基于可调谐激光的光谱辐射照度响应度定标

探测器的光谱辐射照(亮)度响应度是辐射定标中最重要的参数之一。传统的光谱辐射定标采用宽谱段光源和单色仪装置测量,新建的激光辐射测量装置采用激光和探测器测量,可以大大降低测量的不确定度。该装置首先将可调谐激光耦合进入积分球生成均匀的朗伯体单色光源,然后采用低温辐射计量传的标准陷阱探测器和面积已知的光阑,进行400～900 nm探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度标定。研究主要集中在四个方面：(1) 低温辐射计仅在某些分立激光波长定标标准探测器,其他激光波长下的光谱响应度必须进行插值,通过对比光谱响应度直接测量方法推导的陷阱探测器量子吸收效率,可以计算插值在其他波长带来的光谱响应度偏差,结果表明400～900 nm数据插值算法的总体偏差小于0.074%;(2) 实验采用电荷积分法测量标准探测器和被测探测器的电荷信号,并采用监视探测器消除激光功率起伏以降低激光功率稳定性的影响,测量重复性优于0.1%;(3) 针对标准探测器在向低温辐射计溯源和进行光谱辐射照度响应度量传时的激光功率差异,采用激光双光路叠加法测量探测器不同波长下的非线性系数,分析标准探测器光谱非线性带来的测量不确定度,在450,632.8和850 nm波长下,当探测器电流从0.2 mA变到3 nA时的非线性修正小于1.000 25;(4) 针对标准探测器定标时的功率模式和量传时的辐射照度模式差异,采用二维电控位移平台测量探测器的均匀性并进行修正,测量得到的标准探测器中心直径5 mm的非均匀性小于0.03%。最终采用可调谐激光辐射照度响应度测量装置,可以实现400～900 nm辐射照度响应度测量不确定度0.14%～0.074%(k=1)。实验对比了激光辐照度响应度装置和标准灯-单色仪装置两种方法测量的探测器的光谱辐射照度响应度。测量结果表明两种装置在400～900 nm的响应度标定近似等价,测量偏差全部位于标准灯-单色仪装置的测量不确定度范围内, 验证了激光辐照度响应度测量装置的实用性。     

激光点阵扫描法绝对定标太阳辐射计直射通道研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准传递探测器作为激光束功率测量探测器,采用激光点阵扫描方法在太阳辐射计有效孔径光阑面形成均匀照度场,精确测量太阳辐射计870 nm无偏直射通道中心波长处绝对辐照度响应度。利用灯-单色仪系统扫描获得该通道相对光谱辐照度响应度,最终在实验室条件下获得该通道绝对光谱辐照度响应度,联合大气层外太阳照度谱数据通道内积分得到该通道大气层外响应常数V₀值,与NASA的GSFC中心的2009年定标结果差异仅为3.75%,定标不确定度达到2.06%,验证了这一新技术的原理可行性。     

太阳辐射计直射通道实验室定标方法研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递标准,将可调谐激光导入积分球,通过功率稳定、退相干等措施,形成均匀、稳定、无偏的辐照度场。利用替代定标技术,对太阳辐射计CE318的870nm直射通道的三个偏振通道(P1、P2和P3)和无偏通道(UP)的绝对光谱辐照度响应度进行了光谱扫描定标,获得这四个通道的光谱辐照度响应度,并预测了大气层顶太阳辐照度的信号值。最后,对定标过程的不确定度进行评价,三个偏振通道和无偏通道的定标不确定度分别达到了1.83%、1.98%、1.73%和1.2%,与Langley定标法定标精度相当。     

Development of filter radiometer based high accurate calibration facility for solar UV meters

A reference filter radiometer based measurement system was established in the laboratory to calibrate solar UV radiometers. Filter radiometer was constructed from three-element silicon photodiode based reflection type trap detector, band-pass filters and precision aperture in a temperature-controlled enclosure. Spectral responsivity of trap detector was determined as traceable to the cryogenic radiometer and electrically calibrated pyroelectric detector. Relative uncertainties in the filter radiometer's responsivities at six wavelengths between 291 nm and 434 nm were calculated. In order to engage this radiometer in various types of implementations, filter(s) having previously known spectral transmittance was used in the radiometer housing. Calibration of solar UV meters can be achived accurately by using the developed system.     

