正弦锯齿尾缘对轴流风机尾迹及气动性能的影响

轴流风机尾缘涡脱落是产生噪声的重要因素,为改善尾迹流动来降低风机噪声,通过在轴流风机尾缘添加一种正弦形锯齿结构,采用定常及非定常数值模拟的手段结合实验验证的方式,分析其对轴流风机尾迹和气动性能的影响。研究结果显示,正弦锯齿结构削弱了叶片尾缘做功能力,使得风机全压降低,但提升了中小流量工况下风机效率;并能减弱叶片中部以下位置的尾迹强度,且对尾迹的抑制作用从叶片部底到中部逐渐减弱;以增加转速的方式补偿锯齿结构引起的压损,对原型风机和提升转速后的尾缘锯齿结构风机在设计流量点进行噪声数值预测分析,结果显示低频段噪声比原型机有明显改善,表明这种尾缘正弦形锯齿结构一定程度上是一种抑制轴流风机低频噪声的有效途径。     

低比转速离心及旋涡冷媒泵性能预测研究

利用损失模型及计算流体力学方法对低比转速R32离心和旋涡泵性能预测进行研究,结果表明:损失模型与计算流体力学方法预测出的性能曲线吻合较好;低比转速离心泵中轮阻损失占总流动损失的80%以上,对泵性能有重要影响;旋涡泵的纵向旋涡强度随流量增大而减弱;离心泵比旋涡泵具有较宽的运行范围,在小流量情况下旋涡泵比离心泵具有较高的效率和扬程。研究工作对丰富低比转速泵流动理论与设计方法具有参考价值。     

转速对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声的影响分析

针对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声问题,采用大涡模拟(LES)和基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H模型相结合的方法进行非定常计算,通过快速Fourier转换(FFT),得到风机远场气动噪声声压级分布。对比研究了三种转速下旋转区内声压级分布规律、时域及频域特性,结果表明:旋转区域内声压级随转速增加而增大,前缘分离涡在某一转速时影响区域和强度最大;在一个旋转周期内,声压脉动呈现出6个波峰与波谷,验证了叶片转动频率是风机内部气动噪声的主要激励频率.     

计及Re数影响的气动—声学性能实验及优化设计

实验和计算都发现高Ｒｅ数（自模化区）风机的宽频噪声占有大部分频域,而低Ｒｅ数（非 自模化区）下离散噪声占主导地位。优化设计结果表明对低Ｒｅ数的动叶必须进行修正,低Ｒｅ数 弯掠动叶与高Ｒｅ数相比,需要更大的弯角和掠角才能达到气动—声学性能的最佳值。     

油烟机内多翼离心风机的响应面优化设计

为改善油烟机的气动性能,提高最大风量工况下的整机全压,对油烟机内多翼离心风机的叶轮进行响应面优化。通过与实验数据对比,验证了本文数值模型的可靠性。使用Box-Behnken实验设计方法对叶轮的进出口安装角和轮径比进行响应面优化,结果表明,叶轮的进出口安装角和轮径比对风机全压均有显著影响;将不考虑油烟机辅助部件的简化模型与整机模型分别进行响应面优化并进行对比分析,结果表明简化模型的优化结果在整机模型中存在不适应性。对最终优化机型在不同风量工况下进行气动性能和噪音的实验测试,实验结果表明,油烟机整机全压在最大风量工况下提高了18.89 Pa,且在整个工况范围内,气动性能均显著提高,A声压级噪声没有显著变化。     

基于遗传算法的贯流风机蜗壳型线优化研究

建立了贯流风机蜗壳型线的自动优化平台,结合遗传算法和数值模拟,以贯流风机静压P_s作为优化目标,对贯流风机的蜗壳型线进行了优化,并研究了蜗壳周向位置θ_0对风机性能的影响。结果表明,优化后的蜗壳型线与主流区气流更加贴合,风机静压略有提升。蜗壳周向位置θ_0减小时,风机静压增加,效率先升后降;θ_0越小,效率特性曲线越陡。蜗壳间隙下游涡流区随着θ_0的减小而增大,随着流量的降低而增大。存在一个最优的θ_0值获得较高的风机静压和效率。     

