人工老化和自然老化大豆种子的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱结合二维相关红外光谱法,研究了人工老化和自然老化条件下的大豆种子。结果显示,两种老化条件下大豆种子的原始光谱整体相似,吸收峰强度出现了差异;在二阶导数红外光谱中,人工老化和自然老化条件下大豆种子中物质变化趋势趋于一致。两种老化大豆种子在1747和1693 cm~(-1)附近的吸光度随着老化程度的增加而增强的趋势;在1660,1549,1236 cm~(-1)附近整体为减弱趋势;在1610～1550 cm~(-1)附近呈现增加趋势;在1150～1100 cm~(-1)附近呈现减弱趋势,但在老化过程中均出现一定增强。二维相关红外光谱结果显示,未经老化处理的大豆种子的自动峰数目和位置相同,自动峰强度发生改变;自然老化条件下大豆种子随着老化程度的加深,自动峰的数量、强度和位置表现出明显差异;人工老化大豆种子随着老化程度的加深,自动峰的数目和位置差异不明显,强度变化较为明显。大豆种子在老化过程中脂类物质增加,蛋白质物质减少,糖类物质减少,酮/醛类物质增加,氨基酸增加,醇类物质、酚类物质发生变化。利用红外光谱法对人工老化和自然老化条件下大豆种子的研究结果表明,红外光谱法可以实现快速、方便的对两种老化大豆种子的光谱变化进行研究。     

用伪同色光谱图像检测色觉正常观察者的锥细胞光谱响应

为了能够快速、准确的检测色觉正常观察者的辨色差异，从而对其红、绿、蓝三通道的锥细胞光谱响应进行研究，设计并制作了由背景层（或和明度层）以及数字层组成的伪同色光谱图像，其中背景层和数字层具有不同的光谱反射曲线，经过照明光源以及人眼锥细胞光谱响应的共同作用，使色觉正常的观察者产生不同的颜色感知差异。实验首先基于不同光谱原色的输出设备，在不同的照明光源下，制作出能够放大观察者差异的近同色异谱色样对。要求用不同颜色匹配函数计算近同色异谱色样对的CIEDE2000色差值，有的色差在人眼辨色阈值之内，有的色差人眼可明显识别。通过优化计算，将放大观察者色觉差异的近同色异谱色样对应用于伪同色光谱图像的数字层和背景层，并利用Epson Stylus Pro7908喷墨打印机和OKI C9600激光打印机分别输出伪同色光谱图像的背景层和数字层。同时组织了72名色觉正常的观察者（包含55名18～25岁的年轻观察者和17名62～74岁的老年观察者）分别在D65和LED-5000K两种光源下，对伪同色光谱图像进行识读检验。识读结果表明，伪同色光谱图像可以较为准确的判定年轻和老年观察者的视网膜锥细胞光谱响应是否老化。同种照明光源下，年轻观察者可以识读出数字的伪同色光谱图像（②/④）老年观察者不能识读，老年观察者可以识读的伪同色光谱图像（①/③）大多年轻观察者不能识读，且55名年轻观察者中有4名观察者的目视结果与老年人相同。另外，年轻观察者的锥细胞光谱响应与CIE1964和CIE2006（age=25 y）颜色匹配函数较为一致，而老年观察者的锥细胞光谱响应与CIE1931和CIE2006（age=75 y）颜色匹配函数更为一致。对比颜色匹配函数的分布，发现老年观察者的锥细胞光谱响应向长波段偏移，同时由于屈光系统光学密度增加导致其锥细胞光谱响应有所降低。     

具有三种颜色的白癜风皮肤的荧光光谱

将荧光光谱方法应用于具有三种颜色的白癜风皮肤特性的研究,在对荧光测量以及皮肤组织病理检查的基础上,建立了三色白癜风皮肤的光学模型,分析了皮肤黑色素的含量与分布,并进行了蒙特卡罗计算,其结果与实测结果基本一致。研究表明:具有三种颜色的白癜风皮肤可作为一个较好的皮肤黑色素含量与分布的模型;荧光光谱法可以探测到皮肤较深层(真皮层)的黑色素分布或其他组织光学特性;所建立的白癜风皮肤的光学模型及建模方法,所采用的光谱比率法等可以在皮肤光学的其他研究中应用。     