成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标技术研究

为了实现成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标,以高稳定均匀光源为基础,结合单色仪、大口径平行光管和标准辐射计,建立了一套绝对辐射定标系统。在绝对辐射定标系统上采用替代法标准辐射计标定出被测成像光谱仪入瞳面上的光谱辐射照度,通过获得被测成像光谱仪各像元的输出信号,计算得到各像元的光谱辐射照度响应度,从而实现成像光谱仪可见到远红外波段范围内的绝对辐射定标。实验验证成像光谱仪绝对辐射定标的不确定度优于5%。     

一种用于UV-A、UV-B波段地基观测的光谱辐射计

研制了一台可以在250 nm~400 nm波段测量绝对光谱辐亮度和绝对光谱辐照度的扫描式光谱辐射计,辐亮度辐照度相对定标准确度2％,可用于UV-A、UV-B紫外波段地基观测.通过在云南丽江地区(26°52＇N,100°13＇E)开展的大气散射光谱辐亮度和地面太阳直射紫外光谱辐照度观测试验,进一步检验了仪器的性能.观测数据与利用MODTRAN模式模拟计算值存在约8％的偏差,分析了产生偏差的相关因素.     

The inclusion of source effect consideration in irradiance determination

In optical radiometry, an accurate realization of spectral irradiance scale depends on the investigation of both optical radiation source’s and detecting unit’s (filter radiometer) features. In the source part; comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of effects of lamp filament emissivity and its alterations due to the thermal and geometrical factors on the irradiance were studied. Meanwhile, detailed optical characterizations such as; determination of detecting element responsivity, transmittance of filters and measurements of aperture area were also made for the detecting element part. The inclusion of the source effects and the comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation resulted in the reduction of the number of estimated parameters to be used in matching the theoretical and experimental data, thereby improving the current uncertainty. Moreover, the method we used in this work to analyze the parameters that may affect the irradiance is considered to bring a new approach to the evaluation of irradiance.     

Direct and total irradiance: Measurement, calculation and comparison with Lowtran 6 and Lowtran 7 predictions

Summary The Lowtran code is used to determine solar transmission, direct solar irradiance and total radiance. In this paper results of comparisons between Lowtran 6 and Lowtran 7, the second including multiple scattering, are presented. These simulations are also compared with measurements of global irradiance carried out with a radiometer UV, in the range (295÷385) nm.     

低温辐射计紫外探测器光谱响应度测试技术研究北大核心CSCD

通过研制真空多光路切换组件,结合Y型真空比较通道、探测器真空舱,在保证超高真空环境的前提下,实现激光、紫外连续可调单色光以及真空紫外单色光3个光路的快速切换,从而以低温辐射计为基准,以紫外增强硅陷阱探测器为传递标准,实现波长115 nm~400 nm紫外探测器绝对光谱响应度的测量,实验验证绝对光谱响应度测量不确定度在115 nm~230 nm可达到0.8%~1.5%(k=2),在230 nm~400 nm可达到0.5%~1.0%(k=2)。     

卫星上绝对辐射计观测太阳时与太空的辐射交换

分析了卫星上用宽视场绝对辐射计（常温300K）观测太阳时与其视场内太空冷背景（4K）的辐射交换,它实际上是辐射计的接收腔向太空发射辐射,相当于辐射计接收了“负辐射”。视场宽时太空背景的这一“负辐射”量是不能忽略的,由于观测太阳（其视角很小为32’）的同时接收了充满其视场的太空“负辐射”,因此直接测得的数据比实际太阳辐射量值要小,需要加上这一“负辐射”量才能得到真正太阳辐射量值。研究出了用电功率补偿三步测量工作流程同时测量这一“负辐射”量和太阳辐照度的方法。在神州三号飞船轨道舱太阳常数监测器上的宽视场绝对辐射计采用这种工作流程测量了太阳辐照度,测得太空背景的“负辐射”值同计算值相同。     

Establishment of Illuminance Scale at UME with an Accurately Calibrated Radiometer

Traceability in illuminance measurements at the National Metrology Institute of Turkey (TüBITAK-UME) was established in 2003 with a detector-based realization. The new measurement technique was developed for the determination of illuminance responsivity and upgrating of the illuminance scale. The unit of the illuminance responsivity, in A/lx, was measured with an expanded uncertainty of 0.2% (k = 2) by supplying using the developed scanning technique for the calculation of color correction factor. The surface of a radiometer was scanned using a double-monochromator facility upgraded with an x-y scanning system. The illuminance responsivity as a function of bandpass and temperature were also investigated in this study. To use a radiometer in the photometric applications of metrology, a light-sensitive device, a so-called trap detector, was characterized by measuring the absolute responsivity, the non-linearity, and spatial non-uniformity.     

