光谱分辨率增强方法品质因子研究

本文提出了一种新的评估光谱复原结果好坏的品质因子 (quality factor).该品质因子综合考虑到了前向线性预测和后向线性预测.研究了在不同噪音情况下,当采用伯格法(Burg Method)来求解自回归模型系数时,品质因子随模型阶次的变化以及对复原光谱的影响,并且与芬兰学者Kauppinen提出的品质因子在同等条件下作了详尽的比较.研究结果表明,本文提出的品质因子更具有优越性.     

采用双方波信号和B-样条小波解调弱反射光纤布拉格光栅

提出了一种采用双方波信号和B-样条小波解调弱反射光纤布拉格光栅(WFBG)的方法,并进行了实验验证.单个方波周期设置为相邻WFBG间光纤中激光往返传输的时间,对单个方波进行猝发操作形成双方波,则前WFBG反射的后方波与后WFBG反射的前方波重叠干涉.采用B-样条小波变换降低干涉信号的噪声,利用Hilbert变换对干涉信号进行π/2相移,对原干涉信号和相移后干涉信号比值进行反正切运算,得到干涉信号的相位信息.将间隔为50m的5-WFBG阵列置于木地板上,分别接收不同振幅和频率的正弦声波,采用上述方法解调的干涉相位信号能较好地反映声波信息.该解调方法解调光路简单,数据处理简单.     

音叉振动阻尼系数的测定与研究

利用计算机的声卡采集音叉振动信号,研究了振动衰减过程中阻尼系数的大小,得出了阻尼系数不是常数,而是与音叉振幅成线性关系的初步结论,并用共振态下策动力振幅对音叉振幅的关系验证了这一结论.根据阻尼系数与振幅的关系解释了两种传统方法测量结果差别很大的原因.     

基于电光调制沃拉斯顿棱镜组提高光谱分辨率的研究

为了在基本不改变光学干涉器件尺寸的条件下提高静态光谱分析设备的光谱分辨率,在分析了各种提高静态干涉系统光程扫描范围方法的基础上,设计了基于电光调制沃拉斯顿棱镜组的光学干涉系统。系统采用沃拉斯顿棱镜组的光学结构,计算了其相应的光程差函数,同时,又利用电光调制技术对晶体折射率进行调制,并推导了一个调制周期内的光程差变化范围,最后给出了系统的综合光程差函数及光谱分辨率。实验采用三块尺寸、结构角都一致的沃拉斯顿棱镜构成沃拉斯顿棱镜组,通过SGT-3型声光调制器调制信号。结果显示,经消冗余处理后干涉条纹图像可有效融合,调制后的干涉图像虽略有畸变,但经线性校正后满足光谱分布函数还原的要求。相比同尺寸的静态干涉系统而言,光谱分辨率提高了近一个数量级。     

多光束非定域干涉反射光强分布

研究了多光束非定域干涉现象,得到了多光束非定域干涉的反射光强分布函数.数值计算结果表明:随着镜面反射系数的增加,多光束非定域干涉条纹半值宽度降低,条纹变得更加锐细,光谱分辨率提高;当镜面反射率较高时,除了暗条纹外,在低干涉级次处紧邻暗条纹还有很窄的亮条纹存在;亮条纹振幅逐渐衰减至背景光强度,干涉级次越低亮条纹振荡越明显;第一束反射光提供了一个均匀的背景,第二束反射光的加入产生了双光束干涉,干涉条纹较粗,对比度较低,更多光束的加入使干涉暗条纹变得锐细,在相邻暗条纹间出现了明暗相间的低强度明暗条纹;足够多光束的加入使相邻暗条纹间低强度变化的明暗条纹消失,同时在紧邻暗条纹处出现了振幅振荡衰减的亮条纹.最后,将多光束非定域干涉理论应用于光学滤波器的研究,结果表明:提高镜面反射率,可以显著降低多光束非定域干涉的滤波带宽;改变镜面间距,可以灵活调整多光束干涉仪滤波波长和相消波长间距.     

