"广义芝诺悖论"的探讨

两辆相向匀速运动的车之间有一只小鸟,在两车间来回飞行.小鸟运动速率比车的要大,其初始位置是x0.当两车最终相遇时,相遇位置就是小鸟的最终位置.现在逆向演示(回放)该过程,即小鸟从两辆车相遇位置出发而两车作相背运动.当两车回到它们的初始位置时,小鸟将回到x0点.然而,在正过程中,由于两车相遇位置(即小鸟的最终位置)实际上和小鸟的初始位置无关,因此在逆过程中,小鸟最终可以处在任意位置而未必回到x0点.由此产生悖论,称做“广义芝诺悖论”.通过建立适当的物理模型,利用运动定律,分析并最终解决了这个悖论问题.     

古希腊思想的近代传承——原子论方法对经典物理学发展的影响

希腊是西方文明理性的源头和悖论的故乡,芝诺悖论对留基波和德谟克利特原子论方法的形成起到了推波助澜的作用,留基波和德谟克利特原子观念一直影响到一千多年以后科学家的思想方法,并在经典物理学发展历程中留下了不可磨灭的印记.正如20世纪最具创新能力的理论物理学家海森伯(Werner Karl Heisenberg,1901—1976)所言:"德谟克利特的原子观念成了上世纪物理学家唯物主义世界观不可缺少的组成部分,这种原子观念容易理解而且比较直观,它决定了物理学家的思想方法,甚至决定了那些不愿与哲学打交道的物理学家的思想方法."[1]     

物理学咬文嚼字之四十六 Oh,Paradoxes

Paradox在中文物理学文献中被翻译成悖论或者佯谬,武断了点,不足以传达paradox的真实含义.Paradox一直伴随着人类的认识进程,芝诺佯谬、孪生子佯谬、EPR佯谬、理发师佯谬等是数学和物理绕不开的话题.与paradox意义相近的词有dilemma,antinomy和catch-22等.     

一类q变形广义相干叠加态的量子统计性质

研究了一类q变形广义相干态叠加态|ψ>=a|β>+be^iφ|βe^iδ>的量子统计性质，结果表明此种叠加态普遍存在压缩效应和光子反群聚效应.相干态间的位相差，叠加系数的位相差和广义相干态之间内积的幅值和位相的变化对迭加态的压缩效应和反群聚效应起着重要的作用. 关键词： q变形')" href="#">q变形 广义相干态 压缩效应 反群聚效应     

q变形非简谐振子广义相干态的叠加态及其非经典特性

给出了q变形非简谐振子广义相干态的叠加态,研究了这种叠加态的量子统计特性,并就叠加相位δ和形变参数q对这些特性的影响进行了讨论.结果表明,当δ分别趋近于0和π2时,叠加相干态的非经典特性分别趋近于q变形非简谐振子奇偶广义相干态的结果,并且q偏离1越大,这种非经典特性越明显.     

第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场的N次方X压缩

利用多模辐射场广义非线性等幂次高次差压缩的一般理论,对第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场的等幂次N次方X压缩特性进行了详细研究,发现了其存在等幂次N次方X压缩效应的条件,还发现第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ两类两态叠加多模叠加态光场之间存在相似压缩和压缩简并现象,从而再次证明第Ⅰ类两态叠加多模叠加态光场是一种典型的多模非经典光场.     

相位差与q变形广义相干叠加态的压缩特性

对于q变形的非简谐振子广义相干态的叠加态β〉+eiφβeiδ〉,其量子涨落的可能高阶压缩阶数可以表示为k≠2πn/δ,这里n是整数.当δ=π时,压缩阶数不能是偶数即只能是奇数,这正是q变形非简谐振子广义奇偶相干态的结果.由此表明参数相位差δ对决定q变形的非简谐振子广义相干态叠加态的高阶压缩阶数起决定性作用.     

态|ψ(3)3〉q中广义磁场分量的N次方Y压缩效应

构造了由多模复共轭相干态|{Z*j}〉q、多模复共轭虚相干态|{iZ*j}〉q和多模真空态|{0j}〉q这三态的线性叠加所组成的第Ⅲ类三态叠加多模叠加态光场|ψ(3)3〉q.利用多模压缩态理论研究了态|ψ(3)3〉q中广义磁场分量的任意偶数次广义非线性等幂次N次方Y压缩特性.结果发现:在压缩次数N取偶数,只要各模的初始相位φj(j=1,2,3,…,…,q),态间的初始相位差(θi-θ2)(i=1,3)和各单模相干态光场平均光子数R2j之和qj=1R2j分别满足各自的取值条件,态|ψ(3)3〉q的广义磁场分量(即第一正交相位分量)就可呈现出周期性变化的、任意偶数次的广义非线性等幂次N次方Y压缩效应.     