光纤水听器远程全光放大系统相位噪声研究

光功率冗余不足及相位噪声增加是制约光纤水听器传输距离及探测性能的关键因素。基于光纤水听器全光模拟传输系统，建立远程放大相位噪声模型，设计大有效面积低损耗光纤组合传输链路，在100 km传输4波分×8时分复用系统中，远程放大引入的相位噪声仅为-98.1 dB@1 kHz(1 kHz为频率)，优于常规单模光纤4.3 dB，模型的有效性得到了验证。将模型应用于150 km传输系统，对远程增益单元位置进行优化，获得了-93.2 dB@1 kHz的远程放大噪声性能。所提噪声模型及优化方法可应用于不带电中继的光纤水听器系统设计及研制中，对增大全光传输距离及提升远程探测性能具有重要意义。     

基于敏感性分析降维的多翼离心风机叶轮优化设计

针对多翼离心风机内部流动分离严重、流动损失大及叶轮几何参数多等特点，本文以风机叶轮为对象，开展了几何参数化建模及基于敏感性分析降维，并在此基础上，通过建立包含拉丁超立方抽样法、支持向量回归(SVR)代理模型、混合自适应采样方法和遗传算法的高维高效优化方法，分别开展了效率单目标优化与效率–全压多目标优化设计。研究结果表明：对于风机效率，几何参数影响程度由大到小依次为叶轮内径、叶片出口角、叶轮外径、中盘位置、叶片进口角、叶片数、叶轮宽度、叶片厚度。单目标优化后风机最高效率点效率提高2.29%；多目标优化后效率提高1.91%，全压提升30.95 Pa。研究工作对于认识多翼离心风机内流机理、发展先进优化设计方法具有较重要的学术意义及工程应用价值。     

基于颗粒堆积床模型的线性菲涅尔式太阳能甲醇重整制氢系统综合性能研究

本文建立了线性菲涅尔式太阳能吸热/反应器光热–化学反应过程三维数值模型，并对其缩小模型进行了研究，探究了典型的外部因素(太阳能热流分布)和内部因素(催化剂颗粒半径)对系统流动换热与热化学反应综合性能的影响。首先，基于离散元法建立了催化剂颗粒随机堆积床模型。其次，基于蒙特卡罗光线追迹法与多目标优化遗传算法获得了太阳能热流分布。然后，对比了优化前的、优化后的以及理想情况下的系统综合性能，进一步分析了催化剂颗粒半径的影响。研究发现，热流优化后的系统化学反应性能接近于理想，而减小颗粒半径也可促进化学反应，但会增加流动阻力。催化剂颗粒大小的优选或可综合考虑反应程度、流动阻力和烧结温度限制等进行权衡选取。     

集流器偏心对多翼离心风机性能及噪声的影响研究

风机进口处的流动状态对其性能具有直接影响。本文对某多翼离心风机提出一种进口集流器偏心安装的方法,来控制其进口流动,使其性能获得提升、噪声降低。通过数值寻优与实验寻优的相互验证,对不同工况下集流器偏心安装前后的风机性能、噪声及内部流场展开分析,并最后得出了集流器的合理偏心位置。结果表明:当偏心角θ=120°且偏距比ε=0.016时,偏心方向对应叶道内的流动分离减弱,叶轮出口气流速度增大,同时叶轮前盘和集流器间隙间的流量泄漏也相应减小。在风机运行工况范围内,该风机的风量最大增加3.5%,全压效率最大提高3%,噪声降幅最大达1.2dB.     

Noise generation by vacuum cleaner suction units: Part I. Noise generating mechanisms - An overview

Among all household appliances, the vacuum cleaner is the most powerful source of noise. The built-in suction unit, consisting of an electric motor and a centrifugal blower, represents the main source of noise; this is partially aerodynamic, mechanical and electromagnetic in origin. The contribution of the particular origin of noise generation to the total noise level depends on the geometry of the suction unit and operating conditions. The operating point of a suction unit built into a vacuum cleaner depends on the amount of dust particles in the dust bag and is constantly changing during operation until it reaches a zero flow rate. There are differences in noise generation at different operating conditions as well as between the suction units having a blower without and with a vaned diffuser. In this part of the paper, an overview of aerodynamic, mechanical and electromagnetic noise origins at different operating conditions is given.     

