基于周期性边界条件的分块量子化学方法对液态水的从头算分子动力学模拟

本文利用分块量子化学方法,实现了在周期性边界条件下应用二阶微扰(MP2)理论对液态水的从头算分子动力学模拟. 通过采用aug-cc-pVDZ基组,MP2理论可以精确地描述水分子之间的相互作用势能面,因而在描述水的各项理化性质方面,MP2有望提供比密度泛函理论更加精确的结果. 本研究计算了多种水的结构及动力学性质,包括径向分布函数,扩散系数,偶极矩,三个临近氧原子的角度分布,氢键结构,都得到了与实验观测一致的结果. 因此,周期性边界量子分块方法可以作为一种研究水的物质结构的可靠理论方法,并且有望促进水科学领域争议性问题的解决. 同时,该方法具有普适性和可扩展性,为有效应用高精度量子化学从头算方法计算其他凝聚态体系提供了理论框架.     

基于周期性边界条件的分块量子化学方法对液态水的从头算分子动力学模拟（英文）

本文利用分块量子化学方法,实现了在周期性边界条件下应用二阶微扰(MP2)理论对液态水的从头算分子动力学模拟.通过采用aug-cc-pVDZ基组,MP2理论可以精确地描述水分子之间的相互作用势能面,因而在描述水的各项理化性质方面,MP2有望提供比密度泛函理论更加精确的结果.本研究计算了多种水的结构及动力学性质,包括径向分布函数,扩散系数,偶极矩,三个临近氧原子的角度分布,氢键结构,都得到了与实验观测一致的结果.因此,周期性边界量子分块方法可以作为一种研究水的物质结构的可靠理论方法,并且有望促进水科学领域争议性问题的解决.同时,该方法具有普适性和可扩展性,为有效应用高精度量子化学从头算方法计算其他凝聚态体系提供了理论框架.     

理论研究C8H8O-(H2O)n(n=1～5)团簇

应用密度泛函B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p)方法对C8H8O-(H2O)n(n=1~5)团簇这种弱相互作用体系进行全自由度能量梯度优化,得到该系列团簇的稳定结构.计算结果表明,在该系列二元团簇中,一方面水分子数目的多少对苯基丙酮分子的结构影响很小,另一方面由于苯基丙酮分子的存在,破坏了团簇中水分子的对称性结构,在团簇内部极力形成O-H-O这样弯曲的有方向性的氢键.对苯基丙酮-水这样结构复杂的团簇,指认光谱的难度非常大,本文只讨论了与C=O有关的振动峰和水分子的对称伸缩振动的最强峰.     

团簇红外吸收谱的理论研究

根据时间关联函数理论，可以结合分子动力学模拟而计算团簇的红外吸收谱. 应用正交紧束缚分子动力学模拟，计算了C₆₀的红外吸收谱. 结果与实验相符，足以识别团簇 体系的红外吸收谱. 这将是研究纳米团簇体系的有力理论分析工具. 关键词： 红外吸收谱 团簇 时间关联函数     

C36团簇生长动力学及自由能

在2300 K的气相条件下,采用经典分子动力学方法对C₃₆团簇的生长过程进行模拟,并计算生长过程中出现的势能最低的20个异构体的相对概率.计算结果表明:团簇系统在100 ns左右达到动态平衡,出现概率最大的异构体是_2d而不是势能最低的D_6h.对于某些势能和自由能均较高的碗状异构体,在生长过程中以一定概率出现,其出现概率甚至高于某些经典构型.     

双核过渡金属羰基配合物团簇离子的红外光谱、结构和成键（英文）

双核过渡金属羰基配合物团簇是理解金属-金属和金属-配体相互作用的简单模型体系,在金属有机化学和催化中具有重要应用.利用脉冲激光溅射-超声分子束载带团簇离子源在气相中制备了双核第一列过渡金属羰基配合物团簇离子,采用选质量-红外光解离光谱方法获得了这些离子在羰基振动频率范围的振动光谱,并采用密度泛函方法对它们的结构和振动光谱进行了理论计算.通过对实验光谱与模拟光谱的比较,确定了它们的几何和电子结构,对饱和以及不饱和配位的同核和异核羰基配合物团簇正负离子的结构和金属-金属以及金属-配体成键进行了讨论.     

