纳秒脉冲气体放电机理探讨

 经典Townsend机理和流注理论是气体放电研究的基础,但在解释纳秒脉冲气体放电时均存在一定缺陷。基于经典气体放电理论,探讨纳秒脉冲气体放电机理,分析流注理论判据在纳秒脉冲气体放电中的有效性,解释纳秒脉冲下电子逃逸现象和基于电子逃逸的快速电离波击穿理论,仿真计算高能快电子的逃逸过程。结果认为基于高能量快电子的逃逸击穿将是可能解释纳秒脉冲下气体放电现象的依据。     

大气压空气纳秒脉冲板-板放电中逃逸电子产生机理

经典放电理论(Townsend和流注理论)解释纳秒脉冲气体放电存在局限性,近年来基于高能电子逃逸的纳秒脉冲气体放电理论研究受到广泛关注.但是目前对大气压空气纳秒脉冲板-板放电中逃逸电子产生机理研究仍较少,严重阻碍了纳秒脉冲放电等离子体的应用发展.本文利用一维粒子模型,对幅值为20 kV的纳秒脉冲电压驱动下,间隙长为1 mm的板-板电极之间的大气压空气放电中逃逸电子的产生机理进行了数值模拟研究..结果表明,在空间电荷动力学行为的影响下,板-板电极之间出现了增强电场区域,使得电子可以满足电子逃逸判据而进入逃逸模式.此外,还观察到放电通道前逃逸电子的预电离效应导致了二次电子崩的产生,随着二次电子崩与放电通道不断汇聚,引导并加速了放电通道的发展,最终导致气隙击穿.本研究进一步揭示了纳秒脉冲板-板放电机理,拓展了纳秒脉冲气体放电基础理论,为纳秒脉冲放电等离子体的应用和发展开辟了新的机会.     

纳秒脉冲气体放电中逃逸电子束流的研究

经典的放电理论(Townsend和流注理论)不能很好地解释纳秒脉冲放电中的现象,近年来基于高能量电子逃逸击穿的纳秒脉冲气体放电理论研究受到广泛关注,有研究发现,高能逃逸电子是纳秒脉冲气体放电中的新特征参数,本文研制了用于测量纳秒脉冲放电中逃逸电子束流的收集器,并对脉宽3—5ns、上升沿1.2—1.6 n8激励的大气压纳秒脉冲气体放电中逃逸电子束流进行了测量,收集器采用类似法拉第杯的原理,利用金属极收集纳秒脉冲放电中的高能电子,并转换为电信号后由示波器采集,为了获得更好的逃逸电子束流波形,对逃逸电子束流收集器进行了优化设计,提高了收集器的阻抗匹配特性,基于上述的逃逸电子束流收集器,研究了纳秒脉冲气体放电中逃逸电子的特征,实验结果表明,所设计的收集器可以有效地测量到逃逸电子束流,改进设计后收集器测得的逃逸电子柬流的时间分辨率和幅值均得到提高,施加电压约80 kV时,大气压空气中的逃逸电子束流幅值可达160 mA,脉宽小于1ns,多个脉冲激励放电的结果表明逃逸电子束流收集器具有较好的可靠性,其瞬态响应与时间分辨率比较稳定。     

大气压管板结构纳秒脉冲放电中时域X射线研究

纳秒脉冲放电能在大气压下产生高电子能量、高功率密度的低温等离子体,由于经典放电理论无法很好地解释纳秒脉冲放电中的现象,近年来以高能逃逸电子为基础的纳秒脉冲气体放电理论受到广泛关注.纳秒脉冲放电会产生高能逃逸电子,伴随产生X射线,研究X射线的特性可以间接反映高能逃逸电子的特性.本文利用纳秒脉冲电源在大气压下激励空气放电,通过金刚石光导探测器测量放电产生的X射线,研究不同电极间隙、阳极厚度下和空间不同位置测量的X射线特性.实验结果表明,在大气压下纳秒脉冲放电能产生上升沿约1 ns,脉宽约2 ns的X射线脉冲,其产生时间与纳秒脉冲电压峰值对应,经计算探测到的X射线能量约为2.3×10-3J.当增大电极间隙时,探测到的X射线能量减弱,因为增大电极间隙会减小电场强度和逃逸电子数,从而减少阳极的轫致辐射.电极间距大于50 mm后加速减弱,同时放电模式从弥散过渡到电晕.随着阳极厚度增加,阳极后方和放电腔侧面观察窗测得的X射线能量均有所减弱,在阳极后面探测的X射线能量减弱趋势更加明显,这说明X射线主要产生在阳极内表面,因此增加阳极厚度会使穿透阳极薄膜的X射线能量减少.     

