Vacuum Einstein spaces with axial symmetry

Four classes of solutions are found to the equations R=–2_{; ;} and g _;=0 in three-dimensional space with metric gdxdx and signature (+ ––), equivalent to the Einstein equations R_ij=0 in a vacuum for the metric . The metric ds² assumes axial symmetry and symmetry with respect to the reflection .Translated from Izvestiya Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 43–45, September, 1976.     

Nickel bolometers

A modified method of the production of nickel bolometers and their properties are described. A typical example is a bolometer of dimensions 005×2 mm and resistance 14.9 , the NEP (noise equivalent power) of which is 6.23×10^–11 Wc^–1/2 in air and 1.9×10^–11 Wc^–1/2 in vacuo. The paper also describes the influence of cooling the surroundings with liquid nitrogen on the properties of the bolometer. The NEP of a bolometer that works in vacuo with cooled surroundings is 5 times lower. A method is given for correcting the characteristics of two similar bolometers for use in a d.c. bridge which makes the equilibrium of the bridge independent of bridge-current fluctuations in a large range of current.     

Bolometers operated at 0.1 K and 0.2 K cooled by adiabatic demagnetization

We have constructed bolometers operating at temperatures of 0.1 K and 0.2 K cooled by adiabatic demagnetization. The electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) of the bolometers was found to be 1.8×10^–16 W/Hz^1/2 and 6.6×10^–16 W/Hz^1/2 respectively. These values are within a factor of two of the expected performance based upon bolometer theory. The thermistor material used was gallium doped single crystal germanium, for which we find a resistivity temperature dependence of the form = ^o exp (AT^–1/2).     

Quasioptical superconducting hot electron bolometer for submillmeter waves

We report on a superconducting hot electron bolometer coupled to radiation via a broadband antenna. The bolometer, a structured NbN film, was patterned on a thin dielectric membrane between terminals of a gold slotline antenna. We investigated the response to submillimeter radiation (wave-lengths 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm) in the fundamental Gaussian mode. We found that the directivity of the antenna was constant within a factor of 2.5 through the whole experimental range. The noise equivalent power of the bolometer at 119 µm was 3 · 10^–13 W/Hz^1/2; a time constant of 160 ps was estimated.     

Contribution to the theory of single-mode laser modulation II. Conduction modulation

The problem of conduction modulation of laser radiation is considered. It is shown that acoustic wave interacting with photon field in active medium causes a periodic modulation of the number of quanta in the single-mode gas laser. The problem of modulation is solved quantum mechanically and it is shown that dielectric and conduction modulation give similar results.     

The influence of magnetic after-effect on the rectangularity of the hysteresis loop of MgMn ferrites

The influence of the magnetic after-effect on the rectangularity of the hysteresis loop of MgMn ferrites in two different compositions was studied; it was found that this influence is so small that it cannot be the actual cause of a rectangular hysteresis loop of such materials.

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Fock representations of the affine Lie algebraA 1 (1)

The aim of this note is to show that the affine Lie algebraA ₁ ⁽¹⁾ has a natural family _, ,v of Fock representations on the spaceC[x _i,y _j;i andj ], parametrized by (,v) C ². By corresponding the highest weight _, of _, to each (,), the parameter spaceC ₂ forms a double cover of the weight spaceC₀C –₁ with singularities at linear forms of level –2; this number is (–1)-times the dual Coxeter number. Our results contain explicit realizations of irreducible non-integrable highest wieghtA ₁ ⁽¹⁾ -modules for generic (,v).     

Semi-orthoposets

A semi-orthoposet (SOP) is a bounded posetP together with a unary operation :P P such thatab impliesba andaa for allaP. This structure generalizes all previously studied quantum logic frameworks and yet is rich enough so that nontrivial results can be proved. For various types of SOPs it is shown that a partially defined morphism has an extension to the full SOP and that there exists an order-determining set of morphisms with a specified range. These results are applied to obtain representations of SOPs in terms of SOPs of sets and SOPs of functions. Connections between SOPs and effect algebras as well as tensor products of SOPs are obtained.     

Electroweak interactions at an infinite sublayer quark level. IV. Composite model of electron,neutrino, and gauge bosons

We assume that the electron (e ^–), neutrino (v _e), and gauge bosons (W ^±,Z ⁰) are composed of only two kinds of particles, an ultimate particleu at an infinite sublayer quark level and a chargeless fermiont, such thate ^–=(u ^cp u ^cp l),V _e =(u u ^cp l,W ⁺=(u u ),W ^–=(u ^cp u ^cp andZ ⁰=(u u ^cp . It is then shown thatCP is violated in weak interactions associated with these electron, neutrino, and gauge bosons.     

A broadband photon drag detector for pulsed, high-power radiation detection

A broadband detector based on the photon drag effect in semiconductors has been used for radiation detection from 600 m to 1 cm wavelengths. The measured responsivity of the detector at the longer wavelengths is 3 V/W.     