一种寻找团簇异构体的准动力学方法

建立了一套普遍适用的寻找团簇异构体的准动力学方法,该方法能够迅速给出在一般气相生长条件下形成概率较大的异构体.用该方法得到了C21的异构体谱,并采用分子动力学方法模拟了21个自由的碳原子在氦气氛中形成稳定团簇的过程,表明动力学过程中形成概率较大的异构体都已包含在该方法所得到的异构体谱中.所得到的C21最稳定结构的势能远低于采用遗传算法所得到的结果(Chem. Phys. Lett. 364 213,2002). 关键词： 团簇 异构体 最低势能 全局优化     

气相碳原子成笼的动力学模拟

分析了高温气相条件下纳米团簇形成的动力学过程.采用所谓的“速度遗忘”方法尝试建立了一个简化的动力学模型，并用此模型模拟了气相碳原子成笼的动力学过程.通过分析不同的模拟条件（对应于不同的实验条件）下碳原子在成笼过程中的运动轨迹，得到了与气相合成碳纳米团簇实验相符合的规律. 关键词： 分子动力学模型 纳米团簇     

人为扰动的模型势函数及其动力学特征（英文）

目前,结合高精度从头算方法和全维量子动力学计算,对四原子气相反应,理论计算可以获得与实验结果完全一致的结果.一般情况下,一个精确的量子动力学模拟需要一个精确的势能面,但是在实际的计算当中,势能面的拟合误差是不可避免的.在本文中,我们考察了在模型势能面外加各种扰动时的动力学反应行为,在2维的势能面上进行了量子动力学计算.反应速率常数对近反应能垒区域或最小能量反应路径上的干预是较为敏感的,但是在势能面上的其它地方加入的外加干扰对反应速率影响不大.本文给出一个比较重要的和比较简单的结论,在量子动力学模拟中,在精确的势能面上增加相关的扰动,会帮助我们更深入地理解给定类型的反应,对于一个特定体系,其精确势能面上可以作为一个模型体系研究.     

理论研究C8H80-（H2O）n（n=1～5）团簇

应用密度泛函B3LYP／6—31＋G（d，p）方法对C8H80-（H2O）n（n=1～5）团簇这种弱相互作用体系进行垒自由度能量梯度优化，得到该系列团簇的稳定蛄构．计算结果表明。在该系列二元团簇中，一方面水分子数目的多少对苯基丙酮分子的结构影响很小，另一方面由于苯基丙酮分子的存在，破坏了团簇中水分子的对称性结构，在团簇内部极力形成O—H—O这样弯曲的有方向性的氢键．对苯基丙酮-水这样结构复杂的团簇，指认光谱的难度非常大，本文只讨论了与C=O有关的振动峰和水分子的对称伸缩振动的最强峰．     

SiH2体系的分子反应动力学

基于多体展式方法所导出的SiH₂（X¹A₁）分析势能函数,用准经典的Monte Carlo轨线法研究了Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）和H（²S_g）+SiH（0,0）的原子与分子反应动力学过程.研究结果表明：Si（¹D_g）与H₂（0,0）的碰撞在低能时（小于209.20 kJ/mol）生成稳定的络合物SiH₂（X¹A₁）,该反应是无阈能反应;而H（²S_g）与SiH （0,0）碰撞不能生成稳定的络合物,主要发生交换反应H（²S_g）+SiH （0,0）→Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）,该反应也是无阈能反应. 关键词： 2')" href="#">SiH₂ 势能函数 反应截面 轨线     

双分子反应中的范德华作用

本文综述了近年来双分子反应中范德华作用的理论和实验研究进展.对于直接的活化反应和形成络合物的反应中范德华力对动力学的显著影响深化了人们的认识的研究工作进行了回顾,并进一步讨论了涉及更多原子的反应以及在低温和超低温条件下的反应.无论是对于从头算还是势能面拟合而言,准确描述势能面的范德华区域的结构以及长程势仍是当前挑战性的工作.此外,本文还对最近提出的"范德华鞍"的概念作了阐明,该概念可能具有一般的意义.     

与HO2和HO3相关的复杂反应的量子动力学

Complex-forming reactions widely exist in gas-phase chemical reactions.Various complexforming bimolecular reactions have been investigated and interesting phenomena have been discovered.The complex-forming reactions usually have small or no barrier in the entrance channel,which leads to obvious differences in kinetic and dynamic characteristics compared with direct reactions.Theoretically,quantum state-resolved reaction dynamics can provide the most detailed microscopic dynamic mechanisms and is now feasible for a direct reaction with only one potential barrier.However,it is of great challenge to construct accurate potential energy surfaces and perform accurate quantum dynamics calculations for a complex polyatomic reaction involving deep potential wells and multi-channels.This paper reviews the most recent progress in two prototypical oxyhydrogen complex-forming reaction systems,HO₂ and HO₃,which are significant in combustion,atmospheric,and interstellar chemistry.We will present a brief survey of both computational and experimental work and emphasize on some unsolved problems existing in these systems.     