百kV/cm场强下SF6气体开关纳秒脉冲击穿场强和时延经验公式

百kV/cm高场强纳秒脉冲条件下,采用J. C. Martin经验公式估算SF₆气体击穿场强时,估算值与实验结果差异显著。为了进一步指导高场强脉冲气体开关设计,为开关工作状态调节提供依据,借鉴经典击穿场强经验公式形式建立了百kV/cm场强下SF₆气体开关纳秒脉冲击穿场强和时延与实验参数之间的关系,基于实验数据拟合形成了修正系数的击穿场强和时延经验公式。研究表明,百kV/cm场强和纳秒脉冲条件下脉冲电压斜率对开关击穿特性有重要影响,击穿场强与击穿时延相互关联。百ns至μs脉冲与几十ns脉冲气体放电机理的区别引起放电过程中击穿时延组成发生变化,导致了经典击穿场强经验公式估算值与实验结果的显著差异。修正系数的击穿经验公式可为电磁脉冲模拟器输出开关提供更为精确的工程设计依据。     

纳秒脉冲下变压器油两相流注放电仿真研究

为揭示液体电介质击穿过程中形成的气体放电通道对液体电介质放电过程的影响,以针—板电极间隙变压器油为研究对象,基于等离子体流体力学模型,引入了液体电介质放电过程中气相放电通道对电离机制及自由电荷迁移率的影响,建立了用于模拟脉冲电压下液体电介质放电过程的两相流体模型,仿真研究了纳秒脉冲下针板电极流注放电的起始与发展过程。仿真结果表明:采用Heaviside方程可以在模型的不同区域同时实现气相物理过程和液相物理过程的模拟与计算。气相物理过程的引入导致流注尾部电场显著降低,流注头部电场进一步增强,使流注通道的发展速度要高于传统液相模型,有助于加深对纳秒脉冲下液体电介质中预击穿流注的起始、发展过程的认识和理解。     

基于电致伸缩效应的水中纳秒脉冲放电起始机制

水中纳秒脉冲放电的起始阶段包含了丰富的物理过程,现有实验诊断技术在揭示数纳秒内液体中电荷输运、倍增过程方面还有不少困难,放电起始的机制尚不明确.本文建立了针板电极二维轴对称水中放电物理模型,仿真研究纳秒脉冲导致的水中电致伸缩效应、空化过程和随后的液体电离过程.结果表明,在纳秒脉冲电压作用下,电致伸缩效应可导致针尖附近数微米区域内的液体发生空化,形成大量纳米尺度的空腔;空腔在其表面电致伸缩压强的作用下膨胀,为电子提供了加速空间;高能电子可引发水分子的碰撞电离,使局域液体被快速电离.电致伸缩机制为理解水中纳秒脉冲放电的起始过程提供了新的视角.     

双极结型晶体管的集电结反向雪崩击穿特性

通过气体放电产生更高浓度的低温等离子体要求具有纳秒上升沿和纳秒脉宽的高重频快脉冲,而目前被广泛使用的MOSFET和IGBT都无法满足这些参数要求,而双极结型晶体管(BJT）的集电极与发射极之间的雪崩击穿过程具有快导通、快恢复、高稳定性等优点,适合作为小型Marx发生器的自击穿开关。文中对用多种型号的BJT进行击穿特性比较测试实验,发现可以通过改变BJT的门极和发射极的并联电阻来调节其雪崩击穿电压,实现一定范围的工作电压。雪崩击穿恢复特性实验表明,当击穿电流衰减到低于维持电流时,BJT就会开始恢复绝缘而关断,通过改变电路中的参数以控制击穿电流的变化就可以控制BJT的雪崩击穿导通时间（即导通脉宽）。将这些结论应用到实际电路中,可获得上升沿5 ns、脉宽为10 ns、幅值2 kV、重复频率高达100 kHz的纳秒快脉冲,可用于激发高浓度低温等离子体。     

等离子体中充入工作气体抑制电子逃逸行为分析

利用NaI闪烁体探测器组成的伽马射线探测系统和BF₃正比计数管、³He正比计数管和ZnS闪烁体探测器组成的中子探测系统,研究了欧姆放电平稳阶段充入工作气体后对逃逸电子产生过程的影响.实验结果表明:在欧姆放电平稳阶段充入工作气体严重影响了逃逸电子行为,充入的工作气体能有效抑制逃逸电子的产生.     

纳秒脉冲电压下气体开关的击穿特性

 采用快速Marx发生器产生ns量级的高电压脉冲,分别开展了不同脉冲电压值下气体开关自击穿实验,获得了气体开关在不同气压下的击穿电压和击穿延迟时间以及抖动。详细介绍了纳秒脉冲电压作用下,气体火花开关击穿电压和击穿延迟时间随工作气压变化的特点,指出了气体开关在不同场合应用时的要求。     

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用NaI闪烁体探测器组成的逃逸电子诊断系统和CdTe半导体探测阵列组成的快电子轫致辐射诊断系统,研究了一定等离子体密度条件下低杂波功率和等离子体电流对逃逸产生的影响以及一定低杂波功率下等离子体密度对逃逸电子产生的不同作用效果。根据实验数据计算了HT-7装置等离子体中电子逃逸的阈值电场和一定放电条件下电子逃逸的阈值能量。     