空间分辨光谱和可见/近红外光谱的番茄颜色等级判别

比较分析空间分辨光谱和单点可见/近红外光谱（可见/短波近红外光谱和中波近红外光谱）对番茄颜色的识别能力。根据番茄表面和内部颜色将600个样品分为6个等级（green, breaker, turning, pink, light red和red）。分别利用新型空间分辨光谱系统（550~1 650 nm）,可见/短波近红外光谱仪（400~1 100 nm）和中波近红外光谱仪（900~1 700 nm）采集番茄的空间分辨（spatially-resolved, SR）光谱和单点可见/近红外（SP Vis/NIR）光谱,建立番茄等级的偏最小二乘判别（PLSDA）模型,比较其对番茄颜色等级的预测效果。结果表明, SR光谱组合可在最佳单一SR光谱基础上进一步提高番茄颜色的识别能力,对番茄表面颜色和内部颜色的识别率可分别达到98.8%和84.6%。光源-检测器距离较近的SR光谱对番茄表面颜色的识别有帮助,而光源-检测器距离较远的SR光谱能较好的判别番茄内部颜色。SP NIR光谱在对番茄表面颜色判别中与SR光谱具有一定可比性,其分类准确率可达到95%,但SP Vis/NIR光谱在对番茄内部颜色识别中具有较低的分类准确率,分类结果远不如SR光谱,说明SR光谱比SP Vis/NIR光谱对番茄颜色的判别更具潜力。     

γ射线辐照处理银灰色Akoya珍珠的谱学特征研究

近年来因为高品质银灰色Akoya珍珠备受青睐,大量改色处理的银灰色珍珠涌入市场,造成混乱,其中辐照处理改色的珍珠很难鉴别,成为检测难题。对一批白色和浅黄色Akoya珍珠进行了不同剂量的γ射线辐照改色实验,并对辐照前后的样品和天然呈银灰色的Akoya珍珠进行放大观察及光致发光光谱、紫外可见光光谱和三维荧光光谱等无损谱学测试。实验结果表明：浅黄色Akoya辐照的改色效果明显好于白色者,随辐照剂量的加大,改变的颜色加深。通过对比辐照改色前后的样品与天然呈银灰色Akoya珍珠样品的镜下特征,发现：辐照改色者具有浅色珠层和带有深褐色条纹的褐色珠核,天然呈色者则在浅色珠层和白色珠核间有一褐色有机质夹层,有机质不均匀的地方在珍珠表面形成“黑斑”。对比辐照前后样品与天然呈银灰色Akoya珍珠样品的谱学特征发现：辐照改色者较改色前及天然呈色者的光致发光光谱的荧光背景更高,但背景峰与文石主峰强度比值F/A值(1.34～1.98)比天然呈色者(0.52～1.12)略高;辐照改色者较改色前紫外可见光谱反射率明显降低,在紫外光区的360 nm处出现宽缓吸收,而天然呈色者在430～530 nm范围内有宽缓吸收,且...     

天然植物花卉的反射光谱在显示器中的颜色复制特征

基于sRGB颜色空间作为显示器的色彩显示的重要颜色空间,首次对天然植物花卉反射光谱在sRGB颜色空间的复制特征进行了研究。针对天然植物花卉颜色由CIE1931XYZ向sRGB颜色空间转换过程中在sRGB空间中的“剪切”现象,分析了九种典型光源下218种天然植物花卉的反射光谱在sRGB颜色空间的颜色复制误差。考虑到D65光源的特殊性,对D65下的复制做了重点研究。研究结果表明,天然植物花卉颜色由CIE1931颜色空间向sRGB颜色空间转换时,“剪切现象”是造成空间转换误差的主要原因,存在剪切现象时,如果颜色分量剪切程度较小,同样可以不会带来大的色差,仍可能得到较好的颜色复制效果;D65光源下,218个天然植物花卉光谱中有8个“橙黄色”光谱的颜色在sRGB颜色空间中存在“剪切现象”,占总光谱数目的3.7%;D65下天然植物花卉颜色在sRGB中颜色复制效果最好,而在A光源下最差。     

