性的影响规律.结果表明,流体黏性会抑制气泡脉动和气泡射流发展,降低气泡半径和射流速度;表面张力不改变气泡脉动幅值,但缩短了脉动周期,提升气泡势能.     

Investigation on the cavitation bubble collapse and the movement characteristics near spherical particles based on Weiss theorem

In this paper, the cavitation bubble dynamics near two spherical particles of the same size are investigated theoretically and experimentally. According to the Weiss theorem, the flow characteristics and the Kelvin impulse are obtained and supported by the sufficient experimental data. In terms of the initial bubble position, the bubble size and the distance between the two particles, the collapse morphology and the movement characteristics of the bubble are revealed in detail. The main findings include: (1) Based on a large number of experimental results, it is found that the Kelvin impulse theoretical model established in this paper can effectively predict the movement characteristics of the cavitation bubble near two particles of the same size. (2) When the initial bubble position is gradually away from the particles along the horizontal symmetry axis near two particles of the same size, the movement distance of the bubble centroid in the first period increases first and then decreases. (3) When the initial position of the bubble centroid is at the asymmetric position near the two particles, the movement direction of the bubble centroid is biased towards the particle closer to the bubble, but not towards the center of this particle.     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

Dynamic behavior of a single bubble between the free surface and rigid wall

The objective of this paper is to apply high-speed photography and schlieren method to investigate the bubble dynamics between the free surface and a rigid wall. The temporal evolution of the bubble shape and the free surface motion are recorded by two synchronous high-speed cameras. Experiments are carried out for a single bubble generated at various normalized stand-off distances from bubble center to the free surface and to the rigid wall. The results show that (1) three distinctive patterns are identified with the morphology of the bubble and free surface, namely single toroidal bubble without spike (STB), single toroidal bubble with a spike (STBS) and double toroidal bubbles with a spike (DTBS). (2) The dynamic characteristics of the bubble at collapse and rebound stage vary evidently at different patterns, including the bubble shape variations and free surface motion. In detail, the schlieren images show the formation and propagation of shock waves, which explains the radiative process of bubble collapse energy. (3) Qualitative comparisons are carried out for the bubble and free surface at the same pattern. And quantitative analyses are conducted for the jet velocity, bubble collapse position, bubble collapse time and spike height, etc. for different values of bubble-rigid wall distance.     

Collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall

In the present paper, the collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall is experimentally investigated with a high-speed photography system. For a symmetrical setup, the two primary control parameters of the bubble collapsing behavior include the equivalent maximum bubble radius and the distance between the bubble and the edge of the rigid wall. Based on the bubble interface deformation during the collapsing process, three typical cases are identified for the categorization of the phenomenon with the influences of the parameters revealed. Through a quantitative analysis of the obtained high-speed photos, the motions of the bubble interface in different directions are given together with the calculations of the bubble centroid. The primary findings of the present paper could be summarized in terms of the bubble-edge distance as follows. When the bubble is close to the edge, the movement of the bubble interface near the edge will be restricted with a clear neck formation in the middle part of the bubble. For this case, the edge could delay the bubble collapsing time up to 22% of the Rayleigh collapsing time. When the bubble is of the medium distance to the edge, the differences of the expansion or shrinkage of the bubble interface among different directions will be reduced with an olive-shaped bubble formed during the collapsing process. For this range of parameters, the bubble moves rapidly toward the edge especially during the final collapsing stage. When the bubble is far away from the edge, the bubble will be a nearly spherical one.     