基于电光调制提高静态傅里叶干涉具光谱分辨率的研究

在静态干涉系统中,采用电光调制可变折射率晶体LiNbO₃做静态傅里叶干涉具的材料,两侧分别加载相位相反的调制信号,从而在不改变静态傅里叶干涉具尺寸的条件下提高光谱分辨率。通过推导光程差函数与折射率调制度的函数关系,计算得在折射率调制度为0.030的条件下,比同尺寸干涉具光谱分辨率提高了16.7倍,达到2.836 cm-1。仿真结果表明折射率调制度会因波长增大而减小,光程差函数会随干涉位置的增大而产生偏大的现象。实际探测过程中,由于光谱范围500～1 100 nm相对较窄,波长变化造成的光谱探测失真不大,可以通过标定补偿,所以应用该方法可以有效地提高静态干涉系统的光谱分辨率。     

基于双边倾斜傅里叶干涉具的激光光谱探测技术研究

为了在不改变静态傅里叶干涉具尺寸的基础上提高光谱分辨率,设计了双边倾斜傅里叶干涉具及等光程条纹展宽的方法。通过计算分析双边倾斜傅里叶干涉具空间产生光程差与传统干涉具光程差的关系,得到在整个干涉具尺寸不变的条件下,光谱分辨率提高到9.1 cm-1,比同尺寸静态傅里叶干涉具提高了近8倍,并且不会因干涉条纹混叠而造成无法采集。采用BK7材料加工制成双边倾斜傅里叶干涉具,用6种不同波长的激光照射分析干涉条纹,实验结果显示干涉条纹会因反射位置增大而导致探测波长较长的激光时中心波长偏大,根据其满足线性变化的规律,拟合可知每1nm的激光波长变化造成0.021 1 nm的增大误差,经过标定后平均误差与传统干涉具接近,同时可以有效地提高静态干涉系统的光谱分辨率。     

水下低频声信号的激光探测及波的衰减

为了探测几十赫兹的低频水下声信号,建立了水下低频声信号的光学探测系统,得到了稳定、清晰的衍射图样.得到了衍射图样的宽度与声源距离的变化关系,声源距离越小,衍射图样越宽.当水下声波传至水表面后,实验上得到了表面声波的衰减特性,理论上得到了衍射图样的角宽度和液体表面波振幅的解析关系式.发现表面波振幅的衰减随距离是指数型衰减.并研究了衰减系数随频率的变化,频率不同衰减系数也不同,而且频率越大,衰减系数越小.     

水下低频声信号的激光探测及波的衰减

为了探测几十赫兹的低频水下声信号,建立了水下低频声信号的光学探测系统,得到了稳定、清晰的衍射图样.得到了衍射图样的宽度与声源距离的变化关系,声源距离越小,衍射图样越宽.当水下声波传至水表面后,实验上得到了表面声波的衰减特性,理论上得到了衍射图样的角宽度和液体表面波振幅的解析关系式.发现表面波振幅的衰减随距离是指数型衰减.并研究了衰减系数随频率的变化,频率不同衰减系数也不同,而且频率越大,衰减系数越小.     

变间隙法布里-珀罗干涉光谱仪光谱复原方法分析

变间隙法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉成像光谱仪以体积小、高光通量、高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率等众多优势特性,成为研究热点。由于其干涉条纹不是正弦条纹,因而无法直接用快速傅里叶变换获得精确光谱曲线。详细推导了变间隙法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉仪多光束干涉原理和其光谱复原原理,给出干涉条纹与光谱曲线的数学关系;从理论上证明了光谱复原方法的可行性和必要条件,并给出理论误差。此外,还基于MATLAB进行了仿真和光谱成像系统实物实验,验证了理论分析的正确性。为F-P干涉成像光谱仪的工程化提供了理论依据,并对设计中的参数确定具有指导意义。     

LS算法在亚毫米波付里时变换谱中的应用

本文介绍自回归谱分析法的另一种算法-前后向最小二乘法(LS算法)在亚毫米波付里叶变换谱中的应用。LS法比最大熵谱法(Burg法)具有更高的分辨率,而且可以避免谱线的分裂和减少谱线的偏移,从而得到更精确的结果。本文还着重讨论了光谱的窗口宽度和噪声对分辨率的影响     

Reflectivity function reconstruction using adaptive lattice deconvolution technique

Deconvolution of ultrasonic echo signals improves resolution and quality of ultrasonic images. The problem of reconstructing the reflectivity of a biological tissue is examined by adaptive lattice deconvolution of the echo ultrasound signals. The simulation of the signal formation process in an ultrasonic-echo scan line in noisy conditions is estimated. The reflectivity of a biological tissue is estimated as cross-correlation coefficients between forward and backward predication errors in each stage of the adaptive lattice filter.     