用多体势模拟金原子簇与金薄膜的相互作用(Ⅰ)──金原子簇轰击引起的表面损伤

发展了一种描述金原子间相互作用的多体势，它是结合二体Ｍｏｌｉｅｒｅ势与半经验紧束缚势的一种混合势将该混合势应用于分子动力学模拟中，研究了金原子簇与金薄膜的碰撞动力学模拟了能量为３２５０ｅＶ／ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ的金原子簇轰击金（１００）表面后，衬底表面原子尺度的损伤计算机模拟观察到金薄膜晶体结构的改变及表面轰击坑的形成还讨论了原子簇轰击薄膜过程，簇原子与靶原子间集体相互作用的特征．     

Simulated reaction dynamics of F atoms on partially fluorinated Si(100) surfaces

We have investigated the influence of translational excitation on the reactivity of atomic fluorine with the Si(100) surface via molecular dynamics simulations using a first-principles-derived interaction potential. Surface reactivity is contrasted for both clean and partially fluorinated surfaces with the results of previous simulations of F₂ molecules impinging on Si(100) surfaces, indicating many similarities between the dynamics of F atoms and F₂ molecules. Mechanisms for the reaction are proposed based on reactivity trends and scattered product energy and angular distributions, including evidence for the existence of a precursor-mediated adsorption pathway for low incident energy F atoms on partially fluorinated surfaces.     

Electronic excitations by chemical reactions on metal surfaces

Dissipation of chemical energy released in exothermic reactions at metal surfaces may happen adiabatically by creation of phonons or non-adiabatically by excitation of the electronic system of the metal or the reactants. In the past decades, the only direct experimental evidence for such non-adiabatic reactions has been exoelectron emission into vacuum and surface chemiluminescence which are observed in a special class of very exothermic reactions. The creation of e–h pairs in the metal has been discussed in many theoretical models but it was only recently that a novel experimental approach using Schottky diodes with ultrathin metal films makes direct measurement of reaction-induced hot electrons and holes possible. The chemical reaction creates hot charge carriers which travel ballistically from the metal film surface toward the Schottky interface and are detected as a chemicurrent in the diode. By now, such currents have been observed during adsorption of atomic hydrogen and deuterium on Ag, Cu and Fe surfaces as well as chemisorption of atomic and molecular oxygen, of NO and NO₂ molecules and of certain hydrocarbons on Ag. This paper reviews briefly exoelectron and chemiluminescence experiments and the concept of the Nørskov–Newns–Lundqvist model. The major part is devoted to the detection of chemically induced e–h pairs with thin metal film Si Schottky diodes by discussing the different influences on the chemicurrent magnitude and presenting experimental results predominantly with hydrogen and deuterium atoms. The experiments introduce a new method to investigate surface reaction kinetics and dynamics by use of an electronic device. In addition, the diodes may be used as selective reactive gas sensors.     

Potential energy surface of alanine polypeptide chains

The multidimensional potential energy surfaces of the peptide chains consisting of three and six alanine (Ala) residues have been studied with respect to the degrees of freedom related to the twist of these molecules relative to the peptide backbone (these degrees of freedom are responsible for the folding of such peptide molecules and proteins). The potential energy surfaces have been calculated ab initio within the framework of the density functional theory taking into account all electrons in the system. The probabilities of transitions between various stable conformations of polypeptide molecules are evaluated. The results are compared to the data obtained by molecular dynamics simulations and to the available experimental data. The influence of the secondary structure of the polypeptide chain on its conformational properties with respect to rotations has been studied. It is shown that, in a chain of six amino acid (Ala) residues, the secondary structure type (helix or sheet conformation) influences the stable isomer states of the polypeptide.     

Mechanism of contrast formation in atomic force microscopy in water

We use computer modeling to investigate the mechanism of atomic-scale corrugation in frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy imaging of inorganic surfaces in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the forces acting on a microscope tip result from the direct interaction between a tip and a surface, and forces entirely due to the water structure around both tip and surface. The observed force depends on a tip structure and is a balance between largely repulsive potential energy changes as the tip approaches and the entropic gain when water is sterically prevented from occupying sites near the tip and surface.