多模复共轭奇、偶相干态光场的等幂次N次方X奇异压缩

利用多模压缩态理论进一步研究了多模复共轭奇、偶相干态光场的广义非线性等幂次高次差压缩特性(即N次方X压缩特性).分析表明:只要至少有一个模的光子数nj(j=1,2,3,...,2q)小于压缩次数N,则无论腔模数q与压缩次数N之积q*N取奇数还是取偶数,多模复共轭奇、偶相干态光场的广义磁场、广义电场两个正交相位分量均可同时呈现出差压缩效应,这种现象称之为广义非线性等幂次"N次方X奇异压缩"效应,此结果与现有报道截然不同,使"测不准关系"受到破坏;同时说明多模复共轭奇、偶相干态光场确实是两种典型的多模非经典光场.     

广义GHZ态的纠缠与非定域性

对GHZ态与W态叠加的三粒子广义GHZ态,用Svetlichny不等式,给出了其非定域性的解析表达式.用数值计算方法讨论了纠缠与非定域性之间的关系. 关键词： 广义GHZ态 剩余纠缠 Svetlichny不等式 非定域性     

Quantum Zeno Dynamics Through Stochastic Protocols

Quantum measurements play a crucial role in quantum mechanics since they perturb, unavoidably and irreversibly, the state of the measured quantum system. More extremely, the constant observation of a quantum system can even freeze its dynamics to a subspace, effectively truncating the Hilbert space of the system. It represents the quantum version of the famous flying arrow Zeno paradox, and is called quantum Zeno dynamics. In general, it can be obtained by applying frequent consecutive quantum measurements that are equally spaced in time. Here, we introduce time disorder in the measurement sequence, and analytically investigate how this temporal stochasticity may affect the confinement probability of the system in the subspace. As main result, we then exploit how different dissipative and coherent Zeno protocols can be generalized to this stochastic scenario. Finally, our analytical predictions are numerically tested on a paradigmatic spin chain where we find a trade‐off between a probabilistic scheme with high fidelity (compared to perfect subspace dynamics) and a deterministic one with a slightly lower fidelity, moving further steps towards new schemes of Zeno‐based control for future quantum technologies.     

Nonlocality of interaction and quantum Zeno paradox

The short-time behavior of the evolution operator has been investigated in the context of the quantum Zeno paradox. It is shown that the nonlocality during interaction in a quantum system radically changes the short-time behavior of the dynamics, and, as result, the Zeno effect may not occur in such interactions.     

Quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno paradoxes

Continuous observation of a time independent projection operator is known to prevent change of state (the quantum Zeno paradox). We discuss the recent result that generic continuous measurement of time dependent projection operators will in fact ensure change of state: an anti-Zeno paradox.     

Quantum Zeno effect: Quantum shuffling and Markovianity

The behavior displayed by a quantum system when it is perturbed by a series of von Neumann measurements along time is analyzed. Because of the similarity between this general process with giving a deck of playing cards a shuffle, here it is referred to as quantum shuffling, showing that the quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effects emerge naturally as two time limits. Within this framework, a connection between the gradual transition from anti-Zeno to Zeno behavior and the appearance of an underlying Markovian dynamics is found. Accordingly, although a priori it might result counterintuitive, the quantum Zeno effect corresponds to a dynamical regime where any trace of knowledge on how the unperturbed system should evolve initially is wiped out (very rapid shuffling). This would explain why the system apparently does not evolve or decay for a relatively long time, although it eventually undergoes an exponential decay. By means of a simple working model, conditions characterizing the shuffling dynamics have been determined, which can be of help to understand and to devise quantum control mechanisms in a number of processes from the atomic, molecular and optical physics.     

Are tachyon causal paradoxes solved?

Tolman's paradox arises in Lorentz-invariant theories of superluminal particles. In this paper we first try to clarify the nature of the paradox and what it means to solve it. We then analyze the various attempts made to either solve or eliminate it. We show that general consequences can be drawn which hold in essentially all paradox-free schemes proposed so far.     

Comment on: “Complete resolution of the quantum Zeno paradox for outside observers” [Phys. Lett. A 326 (2004) 32]

In a Letter by Hotta and Morikawa [M. Hotta, M. Morikawa, Phys. Lett. A 326 (2004) 32–41] the complete resolution of the quantum Zeno paradox has been claimed, invoking non-existence of the effect. It is shown here that the pertinent proof is incorrect, and the claim unfounded. We identify the logical errors made using an illustrative counterexample.     

Zeno dynamics for open quantum systems

In this paper, we formulate limit Zeno dynamics of general open systems as the adiabatic elimination of fast components. We are able to exploit previous work on adiabatic elimination of quantum stochastic models to give explicitly the conditions under which open Zeno dynamics will exist. The open systems formulation is further developed as a framework for Zeno master equations, and Zeno filtering (that is, quantum trajectories based on a limit Zeno dynamical model). We discuss several models from the point of view of quantum control. For the case of linear quantum stochastic systems, we present a condition for stability of the asymptotic Zeno dynamics.     

From the quantum zeno to the inverse quantum zeno effect

The temporal evolution of an unstable quantum mechanical system undergoing repeated measurements is investigated. In general, by changing the time interval between successive measurements, the decay can be accelerated (inverse quantum Zeno effect) or slowed down (quantum Zeno effect), depending on the features of the interaction Hamiltonian. A geometric criterion is proposed for a transition to occur between these two regimes.