按波长分区的LCD颜色特征化模型

为了建立液晶显示器颜色计算模型,分别对EIZO CG19, IBM 19, DELL 19和HP 19 LCD显示器进行了通道独立性和颜色叠加性的检验。通过检验单通道和双通道数字驱动值与颜色三刺激值之间的关系可以验证各通道之间的独立性,从而证明了上述显示器的显示色与三原色光谱辐亮度函数之间存在线性叠加关系。实验中发现三原色光谱辐亮度与数字驱动值的关系是波长的非线性函数,提出了一种按波长分区法计算三原色光谱辐亮度函数的方法,用RGB三原色的测量光谱拟合出各波长辐亮度值与数字驱动值之间的三次多项式关系,利用这个关系可计算得到任意数字驱动值对应的三原色光谱辐亮度曲线,然后可按颜色相加关系由三原色光谱辐亮度曲线计算出任意数字驱动值下的显示色。实验结果表明,只需要测量少量几个数字驱动值下的光谱曲线就可以准确计算出任意数字驱动值下的三原色光谱辐亮度曲线,进而计算得到任意混合色的光谱辐亮度曲线,大大减少了测量样品数量。这种计算方法所需的测量样品数量少、计算准确度高,可以满足工业应用的精度要求,能作为LCD显示器颜色特征化的一种方法。     

不同波段紫外光对小牛胸腺DNA损伤的拉曼光谱研究

应用拉曼光谱分波段研究了紫外线对小牛胸腺DNA的损伤特性并对它们的作用特点进行了比较,得到了一个比较完整的紫外损伤机制。结果表明,紫外C(UVC)对DNA产生了全面的损伤,而紫外B(UVB)和紫外A(UVA)对DNA的损伤则具有选择性,其中UVB比UVA的作用速度快。在减少B型DNA构象方面,UVA和UVB似乎要比UVC强。在DNA各基团中,嘧啶碱基和脱氧核糖受损伤最为严重。较长时间的UVA或UVB照射后有光复性现象产生。实验结果部分支持环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(CPD)、6-4光产物(6-4PP)和Dewar异构体的形成。     

基于视觉感知的光谱评估尺度

光谱颜色复现和色度精度是评价光谱重建算法准确的基础。简单而直观的评价指标对颜色复现控制是必不可少。该指标需要同时表征复现颜色的光谱差和色度差。在研究光谱匹配评估的方法基础上,提出基于颜色视觉感知的三种光谱评估指标,通过加权人眼视觉匹配函数,实现颜色光谱差与色度的评估。通过孟塞尔颜色系统的光谱数据,该论文分析与验证三种视觉加权的评估指标的有效性。通过孟塞尔颜色系统数据,这些指标在CIELab均匀色空间中分布均匀而稳定,从而证明加权算法的评估指标是既表征到颜色感知又反映出颜色的光谱相似度。实证结果表明,加权的指标可以实现同时表征实际人眼的颜色感知和颜色光谱差异。基于人眼视觉感知的评估指标解决了颜色的原始光谱和重建光谱的光谱匹配精度的定量评价问题。所提出评价指标通过一个简单而直观的数值实现对复现颜色光谱与色度评估。     