低温辐射计热结构设计与分析

低温辐射计利用低温超导下的电替代测量原理,将光辐射计量溯源到可以精确测量的电参数测量,是目前国际上光功率测量的最高基准.本文实验研究了低温辐射计的热路结构,系统分析了腔体组件与热链材料的热学特性对低温辐射计响应率和时间常数特性参数影响的机理.在此基础上,设计了由黑体腔、热链和支撑结构组成的热结构机械件,搭建了低温辐射计特性参数测试系统,并针对OHFC铜、6061铝、304不锈钢和聚酰亚胺四种不同热链材料测试了低温辐射计的时间常数和响应率,时间常数跨度为23—506 s,响应率跨度为35.5—714.8 K/W.结果表明,在腔体组件确定的情况下,通过调节热链的材料和结构,可以实现对低温辐射计特性参数的调控.实验结果对低温辐射计特性参数指标分配和指导下一代低温辐射计的研制具有一定参考价值.     

基于探测器标准的高精度光谱辐射标准光源

本文在评述低温绝对辐射计和SIRCUS发展的基础上,讨论了基于探测器标准的光谱可调谐自校准标准光源的工作原理、发展与应用前景。在探测器型光谱辐射标准研究方面,工作在液氦温度的低温绝对辐射计不确定度达0.01%。美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)建立的均匀光源光谱辐照度和光谱辐亮度响应度定标装置(SIRCUS)采用一系列激光器,由低温绝对辐射计传递的硅陷阱探测器定标,不确定度已达到0.1%,成功应用于空间遥感仪器高精度辐射定标。分析认为,发展中的基于探测器标准的光谱可调谐自校准标准光源,定标精度高,自行校正老化、衰减,保证了定标精度长期稳定。     

自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计(英文)

为了准确测量太阳总量辐射,研制了具备自动跟踪能力的太阳辐照绝对辐射计SIAR-3a。介绍了SIAR-3a的原理,提出了双轴太阳跟踪的控制方法。SIAR-3a采用电来标定待测量的太阳总量辐射,可以在测量太阳总量辐射的同时较为准确地跟踪太阳。标定实验中,SIAR-3a在3σ范围内的相对均方根误差是0.06%,已经标定到了保存在瑞士达沃斯世界辐射中心的世界辐射基准。太阳辐照实验结果表明,SIAR-3a工作可靠,测量结果准确。     

自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计

为了准确测量太阳总量辐射,研制了具备自动跟踪能力的太阳辐照绝对辐射计SIAR-3a.介绍了SIAR-3a的原理,提出了双轴太阳跟踪的控制方法.SIAR-3a采用电来标定待测量的太阳总量辐射,可以在测量太阳总量辐射的同时较为准确地跟踪太阳.标定实验中,SIAR-3a在3σ范围内的相对均方根误差是0.06%,已经标定到了保...     

Effects of stratocumulus,cumulus, and cirrus clouds on the UV-B diffuse to global ratio: Experimental and modeling results

Broadband measurements of global and diffuse UV-B irradiance (280–315 nm) together with modeled and measured diffuse to global ratios (DGR) have been used to characterize the influence of different types of clouds on irradiance at the surface. Measurements were carried out during 2000–2001 in Córdoba City, Argentina. The Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible (TUV) model was used to analyze the behavior of the modeled DGRs for different cloud optical depths and at different altitudes and solar zenith angles (SZA). Different cloud altitudes were also tested, although only the results for a cloud placed at 1.5–2.5 km of altitude are shown. A total of 16 day with stratocumulus, 12 with cumulus, and 16 with cirrus have been studied and compared among them and also against 21 clear sky days. Different behaviors were clearly detected and also differentiated through the analysis of the averages and the standard deviations of the DGRs: 1.02±0.06 for stratocumulus, 0.74±0.18 for cumulus, 0.63±0.12 for cirrus, and 0.60±0.13 for the clear sky days, respectively. Stratocumulus clouds showed a low variability in the DGR values, which were concentrated close to one at all SZAs. DGR values for cumulus clouds presented a large variability at all SZAs, mostly associated with the different optical depths. Finally, the closeness between the DGR values for cirrus clouds and the DGR values for clear days showed that these clouds generally do not strongly affect the UV-B irradiance at the surface at any SZA. In the opposite side, stratocumulus clouds were identified as those with the largest effects, at all SZAs, on the UV-B irradiance at the surface.     

