机载合成孔径激光雷达相位误差补偿研究

为了研究大气湍流对合成孔径激光雷达(SAL)成像的影响,基于Monte-Carlo随机因子,对满足Kolmogorov统计规律的大气湍流相位屏进行数值模拟,计算了不同湍流、不同波长情况下的机载SAL成像结果,数值分析了不同斜距、不同波长条件下合成孔径长度与大气相干长度比值随大气湍流强度的变化关系。结果表明大气湍流效应严重影响了SAL的方位向成像,随着湍流强度的增大,SAL图像散焦越来越严重,直至目标无法分辨。同一湍流强度下,光束波长越长,SAL成像效果越好。对于湍流效应造成的SAL图像失真,采用改进的秩一相位误差估计(IROPE)法对SAL图像进行补偿,当大气相干长度大于实孔径长度时,IROPE算法能够有效改善图像的聚焦效果,提升SAL成像分辨率。     

梯度计算的集合变分方案及其在大气Ekman层湍流系数反演中的应用

大气Ekman层湍流系数的准确计算对数值天气预报和污染物扩散计算有着重要的意义. 将集合计算和变分法结合起来, 提出了目标泛函梯度计算的集合变分方案, 并根据正演模式的线性化情况提出了两种计算流程. 利用这种集合变分梯度算法及两种流程对Ekman层湍流系数进行了反演试验, 结果表明这种算法实施简单、方便, 根据观测资料能够比较准确地反演湍流系数值. 关键词： 梯度计算 集合变分 湍流系数 反演     

大气湍流对激光照射精度影响分析和计算

为了评估大气湍流效应对激光照射器照射精度的影响,理论分析和数值计算了由于大气湍流引入的激光照射误差随着照射距离、大气湍流强度、激光光束半径的变化关系。结果表明:随着照射距离和湍流强度的增加,以及激光光束半径的减小,大气湍流引起的激光照射误差增大,大气湍流对现有机载光电稳瞄系统照射精度影响为10 rad~30 rad。     

自适应光学系统的数值模型

本文讨论了有限单元变形镜自适应光学系统的数值模型及其算法，建立了一个反映自适应光学系统各组成部分的数值模拟程序，并利用这个程序对激光大气传输湍流效应的位相补偿进行了数值模拟，其中包括大气相干长度，非等晕性及自适应光学系统的有限响应带宽对补偿效率的影响。     

大气湍流随机相位差的相关解调算法研究

根据大气光学湍流的光纤干涉测量技术原理及其信号表现形式,针对湍流相位变化的随机性和复杂性,提出了能够实时解调湍流随机相位差的相关解调算法,数值模拟了固定相位差、波形相位差以及符合湍流频谱特征的随机相位差的解调.结果表明,此算法的绝对误差小于10-3,满足湍流测量的要求.该研究为实现光学湍流相位差的动态检测提供了必要的理...     

基于随机数据元扩张的大气湍流相位屏数值模拟

准确模拟大气湍流相位屏是建立大气湍流数值模型的核心问题。从大气湍流的统计学特性入手,利用大气湍流波前相位结构函数建立了一种新的大气湍流相位屏数值模拟方法,通过随机数据元扩张对大气湍流波前畸变相位分布的尺度随机性和高频分量随机性进行了模拟,并以此为基础通过相位屏近似构建了满足Kolmogorov统计规律的大气湍流数值模型。计算结果表明,随机数据元扩张法生成的相位屏在统计特性上与理论值基本吻合,在低频部分相对于功率谱反演法有明显的提升。同时,随着相位屏网格数的增加,计算结果的高频特性逐渐呈现并逼近理论值。对于由相位屏构建的大气湍流数值模型,在此通过光强闪烁率作为判据进行了验证,结果表明对于弱湍流和中等强度的湍流,模拟结果与理论计算基本相同;对于强湍流则误差较为明显,相对误差最大可达40%。     

基于希尔伯特变换的湍流随机相位差解调算法研究

根据大气光学湍流的光纤干涉测量技术原理及其信号表现形式,提出了一种基于希尔伯特(Hilbert)变换的动态相位差解调算法.数值模拟结果表明,该算法能够解调出波形相位差和符合湍流频谱特征的随机相位差,且绝对误差小于10(-3),与相关法的解调结果一致.两者对比分析表明,Hilbert变换算法无需设定相关长度,对信号无平滑...     