声学共振腔式蜗舌穿孔板厚度对离心式风机噪声的影响

本文用实验方法验证了离心式风机声学共振腔蜗舌穿孔板随着厚度的增加,其频声压级下降的幅值逐渐减小,当穿孔板厚度大于２ｍｍ时,声学共振腔蜗舌不起降低噪声作用,当穿孔板厚度小于２ｍｍ时,流量系数Ｑ和压力系数Ｐ比原机无声学共振腔式蜗舌时平均下降约４．４％和３．８７％,对风机气动力性能影响不明显。     

Experimental and numerical studies on the discrete noise about the cross-flow fan with block-shifted impellers

The experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to investigate the blade passage frequency (BPF) noise of a cross-flow fan (CFF) with the block-shifted impeller. Firstly, the aeroacoustic and aerodynamic features about the five different block-shifted impellers have been obtained experimentally. Secondly, the dynamic pressure sensors were put in the noise generating surfaces to investigate the pressure fluctuations generated by the shifted blocks in the near-field through the cross-correlation analysis. Thirdly, the two-dimensional (2D) unsteady flow field has been simulated by commercial CFD software and the vortex flow patterns and the unsteady force of the blade have been analyzed to detect the noise source about the CFF. Finally, the noise properties about the CFF were predicted by a hybrid method through the Farassat’s equation and the surface pressure fluctuations were provided by the CFD simulations. A simplified theory model has also been built up at the same time. The comparisons are made between the results of hybrid method and the theory model to validate the correctness of the noise prediction methods. The accuracy of these results was also evaluated by the corresponding experimental ones. The results indicate that the impellers with different block-shifted angles are the same in aerodynamic performance but different in the BPF noise. The relations between the shifted angles and the BPF noise levels have been predicted and discussed for the noise reduction.     

船舶无空泡螺旋桨非定常推力脉动及其诱导线谱噪声分析

对船舶无空泡螺旋桨非定常推力脉动及其诱导的线谱噪声进行了研究,主要目的在于螺旋桨非定常推力脉动理论预报方法的验证。基于速度势面元法计算得到非均匀流场中无空泡螺旋桨的推力脉动,在大型循环水槽中利用非定常动力仪测试得到全附体船后螺旋桨的脉动推力,以脉动推力作为声源项预报得远场线谱噪声。一阶叶频非定常推力系数理论计算值与试验值最大相差29.3%,由此引起的线谱噪声差别为3.0 dB。上述结果表明,面元法预报船后螺旋桨非定常推力脉动已达到较高精度,为船舶螺旋桨低频线谱噪声的预报提供了物理基础和重要参数。      

Prediction and validation of tonal noise from underwater propellers

Prediction and validation of low-frequency line spectrum noise from ship propeller under non-cavitating condition is presented.The flow field is analyzed with potential-based panel method,which requires the hydrodynamic forces to be integrated over the actual blade surface,rather than over the mean-chord surface.Then the pressure data is used as the input for Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings formulation to predict the far field acoustics.At the same time,propeller unsteady force is measured in hull-behind condition in China Large Cavitation Channel(CLCC).Line spectrum noise of the 1st blade passage frequency(BPF) of a five-bladed propeller operating in a non-uniform flow field is got according to the calculated and measured unsteady forces,in which good agreement is obtained,and the 1st BPF noise difference is within 3.0 dB.The investigation reveals that prediction precision of the propeller's 1st BPF unsteady force with panel method have reached engineering practical degree,providing significant parameters for prediction of propeller line spectrum noise.     