Modeling of surface cleaning by cavitation bubble dynamics and collapse

Surface cleaning using cavitation bubble dynamics is investigated numerically through modeling of bubble dynamics, dirt particle motion, and fluid material interaction. Three fluid dynamics models; a potential flow model, a viscous model, and a compressible model, are used to describe the flow field generated by the bubble all showing the strong effects bubble explosive growth and collapse have on a dirt particle and on a layer of material to remove. Bubble deformation and reentrant jet formation are seen to be responsible for generating concentrated pressures, shear, and lift forces on the dirt particle and high impulsive loads on a layer of material to remove. Bubble explosive growth is also an important mechanism for removal of dirt particles, since strong suction forces in addition to shear are generated around the explosively growing bubble and can exert strong forces lifting the particles from the surface to clean and sucking them toward the bubble. To model material failure and removal, a finite element structure code is used and enables simulation of full fluid–structure interaction and investigation of the effects of various parameters. High impulsive pressures are generated during bubble collapse due to the impact of the bubble reentrant jet on the material surface and the subsequent collapse of the resulting toroidal bubble. Pits and material removal develop on the material surface when the impulsive pressure is large enough to result in high equivalent stresses exceeding the material yield stress or its ultimate strain. Cleaning depends on parameters such as the relative size between the bubble at its maximum volume and the particle size, the bubble standoff distance from the particle and from the material wall, and the excitation pressure field driving the bubble dynamics. These effects are discussed in this contribution.     

Influence of rigid wall on the nonlinear pulsation of nearby bubble

This paper mainly focuses on the nonlinear pulsation of a bubble near the rigid wall. Dynamics of near-wall bubble and free bubble are discussed and compared in details. Investigation reveals as the driving acoustic pressure amplitude increases, nonlinear pulsation of bubble becomes intense gradually. Besides, decreasing the viscosity of host liquid is advantageous for the nonlinear pulsation of bubble. Bifurcation diagrams of bubble radius show acoustic reflection of the rigid wall makes the initial bifurcation appear at low driving acoustic amplitude and on bubble with small ambient radius, and makes the bifurcation still exist for bubble in high-viscosity liquids. That indicates the rigid wall will produce enhancement on the nonlinearity of nearby bubble. As the bubble approaches the wall, the enhancement becomes strong. Moreover, research on the influence of driving frequency shows the rigid wall makes the frequency band corresponding to chaos around the resonant frequency of free bubble shift downward.     

上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳特性研究

本文针对毫米量级的上浮气泡在壁面处的弹跳现象进行数值研究.基于势流方法求解气泡的运动,同时考虑气泡的表面张力作用.在伯努利方程中,对气泡与壁面之间水膜中因黏性引起的压力梯度进行修正,开发相应的计算程序,计算值与实验值符合良好.从气泡弹跳的基本现象入手,研究了特征参数对气泡弹跳过程的动态特性以及最终平衡形态的影响.发现随着泡在撞击壁面之前上浮距离增大,气泡回弹距离和弹跳周期增加,但是当上浮距离增加到一定程度后将不会影响气泡的弹跳特性;表面张力是影响气泡弹跳特性的重要因素,气泡的弹跳周期随其增大逐渐减小,但回弹距离却呈现先增后减的规律;最后,影响气泡最终平衡形态的主要因素是气泡的浮力参数与韦伯数.     

近壁面气泡运动特性的数值计算

采用体积加速度模型确定水下爆炸气泡运动的初始条件,基于MSC.DYTRAN有限元软件开发了定义流场初始条件和边界条件的子程序,对气泡在水平刚性壁面附近的运动特性进行了数值模拟,通过对比发现数值计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性,证明了初始条件定义、子程序开发和有限元模型建立的正确性和数值计算的准确性。以此为基础,研究了水深、泡心与刚性底面之间的距离对气泡动态特性和射流速度的影响,通过数值计算得到了一些有规律的曲线。计算模型、方法及结果对相关的工程研究和计算具有一定的参考价值。     

Transportation of Two Coupled Particles in an Asymmetric Saw-Tooth Potential

Based on a simple model,we theoretically show the transport behaviors of two harmonically coupled Brownian particles in an asymmetric saw-tooth potential with two slopes.The coupled particles are subject to stochastic fluctuations.It is found that when the equilibrium distance of the coupled particles is between the two slopes of the potential,the transport direction of the coupled particles will be reversed with a certain harmonic coupling strength.This current reversal can be easily understood with the near rigid approximation,where the two coupled particles can be regarded as a single particle in an effective potential.Compared with the original saw-tooth potential,the asymmetry of the effective potential could be reversed when the equilibrium distance is between the two slopes of the original potential,which results in the current reversal.