太阳辐照绝对辐射计与国际比对

为了测量太阳辐照度和地球辐射，研制了太阳辐照绝对辐射计（SIAR-1），对电校准腔型绝对辐射计进行了重要改进，提高了绝对精度。参加了世界气象组织在瑞士设立的世界辐射中心组织的第九届国际日射计比对，AIAR-1高于民办辐射基准0.08％。太阳辐照度监测器（STIM）同SIAR-1进行了比对，结果太阳辐照度监测器三台绝对辐射计之间平均值偏差为0.11％。SIAR-1辐射计与太阳辐照度监测器2号辐射计在0.09％以内符合。结论：太阳辐照度监测器绝对精度为0.16％。     

Traceability in Fluorometry—Part I: Physical Standards

The inter-instrument, inter-laboratory, and long-term comparability of fluorescence data requires the correction of the measured emission and excitation spectra for the wavelength- and polarization-dependent spectral irradiance of the excitation channel at the sample position and the spectral responsivity of the emission channel employing procedures that guarantee traceability to the respective primary standards. In this respect the traceability chain of fluorometry is discussed from a radiometrist’s point of view. This involves, in a first step, the realization of the spectral radiance scale, based on the blackbody radiator and electron storage ring, and the spectral responsivity scale, based on the cryogenic radiometer and their control via key comparisons of the national metrology institutes. In a second step, the characterization including state-of-the art uncertainties of the respective source and detector transfer standards such as tungsten strip lamps, integrating sphere radiators, and trap detectors used to disseminate these radiometric quantities to users of spectroscopic techniques is presented.     

新一代高温黑体和同步辐射装置及其在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用

在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量和大气定量遥感等项研究的推动下,近二、三十年,国际上光谱辐射计量技术发展十分迅速。基于先进的高温技术、优异的高温热解石墨材料和独特的设计,全俄光学物理测量研究所(VNIIOFI)研制出温度高达3 200～3 500 K、具有高均匀性和高稳定性的大面积普朗克高温黑体光源。基于低温绝对辐射计的滤光片辐射计迭代测温技术,使高温黑体温度测量不确定度小于0.5 K。在德国物理技术研究院(PTB),将这种高温黑体直接用于国际空间站地外太阳光谱测试仪器(SOLSPEC)的辐射定标,定标综合不确定度小于0.5%～1%。2008年德国物理技术研究院(PTB)建成名为计量光源(MLS)的新一代专用同步辐射存储环并投入使用。为调节同步辐射的光谱分布,稳态下其能量可设置为105～630 MeV任意值,相应特征波长随之从735 nm改变至3.4 nm。为在不改变光谱分布情况下改变光强,电子束流可调节 11个量级,即从 1个存储电子(相当于1 pA)到200 mA。美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)在同步辐射紫外辐射装置(SURF Ⅲ)3号光束线上建立了使用同步辐射的光谱辐照度定标装置(FICUS),为紫外传递标准光源定标,光谱范围200～400 nm,相对测量不确定度1.2% (k=2)。新一代同步辐射装置为地外太阳光谱辐照度测量仪器,如SUSIM,SOLSTICE,SBUV,SIM和SOLSPEC等,短波段高精度辐射定标奠定了技术基础。该文描述新型高温黑体和同步辐射装置的建立与发展,光谱辐照度和光谱辐亮度标准的传递及国际比对并评述它们在太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用。     

基于超光谱比值辐射仪的卫星自动化场地定标与分析

针对我国光学遥感卫星高频次和高精度定标的技术需求,以及目前人工方式进行定标的不足,调研国内外卫星定标的发展现状,研制了超光谱比值辐射仪自动化定标系统,并开展了卫星传感器自动化定标的试验。根据场地定标中的参数需求与自动化定标的目标,比值辐射仪设计积分球测量光谱总照度,并通过遮挡的方式实现了光谱漫照度测量,获得卫星定标中的漫总比数据;同时,辐射仪利用光学镜头的方式实现地面辐亮度测量,实现了大气-地表辐射特性的自动观测,同时仪器集成了定标数据实时预处理和远程传送等功能。在2015年敦煌辐射校正场试验中,辐射仪得到了理想的应用效果并获得了大气光学参数、地表反射率的数据,为卫星传感器的定标提供了数据支持。经过与传统测量仪器的对比,地表反射率的相对偏差在0.5%~1.5%,大气参数中光谱辐照度的绝对偏差小于5%,漫总比的绝对偏差不大于0.015%。采用辐照度基法利用测量的数据对Aqua MODIS光学遥感器的通道1～5进行了场地定标,通道1~4的对比相对偏差小于1%,通道5的偏差结果为7.24%,验证结果满足了卫星传感器自动化定标的初步需求。