On transition radiation

Summary A treatment of transition radiation between two dielectric media is presented which is based on the exact expressions for the fields of the particle in the two media. Expressions for the spectral distribution of the energy emitted forward and for that emitted backward are derived. The results are in accord with experimental findings for ultra-relativistic particles. In the asymptotic region the energy spectrum becomes discrete. It is indicated how the treatment can be extended to the case of a plate and to that of a wave guide, as well as to emission by a monopole. The case of the simultaneous emission of transition radiation and Čerenkov radiation is considered and the relationship between them is clarified. In particular, it is shown that, when the particle can emit Čerenkov radiation in the forward medium, it will also emit an interference signal. This is several orders of magnitude smaller than the usual transition radiation and is concentrated in the forward direction. It is also found that the Čerenkov wave emitted by the particle in the backward medium will be partially reflected and partially refracted into the forward medium, after the particle crosses the boundary between the two media. The linear energy density for the refracted wave is calculated and it is shown that under certain feasible conditions this is amenable to experimental verification. This work was done while the author was a summer visitor at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University. It was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, contract DE-AC03-76SF00515.     

Continuous variable quantum discord in a correlated emission laser

A detailed analysis of the nonclassical features of the cavity radiation of a nondegenerate correlated emission laser is presented. Closed mathematical relation that describes the quantum discord in terms of the involved auto- and cross-correlations is provided. It is found that the quantum discord increases with the linear gain coefficient and initially prepared atomic coherent superposition. Although the overall trend of the forward and backward quantum discords turns out to be similar, it is also unequivocally observed that the forward quantum discord is greater or equal to the backward quantum discord. Moreover, comparison of the quantum discord with entanglement shows that there is a very wide range of parameters for which an overlap in capturing the nonclassical nature of the radiation can be observed. However, when the atoms are initially prepared in a maximum coherent superposition, the quantum discord is found to capture the quantumness even when Duan–Giedke–Cirac–Zoller entanglement criterion failed.     

Polarised bidirectional reflectance factor measurements from vegetated land surfaces

This study measured the spectral bidirectional reflectance factors of selected vegetated land surfaces in two linear polarisation directions. It was observed that the degree of linear polarisation is usually weakest near nadir, turning 1-5% negative in the backward direction, and growing larger in the forward and Brewster directions. Polarisation was found to be inversely but non-linearly proportional to reflectance. In addition, a wavelength-dependent trend was found to exist in some data, but in general, the wavelength dependence was smooth. In most of the practical applications, a few well-selected channels would give all the available information.The authors conclude that polarisation observations may be useful in land surface remote sensing, but that only far-forward angles (60-70^°) contain a strong enough signal for easy interpretation. Polarisation near nadir is low for all known samples, and can thus be safely ignored. Despite a strong theoretical interest, no clearly discriminating signal was found in the negative polarisation branch near backward direction, providing few opportunities for quantitative analysis. There must be a better understanding of the directional effects in all applications.     

Comparison of auditory filter shapes derived with three different maskers

Auditory filter shapes were derived for three different masker types, by measuring threshold for a 1-kHz sinusoidal signal masked by: (a) a noise with a spectral notch of variable width; (b) two tones with variable frequency separation; and (c) a noise with a sinusoidally rippled spectrum with variable ripple density. In each case the masker spectrum was symmetric about the signal frequency, the signal level was fixed, and the masker level was varied to determine threshold using an adaptive, two-alternative, forced-choice procedure. Both simultaneous and forward masking were used. The auditory filter shapes derived from the data were broader in simultaneous masking than in forward masking for all three masker types. In simultaneous masking the derived filters were similar for the three masker types, although there was a tendency for the filters derived from the rippled-noise data to be broader than those for the other maskers. In forward masking the auditory filters derived from the data for three masker types differed considerably in bandwidth and the slope of the filter skirts, and in that a portion of the rippled-noise filter was negative valued. The results are consistent with the idea that suppression has the effect of enhancing frequency selectivity, and that this effect is revealed in forward but not in simultaneous masking. However, the degree and nature of the enhancement differs for different masker types.     