大气湍流和热晕效应对列阵合成激光传输特性和光束质量影响的理论研究进展

介绍了大气湍流效应和热晕效应对列阵合成激光传输特性和光束质量影响的理论研究进展。主要介绍了合成激光在大气中传输的解析和数值模拟研究方法,大气湍流效应对列阵合成光束的光强分布、远场发散角、方向性、曲率半径和湍流距离的影响,以及大气热晕效应对列阵合成光束的光强分布、传输效率、重心偏移、热晕时间尺度和焦移的影响。研究结果表明,大气湍流效应和热晕效应对合成激光光束质量的影响与光束合成方式、合成光束参数以及大气参数密切相关。     

聚焦光束大气传输光束扩展定标规律的数值分析

选取多种典型激光传输条件下的计算参量，对平台光束聚焦大气传输湍流热晕相互作用引起的光束扩展进行了数值分析.热畸变的产生是在快速变化的湍流扩束作用之后，在此假定的基础上，建立了描述聚焦光束大气传输光束扩展与大气传输特征物理参量的定标关系.在了解激光发射系统的特征参量和大气传输效应的特征参量之后，即可由定标关系迅速判断激光大气传输的效果，从而为激光工程系统的参量优化设计及其应用效能评估提供依据. 关键词： 湍流效应 热晕效应 光束扩展 定标规律     

湍流内尺度对光波起伏频谱的影响

在不同湍流内尺度情况下,对大气湍流引起的光波光强闪烁和到达角起伏的时间频谱特征进行了实验研究。由于实际大气湍流的复杂性和不可控性,利用大气湍流模拟箱来生成具有不同内尺度的大气湍流实验环境。利用位置敏感探测器对光波的光强闪烁和到达角起伏进行了同时测量,并反演得到了光传输路径上的湍流内尺度。实验结果显示:湍流内尺度为2.7~5.0 mm,对应同一湍流内尺度,闪烁频谱和到达角起伏频谱在高频段以相同的幂指数关系下降,幂指数的绝对值与湍流内尺度的大小呈线性关系,随着内尺度的增大,频谱指数变化区间逐渐向低频方向移动。     

Multifilamentation of femtosecond laser pulses induced by?small-scale air turbulence

We report on experimental and numerical investigations of femtosecond pulse propagation locally disturbed by the turbulent flow field of a hot-air blower. The experiments show that turbulence may shorten the collapse/filamentation distance and induce the onset of multiple filaments. This is supported by numerical simulations indicating that the high spatial frequency part of the turbulence spectrum plays a significant role.     

Statistical models for spatial patterns of heavy particles in turbulence

The dynamics of heavy particles suspended in turbulent flows is of fundamental importance for a wide range of questions in astrophysics, atmospheric physics, oceanography, and technology. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have demonstrated that heavy particles respond in intricate ways to turbulent fluctuations of the carrying fluid: non-interacting particles may cluster together and form spatial patterns even though the fluid is incompressible, and the relative speeds of nearby particles can fluctuate strongly. Both phenomena depend sensitively on the parameters of the system. This parameter dependence is difficult to model from first principles since turbulence plays an essential role. Laboratory experiments are also very difficult, precisely since they must refer to a turbulent environment. But in recent years it has become clear that important aspects of the dynamics of heavy particles in turbulence can be understood in terms of statistical models where the turbulent fluctuations are approximated by Gaussian random functions with appropriate correlation functions. In this review, we summarise how such statistical-model calculations have led to a detailed understanding of the factors that determine heavy-particle dynamics in turbulence. We concentrate on spatial clustering of heavy particles in turbulence. This is an important question because spatial clustering affects the collision rate between the particles and thus the long-term fate of the system.     