Noise generation by vacuum cleaner suction units. Part III. Contribution of structure-borne noise to total sound pressure level

Noise emitted by a vacuum cleaner suction unit consists of airborne and structure-borne noise. The airborne noise is generated mainly by the turbo blower and the structure-borne noise is generated mainly by the driving electric motor. The structure-borne noise depends on the suction unit design and on operating conditions, and is especially distinct at partial flow rates when rotating stall and surge appear. Among geometrical parameters, the stator of the blower and the electric motor, or metal shield if any, have the greatest effect on the structure-borne noise. Therefore, in this part of the paper, the effects of vibrations of the electric motor structure on the noise characteristics have been measured and analysed at the design and off-design operation. The contribution of structure-borne sound to the total sound pressure level becomes relatively less important at higher flow rates and with a vaned diffuser built-in the blower.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the unsteady flow field and tone generation in an isolated centrifugal fan impeller

In spite of a low circumferential Mach number the sound of isolated centrifugal fan impellers is sometimes dominated by distinctive tones at blade passing frequency (BPF) and integer multiples. This paper reports on an experimental and numerical investigation intended to unveil the tone generating mechanism. The sound spectra from three impellers operating at a large range of speed were measured and decomposed into Strouhal and Helmholtz number dependent functions. This led to the preliminary conclusion that the BPF related tones are exclusively flow-induced. Based on hot-wire and blade pressure fluctuation measurements and a subsequent correlation analysis, coherent flow structures different from those associated with the principal azimuthal flow pattern due to the blades were detected. Eventually a numerical three-dimensional unsteady flow simulation revealed an inlet vortex. It takes on a helical form, with the vortex core slowly varying its position with respect to the impeller center. As the blades cut through that quasi-stationary helical vortex they encounter blade force fluctuations, producing the BPF tones. Slow spin of the vortex core and slow variation of vortex strength were identified as the reasons for amplitude modulation of the BPF tone.     

不均匀伴流场中螺旋桨空化的黏性流数值模拟和低频噪声预报

阐述了采用空化黏流CFD瞬态模拟和脉冲球形气泡辐射噪声理论相结合的思路在螺旋桨空化低频噪声谱预报上的应用方法。预报了全附体SUBOFF潜艇标称伴流条件下的NSRDC4383五叶大侧斜桨和某七叶大侧斜桨的片空化低频噪声谱,分析了桨叶负载和空化程度对线谱成分及其谱源级的影响。空化模拟时采用作者提出的且可信性经过验证的改进Sauer空化模型和修正SST湍流模型。噪声谱预报时空化体积由空化特征长度求取,较空泡表面球形等价假设更加合理。计算表明,七叶桨较五叶桨的确具有负载小、空化初生延迟、空化低频线谱噪声低的特征。在相同的基于航速的空化数下,非均匀进流与桨叶相互作用会明显增加线谱成分及其谱源级。在伴流、空化数和转速一定时,随着负载减小,推力、力矩和桨叶空化面积均会减小,但空化体积加速度幅度却变大,离散线谱噪声级增加且由奇次谐频为主转变为以偶次谐频为主;当仅减小空化程度时,谐频线谱成分明显被抑制,且1 kHz频率处谱源级减小2.54 dB。较完整地构建了螺旋桨空化水动力和噪声性能评估的数值平台,可用于指导艇尾低噪声桨的数值设计。      

Noise generation by vacuum cleaner suction units: Part II. Effect of vaned diffuser on noise characteristics

Noise emitted by a vacuum cleaner suction unit has aerodynamic, mechanical and electromagnetic noise origins. The aerodynamically generated noise within the blower mostly prevails in the total emitted noise at design and off-design operations. The vaned diffuser built into the blower has an important effect on the aerodynamically generated noise and its spectra. Therefore, in this part of the paper, the effects of the vaned diffuser on the performance and noise characteristics have been measured and analysed at the design and off-design operation. Analysis of measurement results have shown that the built-in vaned diffuser has numerous disadvantages, including: increase in the rotational noise, increase in the non-rotational turbulent noise, especially at off-design operation, increase in production costs and reduction of the flow rate. Therefore, and due to variable operating conditions of the suction units built into a vacuum cleaner, it could be omitted or replaced by a vaneless one.     

蜗壳进口周向非均匀流动的数值研究

本文提出一种考虑进口非均匀流动的蜗壳流场计算方法。该方法通过叶轮出口边界与蜗壳进口边界上静压分布的迭代计算,并逐步修正蜗壳入口气流方向模拟叶轮与蜗壳内流场的相互作用。通过计算结果表明:该方法计算量小,且能获得一定程度的蜗壳进口非均匀流动。