充填处理天河石的谱学特征研究

采用常规宝石学测试方法,结合能量色散型X射线荧光光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、荧光光谱仪等测试分析方法,对比天然及充填处理天河石的谱学特征,旨在探寻有效无损鉴别充填处理天河石的方法。结果表明,充填处理天河石同天然天河石折射率范围一致,均为1.52～1.53。充填处理天河石的光泽较弱,为弱玻璃—蜡状光泽,有别于天然天河石的玻璃光泽。放大观察,部分充填处理天河石样品可见裂隙处出现明显内凹现象,内凹处光泽明显较弱,裂隙中还可存在气泡。较弱的光泽以及放大观察可以辅助区分天然天河石与充填处理天河石。天然及充填处理天河石中所含的主量元素种类一致,均含有Al,Si,K和Rb,并未检测到属于充填物质的异常化学元素。红外反射光谱在指纹区都表现为天河石本身基团振动所产生的吸收;在官能团区,天然天河石没有明显吸收,而充填处理天河石存在由（—CH₂—）振动所产生的2 844和2 912 cm-1两处特征吸收峰。天然及充填处理天河石的激光拉曼光谱在100～1 500 cm-1波段内特征相同,均表现为天河石本身基团振动所产生的拉曼峰。充填处理天河石在100～3 700 cm-1波段内荧光干扰明显强于天然天河石,当检测到表面裂隙中的有机充填物时荧光干扰会更强并出现区别于天然天河石的拉曼峰。天然天河石与充填处理天河石的三维荧光光谱不管是荧光中心位置还是相对强度都没有典型区别,且天然天河石自身具有不同的荧光特征,三维荧光光谱不能有效区分天然天河石与充填处理天河石。     

Ecofriendly laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleaching of linen fabrics and its influence on dyeing efficiency

This study evaluates the bleaching efficiency of enzymatically scoured linen fabrics using a combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasonic energy, with the goal of obtaining fabrics with high whiteness levels, well preserved tensile strength and higher dye uptake. The effect of the laccase enzyme and the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasound has been investigated with regard to whiteness value, tensile strength, dyeing efficiency and dyeing kinetics using both reactive and cationic dyes. The bleached linen fabrics were characterized using X-ray diffraction and by measuring tensile strength and lightness. The dyeing efficiency and kinetics were characterized by measuring dye uptake and colour fastness. The results indicated that ultrasound was an effective technique in the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process of linen fabrics. The whiteness values expressed as lightness of linen fabrics is enhanced by using ultrasonic energy. The measured colour strength values were found to be slightly better for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabrics than for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide for both reactive and cationic dyes. The fastness properties of the fabrics dyed with reactive dye were better than those obtained when using cationic dye. The time/dye uptake isotherms were also enhanced when using combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabric, which confirms the efficiency of ultrasound in the combined oxidative bleaching process. The dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and dyeing efficiency have been calculated and discussed.     

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted bleaching strategy customized for yak hair triggered by melanin-targeted Fenton reaction

Promoting processing efficiency and taking advantage of agricultural by-products are two promising ways to achieve sustainable textile industry. This study presents a customized efficient ultrasonic-assisted bleaching strategy for yak hair – a widely existing but underexploited secondary dark shade fibre from yak. A melanin-targeted Fenton oxidation process is established which involves three phases, i.e., (I) incorporation of Fe²⁺ ions with melanin, (II) catalytic oxidative bleaching using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and (III) reductive cleansing. The bleaching efficacy, dyeing performance and tensile property of yak hair treated with and without ultrasound were explored and compared. Further, the ultrasonic bleaching mechanism in terms of the catalytic effect of Fe²⁺ ions, the promotion of H₂O₂ decomposition, removal of melanin granule from yak hair, were demonstrated. Finally, the main effects and interactions of parameters in phase II, and optimal condition were obtained through mathematical modelling based on a central composite design (CCD). Results reveal that ultrasonic bleaching dramatically enhances the whiteness index (WI) of yak hair from 11 to 45 which is 44.6% higher than those bleached without ultrasound, and also promotes the uptake of acid dyes. There is only 15% tensile strength loss and 14% elongation increment of yak hair after ultrasonic bleaching, rising from a slight damage of cuticle layer and cleavage of disulfide bonds, respectively. In the study of bleaching mechanism, Fe²⁺ ion is confirmed to improve the H₂O₂ decomposition rate by 20.9% which further runs up to 35.9% after introducing ultrasound. Ultrasound increases the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (HO) by 94% which are the main oxidative species participating in bleaching confirmed by HO scavenging experiment. The porous structure was observed on the cross section of yak hair stemming from the removal of melanin granules contributed by the cleaning action of ultrasound. A theoretical highest WI of 52.4 can be achieved under an optimal condition based on the CCD study. In general, the proposed melanin-targeted bleaching strategy for yak hair that integrates ultrasonic technology and Fenton reaction, is beneficial to the development of sustainable textile industry from material and processing perspectives.     