Response of an open curved thin shell to a random pressure field arising from a turbulent boundary layer

A method is presented to predict the root mean square displacement response of an open curved thin shell structure subjected to a turbulent boundary-layer-induced random pressure field. The basic formulation of the dynamic problem is an efficient approach combining classic thin shell theory and the finite element method, in which the finite elements are flat rectangular shell elements with five degrees of freedom per node. The displacement functions are derived from Sanders’ thin shell theory. A numerical approach is proposed to obtain the total root mean square displacements of an open curved thin structure in terms of the cross spectral density of random pressure fields. The cross spectral density of pressure fluctuations in the turbulent pressure field is described using the Corcos formulation. Exact integrations over surface and frequency lead to an expression for the total root mean square displacement response in terms of the characteristics of the structure and flow. An in-house program based on the presented method was developed. The total root mean square displacements of a curved thin blade subjected to turbulent boundary layers were calculated and illustrated as a function of free stream velocity and damping ratio. A numerical implementation for the vibration of a cylinder excited by fully developed turbulent boundary layer flow was presented. The results compared favorably with those obtained using software developed by Lakis and Païdoussis (J. Sound Vib. 25 (1972) 1–27) using cylindrical elements and a hybrid finite element method.     

Characteristics and generation of elastic turbulence in a three-dimensional parallel plate channel using direct numerical simulation

Direct numerical simulations(DNSs) of purely elastic turbulence in rectilinear shear flows in a three-dimensional(3D) parallel plate channel were carried out,by which numerical databases were established.Based on the numerical databases,the present paper analyzed the structural and statistical characteristics of the elastic turbulence including flow patterns,the wall effect on the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum,and the local relationship between the flow motion and the microstructures' behavior.Moreover,to address the underlying physical mechanism of elastic turbulence,its generation was presented in terms of the global energy budget.The results showed that the flow structures in elastic turbulence were 3D with spatial scales on the order of the geometrical characteristic length,and vortex tubes were more likely to be embedded in the regions where the polymers were strongly stretched.In addition,the patterns of microstructures' elongation behave like a filament.From the results of the turbulent kinetic energy budget,it was found that the continuous energy releasing from the polymers into the main flow was the main source of the generation and maintenance of the elastic turbulent status.     

对流湍流池光学湍流的空间和时间结构分析

分析了用于自适应光学波前补偿实验的对流湍流池折射离和光强起伏的空间、时间结构,建立了平均速度很小或等于零时的相关函数,讨论了速度起估对相关的扩散作用。数值计算和实测的结果表明：速度起估不仅使时间相关减小,而且使频谱的内尺度减小。     

边界层流动中湍斑的直接数值模拟

用Navier-Stokes方程直接数值模拟平板边界层流动中湍斑的形成和演化过程.发展了模拟湍斑的高精度、高分辨率的高效计算方法,包括推出四阶时间分裂法以提高精度;提出三维耦合差分方法,用于关于压力的泊松方程和关于速度的亥姆霍兹方程的空间离散,建立其四阶三维耦合中心差分格式;并采用四阶紧致迎风差分格式,避免了一般四阶中心差分格式不适用于边界邻域的困难和提高了分辨率;精心地处理各种边界条件,以保持精度和稳定.该方法适用于包含边界邻域的整个区域内的湍斑模拟.通过模拟平板边界层流动中湍斑的复杂演化过程,显示了湍斑的基本特征.     