Measurement of high-energy electrons by means of a Cherenkov detector in ISTTOK tokamak

The paper concerns detectors of the Cherenkov radiation which can be used to measure high-energy electrons escaping from short-living plasma. Such detectors have high temporal (about 1 ns) and spatial (about 1 mm) resolution. The paper describes a Cherenkov-type detector which was designed, manufactured and installed in the ISTTOK tokamak in order to measure fast runaway electrons. The radiator of that detector was made of an aluminium nitride (AlN) tablet with a light-tight filter on its front surface. Cherenkov signals from the radiator were transmitted through an optical cable to a fast photomultiplier. It made possible to perform direct measurements of the runaway electrons of energy above 80 keV. The measured energy values and spatial characteristics of the recorded electrons appeared to be consistent with results of numerical modelling of the runaway electron generation process in the ISTTOK tokamak.     

Investigation of the effect of electron cyclotron heating on runaway generation in the KSTAR tokamak

Wave enhanced runaway generation is expected to play an important role in the conversion of plasma current into runaway current during major disruptions. The fast electrons created by electron cyclotron heating (ECH) were used to study this issue in KSTAR. It is found that the fast electrons driven by ECH can enhance runaway production in the flat top phase with high loop voltage. The runaway current in disruptions was not enhanced by the ECH produced fast electron population due to the strong magnetic fluctuations which inhibited the generation of runaway electrons. It is found that a complete loss of existing REs during thermal quench has occurred in KSTAR limiter configuration discharges.     

Spectra of electrons and X-ray photons in a diffusive nanosecond discharge in air under atmospheric pressure

The spectra of electrons and X-ray photons generated in nanosecond discharges in air under atmospheric pressure are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Data for the discharge formation dynamics in a nonuniform electric field are gathered. It is confirmed that voltage pulses with an amplitude of more than 100 kV and a rise time of 1 ns or less causing breakdown of an electrode gap with a small-radius cathode generate runaway electrons, which can be divided into three groups in energy (their energy varies from several kiloelectronvolts to several hundreds of kiloelectronvolts). It is also borne out that the formation of the space charge is due to electrons appearing in the gap at the cathode and a major contribution to the electron beam behind the foil comes from electrons of the second group, the maximal energy of which roughly corresponds to the voltage across the gap during electron beam generation. X-ray radiation from the gas-filled diode results from beam electron slowdown both in the anode and in the gap. It is shown that the amount of group-3 electrons with an energy above the energy gained by runaway electrons (in the absence of losses) at a maximal voltage across the gap is much smaller than the amount of group-2 electrons.     

Numerical analysis of the concept of a laboratory experiment on the demonstration of runaway electron breakdown under normal conditions at high overvoltages

A numerical Monte Carlo experiment has been performed simulating the concept of a laboratory experiment on the demonstration of runaway electron breakdown of air at high overvoltages. The pronounced second peak of a picosecond runaway-electron pulse, which was observed in the laboratory experiment and interpreted as runaway electron avalanche initiated by the first peak of the pulse, is very slightly manifested in the numerical experiment. Only the initial stage of runaway electron avalanche can be observed in the laboratory experiment, but the fraction of secondary runaway electrons is too small to significantly affect the development of the breakdown.     

Experimental observation of interaction of runaway electrons with lower hybrid waves in slide-away regime in the HT-7 tokamak

The characters of slide-away regime in the HT-7 tokamak have been investigated, and evidences that lower hybrid waves (LHW) are excited in slide-away regime are presented based on local fast electron bremsstrahlung (FEB) emission profile and FEB emission spectrum. The interaction of high energy runaway electrons with those excited LHW via anomalous Doppler resonance is analyzed and the resonance energy is derived with which the behavior of those relevant signals in the experiment can be explained very well. It is shown that this interaction can provide an effective way to reduce the damage to the machine caused by runaway electrons.     

Role of bremsstrahlung radiation in limiting the energy of runaway electrons in tokamaks

Bremsstrahlung radiation of runaway electrons is found to be an energy limit for runaway electrons in tokamaks. The minimum and maximum energy of runaway electron beams is shown to be limited by collisions and bremsstrahlung radiation, respectively. It is also found that a massive injection of a high-Z gas such as xenon can terminate a disruption-generated runaway current before the runaway electrons hit the walls.     

Quenching electron runaway in positive high-voltage-impulse discharges in air by laser filaments

Strong hard (ε>100 keV) x rays being observed from impulse atmospheric discharges with maximal voltages from U=0.5 to 0.9 MV just before the breakdown were completely stopped with the use of femtosecond-laser-filament plasma. Runaway electrons generating such x rays and being estimated to achieve their maximal energy, ε~U, near the positive electrode disappear if a laser filament plasma is ignited perpendicularly to the runaway near the positive electrode. A preheating mechanism for formation of the electron runaway in air is proposed.