Color alteration in teeth subjected to different bleaching techniques

This study evaluated the color alteration of teeth subjected to the action of different bleaching agents and the influence of light sources commonly used in association with these products, In GI, the specimens remained immersed in artificial saliva. The specimens in GII were bleached with a 10% carbamide peroxide gel 4 hours/day during 3 weeks; the teeth in the other three groups were subjected to three sessions of three 10-min applications of 35% hydrogen peroxide gel at 7-day intervals. In GIII, no light was used, while in GIV and GV the gel was associated with a quartz-tungsten-halogen light and a LED/laser source, respectively. The teeth color was evaluated before and 7 days after the bleaching sessions by reflectance spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Fisher’s test (α = 0.05), and showed that a significant color change was obtained in all treated groups. After the first week of treatment and at the end of it, the bleaching protocols showed similar results. The results of the present study indicate that association of a light source is not necessary to obtain the bleaching effect and that optimal bleaching can be achieved with all techniques tested.     

Wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and chemometric investigation of human hair after cosmetic treatment

Variations in the chemical composition of 63 different human and 6 different synthetic hair samples were investigated using wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectra profiles. To evaluate the effect of cosmetic treatment on the strands, the human hair samples were bleached, but the synthetic ones were not. To better investigate the data, exploratory analyses were calculated using principal component analysis for the WDXRF spectra. Eight normalizations/standardizations were applied in the WDXRF to verify the clustering tendency. Bleaching was tested, because it is one way in which people mask their real hair color. After the data were standardized, an enhancement of the data discrimination was verified. Furthermore, the explained variance was higher in the first principal components. The WDXRF spectra were able to distinguish samples with distinct features, including synthetic, dyed, and straightened hair. The findings of this study hold promise for forensics due to desirable aspects such as nondestructivity and the possibility of a large hair sample database.     

二维相关红外光谱法鉴别不同染发剂染色头发

采用红外光谱法(FTIR)并结合二维相关光谱分析技术,对不同染发剂染过的头发进行了鉴别研究,普通头发和染过的头发在一维谱图上差别不显著,而在二维谱图上具有显著性的差别。在1000—2000cm-1区域同步相关红外谱图上,普通头发与高档染发剂染色的头发在1500cm-1附近有3个强的自动峰,2个弱的自动峰。低档染发剂染色的头发在1500cm-1附近有3个弱的自动峰,在2000cm-1附近有3个弱的自动峰。在2800—4000cm-1区域同步相关红外谱图上,普通头发与高档染发剂染色的头发在3300cm-1附近有1个强的自动峰,1个弱的自动峰。低档染发剂染色的头发在3400cm-1附近有1个弱的自动峰。在异步谱图上普通头发与高档染发剂染色的头发也相似,同时区别于低档染发剂染色的头发。     

Ultrasonic dyeing of cellulose nanofibers

Textile dyeing assisted by ultrasonic energy has attained a greater interest in recent years. We report ultrasonic dyeing of nanofibers for the very first time. We chose cellulose nanofibers and dyed with two reactive dyes, CI reactive black 5 and CI reactive red 195. The cellulose nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) followed by deacetylation. The FTIR results confirmed complete conversion of CA into cellulose nanofibers. Dyeing parameters optimized were dyeing temperature, dyeing time and dye concentrations for each class of the dye used. Results revealed that the ultrasonic dyeing produced higher color yield (K/S values) than the conventional dyeing. The color fastness test results depicted good dye fixation. SEM analysis evidenced that ultrasonic energy during dyeing do not affect surface morphology of nanofibers. The results conclude successful dyeing of cellulose nanofibers using ultrasonic energy with better color yield and color fastness results than conventional dyeing.     