基于COMSOL的纳米傅里叶红外光谱系统数值模型

傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）是材料表征的一种重要手段,然而受限于光的衍射极限,传统傅里叶红外光谱仪的极限空间分辨率在微米量级,无法应用于纳米材料的表征。纳米傅里叶红外光谱（Nano-FTIR）是一种新兴的超分辨光谱表面分析技术,其以纳米级空间分辨率、宽光谱范围和高化学灵敏性的特点在纳米材料表征研究中展现了巨大的潜力。定性及定量的研究Nano-FTIR信号高空间分辨的来源和系统中光谱信号的提取过程,可以为Nano-FTIR仪器的设计研发和样品光谱表征结果的解释提供重要依据。该研究从典型的仪器结构和基本的工作原理出发,在多物理场有限元分析软件COMSOL中建立了等效研究模型,并对模型的重要细节和数值计算过程分别进行了说明。在仿真研究中,首先基于麦克斯韦电磁波理论计算了模型空间的电磁场增强情况,再模拟了探针在介电常数差异巨大的两种材料交界处的“线扫”过程,探讨了针尖近场增强信号的空间分辨率。随后,以探针与样品的散射功率为数值模型的研究对象,仿真了探针“轻拍”对信号的调制和解调提取的过程,并讨论了不同入射倾角和解调频率对光谱信号提取的影响。最后,为了验证模型的合理性,仿真了20,100和300 nm三种厚度SiO₂薄膜样品在900～1 250 cm-1波数范围的光谱响应,并将仿真得到的光谱与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明随着样品厚度的增厚,光谱信号得到相应的增强,模型预测的谱图与实测谱图波形与波峰位置较为一致,且与以往一些文献中采用针尖-样品间电场强度表示针尖处散射信号强弱的方法相比,获得的谱图在峰形上更为接近。提出的数值模型可用于Nano-FTIR光谱的预测,此外,模型也具有一定的通用性,可以为其他基于散射型近场光学显微（s-SNOM）技术的太赫兹光谱技术和针尖增强拉曼光谱研究提供一定的借鉴。     

混沌-脉冲混合信号光时域反射仪

研制了一种混沌-脉冲混合信号光时域反射仪,其工作原理是通过连续混沌光与离散脉冲光分别对光纤中的菲涅尔反射与后向瑞利散射进行高精度测量,将2次测量结果进行线性叠加得到光纤故障测量曲线,该仪器解决了传统混沌光时域反射仪无法测量光纤损耗事件的问题。实验中利用G.652.B单模光纤作为被测对象,对该仪器进行了实际测试,测试结果表明:所研制的混沌-脉冲混合信号光时域反射仪在104 km测量范围内实现了与距离无关的35 cm空间分辨率测量,对光纤损耗事件也有良好的检测效果。     

A new efficient two-channel backward algorithm for speech intelligibility enhancement: A subband approach

This paper addresses the problem of speech intelligibility enhancement by adaptive filtering algorithms employed with subband techniques. The two structures named the forward and backward blind source separation structures are extensively used in the speech enhancement and source separation areas, and largely studied in the literature with convolutive and non-convolutive mixtures. These two structures use two-microphones to generate the convolutive/non-convolutive mixing signal, and provide at the outputs the target and the jammer signal components. In this paper, we focus our interest on the backward structure employed to enhance the speech signal from a convolutive mixture. Furthermore, we propose a subband implementation of this structure to improve its behavior with speech signal. The new proposed subband-Backward BSS (SBBSS) structure allows a very important improvement of the convergence speed of the adaptive filtering algorithms when the subband-number is selected high. In order to improve the robustness of the proposed subband structure, we have adapted then applied a new criterion that combines the System Mismatch and the Mean-Errors criterion minimization. The proposed subband backward structure, when it is combined with this new criterion minimization, allows to enhance the output speech signal by reducing the distortion and the noise components. The performance of the proposed subband backward structure is validated through several objective criteria which are given and described in this paper.