Geometry and scaling laws of excursion and iso-sets of enstrophy and dissipation in isotropic turbulence

Motivated by interest in the geometry of high intensity events of turbulent flows, we examine the spatial correlation functions of sets where turbulent events are particularly intense. These sets are defined using indicator functions on excursion and iso-value sets. Their geometric scaling properties are analysed by examining possible power-law decay of their radial correlation function. We apply the analysis to enstrophy, dissipation and velocity gradient invariants Q and R and their joint spatial distributions, using data from a direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence at Re_λ ≈ 430. While no fractal scaling is found in the inertial range using box-counting in the finite Reynolds number flow considered here, power-law scaling in the inertial range is found in the radial correlation functions. Thus, a geometric characterisation in terms of these sets’ correlation dimension is possible. Strong dependence on the enstrophy and dissipation threshold is found, consistent with multifractal behaviour. Nevertheless, the lack of scaling of the box-counting analysis precludes direct quantitative comparisons with earlier work based on multifractal formalism. Surprising trends, such as a lower correlation dimension for strong dissipation events compared to strong enstrophy events, are observed and interpreted in terms of spatial coherence of vortices in the flow.     

An improved high-order scheme for DNS of low Mach number turbulent reacting flows based on stiff chemistry solver

We present an improved numerical scheme for numerical simulations of low Mach number turbulent reacting flows with detailed chemistry and transport. The method is based on a semi-implicit operator-splitting scheme with a stiff solver for integration of the chemical kinetic rates, developed by Knio et al. [O.M. Knio, H.N. Najm, P.S. Wyckoff, A semi-implicit numerical scheme for reacting flow II. Stiff, operator-split formulation, Journal of Computational Physics 154 (2) (1999) 428–467]. Using the material derivative form of continuity equation, we enhance the scheme to allow for large density ratio in the flow field. The scheme is developed for direct numerical simulation of turbulent reacting flow by employing high-order discretization for the spatial terms. The accuracy of the scheme in space and time is verified by examining the grid/time-step dependency on one-dimensional benchmark cases: a freely propagating premixed flame in an open environment and in an enclosure related to spark-ignition engines. The scheme is then examined in simulations of a two-dimensional laminar flame/vortex-pair interaction. Furthermore, we apply the scheme to direct numerical simulation of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) process in an enclosure studied previously in the literature. Satisfactory agreement is found in terms of the overall ignition behavior, local reaction zone structures and statistical quantities. Finally, the scheme is used to study the development of intrinsic flame instabilities in a lean H₂/air premixed flame, where it is shown that the spatial and temporary accuracies of numerical schemes can have great impact on the prediction of the sensitive nonlinear evolution process of flame instability.     

A numerical investigation of the noise radiated by a turbulent flow over a cavity

The tonal noise radiated by a two-dimensional cavity submerged in a low-speed turbulent flow has been investigated computationally using a hybrid scheme that couples numerical flow computations with an implementation of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation. The turbulent near field is computed by solving the short-time-averaged, thin-layer approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations, with turbulence modelled by the Wilcox k-ω model. Second order spatial and temporal discretization schemes with fine grids in the immediate region of the cavity and a small time step were used to capture the unsteady flow physics. Along all external boundaries, a buffer zone is implemented to absorb propagating disturbances and prevent spurious numerical reflections. Comparisons with experimental data demonstrate good agreement in both the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations within the cavity. The unsteady characteristics of the cavity flow are discussed, together with the mechanisms for cavity noise generation. The influence of freestream flow velocity and boundary layer thickness on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations within the cavity and the nature of the noise radiated to the far field are also investigated. Results indicate that both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are sensitively dependent on the characteristics of the shear layer spanning the mouth of the cavity.     

Suppression of acoustic noise in the measurements of wall pressure fluctuations

It is shown that, in hydrodynamic noise measurements in the presence of acoustic noise acting upon the pressure fluctuation receiver, spatial filtering methods should provide the best results. Active methods are developed for suppressing the acoustic noise that affects a miniature receiver in the course of turbulent pressure fluctuation measurements. The methods are based on complicating the structure of the measuring transducer by introducing an extra compensating sensing element whose characteristics are identical with those of the main sensing element. The spatial filtering of small-scale turbulent pressure fluctuations by a finite-size electroacoustic transducer is used as the basis for the development of noise-compensated measuring systems, as well as methods of measuring the turbulent pressure fluctuations by receivers with noise compensation. A numerical study of the wave-number filtering of acoustic noise in wall pressure measurements by a noise-compensated receiver is performed.