Cold Pad-Batch dyeing method for cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dyes using ultrasonic energy

Reactive dyes are vastly used in dyeing and printing of cotton fibre. These dyes have a distinctive reactive nature due to active groups which form covalent bonds with -OH groups of cotton through substitution and/or addition mechanism. Among many methods used for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, the Cold Pad Batch (CPB) method is relatively more environment friendly due to high dye fixation and non requirement of thermal energy. The dyed fabric production rate is low due to requirement of at least twelve hours batching time for dye fixation. The proposed CPB method for dyeing cotton involves ultrasonic energy resulting into a one third decrease in batching time. The dyeing of cotton fibre was carried out with CI reactive red 195 and CI reactive black 5 by conventional and ultrasonic (US) method. The study showed that the use of ultrasonic energy not only shortens the batching time but the alkalis concentrations can considerably be reduced. In this case, the colour strength (K/S) and dye fixation (%F) also enhances without any adverse effect on colour fastness of the dyed fabric. The appearance of dyed fibre surface using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed relative straightening of fibre convolutions and significant swelling of the fibre upon ultrasonic application. The total colour difference values ΔE (CMC) for the proposed method, were found within close proximity to the conventionally dyed sample.     

染发对头发中重金属含量的影响

化妆品和染发剂是重金属的污染源之一。应用ICP-MS对经常染发的人群头发中的重金属含量与不染发人群作了比较。结果显示,长期染发对头发中的重金属含量有明显影响,但是不同重金属变化不同。染发人群头发中重金属Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb含量明显增加,As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和 Hg等重金属含量却明显减少。分析上述结果的原因可能是染发剂中含Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb偏多,含As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg等重金属少,而经常染发有可能影响人体对重金属As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg的代谢。     

Ultrasonic-assisted dyeing of Nylon-6 nanofibers

We first time report ultrasonic dyeing of the Nylon 6 nanofibers with two disperse dyes CI Disperse blue 56 and CI Disperse Red 167:1 by utilising ultrasonic energy during dyeing process. The Nylon 6 nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning and dyed via batchwise method with and without sonication. Results revealed that ultrasonic dyeing produce higher color yield (K/S values) and substantially reduces dyeing time from 60 min for conventional dyeing to 30 min can be attributed to breakage of dye aggregate, transient cavitation near nanofiber surface and mass transfer within/between nanofibers. Color fastness results exhibited good to very good dye fixation. SEM images exhibit insignificant effect of sonication on morphology of the nanofibers. Our research results demonstrate ultrasonic dyeing as a better dyeing technique for Nylon 6 nanofibers with higher color yield and substantially reduced dyeing time.     

UV‐resonance Raman micro‐spectroscopy to assess residual chromophores in cellulosic pulps

Ultraviolet‐resonance Raman (UV‐RR) micro‐spectroscopy is an appropriate and sensitive tool to assess the chromophore structures in bleached cellulosic pulps used for papermaking. The particular selectivity in detection and identification of chromophores in pulps is achieved by acquiring the UV‐RR spectra in the solid state with laser excitation at 325 nm. This wavelength corresponds to absorption of poly‐unsaturated chromophore structures in partially bleached/fully bleached pulps, and linearly correlated with the signal at ca 1600 cm⁻¹ in the UV‐RR spectra. The characteristic vibrations from particular pulp chromophore structures have been assigned from experiments with model compounds, thus allowing the establishment of a UV‐RR database. Among the components of bleached pulp, the xylan–lignin complex was suggested to be an important source of chromophores. The monitoring of pulp bleaching by UV‐RR allowed us to suggest that it is the formation of new polysaccharide‐derived chromophores upon bleaching that hinders development of further brightness and is co‐responsible for the brightness reversion of fully bleached pulps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.