ПРОВОДИМОСТЬ СРЕДНЕ Й ЧАСТИ КАНАЛА КОНДЕНСИРОВАННЫХ РА ЗРНДОВ

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Frequency- and wavelength-modulation spectroscopies: Comparison of experimental methods using an AlGaAs diode laser

Low-wavelength modulation (1 kHz), high-wavelength modulation (100 MHz) and two-tone frequency modulation (390±5 MHz) spectroscopies are systematically compared by measuring the minimum detectable absorption achieved using an AlGaAs diode laser tuned on a third-overtone methane transition at 886 nm. From the S/N behavior has been extrapolated a minimum relative absorption (1 Hz of bandwidth) of 4.5(1)×10^–7 for the LMW, 9.7(3)×10^–8 for the HWM and 6.4(2)×10^–8 for the TTFM. In the LWM case the detection-limit value is represented by the laser amplitude 1/f excess noise, while for the high-frequency detection techniques this contribution is negligible with respect to other noise sources. These detection limits well agree with the calculated quantum limited values based on measured laser power, modulation index, noise figure of the electronic components, and other parameters of the apparatus.     

Die Sättigungseffekte Bei Senkrechtfeldresonanz in YIG

Zusammenfassung Messungen des Imaginärteils der Suszeptibilität als Funktion der Mikrowellenfeldstärkeh wurden bei Hauptresonanz an Proben aus reinem und mit Dysprosium dotierten Yttrium-Eisen-Granat durchgeführt. Die Gestalt der (1/h)-Kurven urde auf Grund einer früher veröffentlichten Theorie behandelt. Der an der Probe 3 gemessene Verlauf von kann befriedigend mit Hilfe des Modells der unabhängigen Spinwellen interpretiert werden. Dasselbe gilt für die Messung an der Probe 2 mit Gleichfeld in [111]-Richtung. Die Steilheit der quasilinearen Kurvenabschnitte ist bei diesen(1/h)-Kurven von der GrößeH/H _k abhängig. Die Spinwellenhalbwertsbreite wurde auf Grund des benützten Modells mit Hilfe des Maximums der Größeh bestimmt. Der an der Probe aus reinem YIG gemessene Verlauf von stimmt für den Fall des Gleichfeldes in [100]-Richtung mit dem Modell der stark gekoppelten Spinwellen gut überein. Die Messung an dieser Probe mit Gleichfeld in [111]-Richtung weist einen anderen Verlauf der (1/h) Kurve auf, welcher nicht durch den Einfluß der magnetokristallischen Anisotropie der YIG erklärt werden kann. Dies sollte eher der Anisotropie der GrößeH _k zugeschrieben werden und wir vermuten, daß die letztgenannte Messung ein Verhalten widerspiegelt, das irgendwo zwischen den mit der Theorie diskutierten Extremfällen liegt. Dasselbe kann von der Messung an der Probe 2 mit Gleichfeld in [100]-Richtung gesagt werden.

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Saturation effects at main resonance in YIG

The imaginary part of the susceptibility at main resonance was measured as a function of the microwave field intensityh on samples of pure YIG and also on YIG doped with Dy. The experimental results are compared with a theory published earlier. In particular the form of the(1/h) curves is discussed and also the way in which the spin wave relaxation frequencies can be determined.

     

Design of Reconfigurable Millimeter-Wave Patch Antenna

Reconfigurable antenna is a novel concept of antenna. A novel reconfigurable millimeter-wave patch antenna is proposed and simulated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The simulation results demonstrate that the antenna can operate in two states and shift the operation frequency band between 22.830.8GHz and 28.737.3GHz as the state is changed. This antenna is useful for millimeter-wave wireless communication and radar systems.     

Rate equations and transient phenomena in semiconductor lasers

This contribution attempts to review certain resonance effects which occur in the dynamic behaviour of semiconductor lasers. To study these effects theoretically, a rate equation approach is used for single-mode operation in the region of lasing threshold.The two basic rate equations are given and their transient solutions discussed. The existence of two time constants in these equations, viz. the electron lifetime _e and the photon lifetime _e; gives rise to a characteristic resonance frequency in the GHz region. This resonance manifests itself in transient spiking effects, in quantum noise phenomena, and in high-frequency modulation experiments. In a modified form the resonance frequency may also be studied in lasers with external cavities and in double-diode configurations (or, equivalently, conventional devices with non-uniform excitation along the cavity length).In the latter two examples mentioned above, the resonance is excited by optical feedback of the laser radiation into the active medium via a lossy or insufficiently inverted region. In the spiking oscillations commonly observed at the commencement of laser operation, the initial population overshoot is the cause of the resonance. For the case of quantum noise it is the requirement that the photon and electron populations have integer values which supplies the driving force-a true quantum effect. High-frequency modulation experiments directly reveal the same resonance frequency where a strong maximum in modulation intensity occurs.A part of this work was reported at the Conference on Semiconductor Injection Lasers and their Applications, Cardiff, March 1972.     

Magnetic and electric hyperfine interactions in the system EuSm

Magnetic and electric hyperfine interactions in the system EuSm were investigated with the isomeric 11/2^– state in¹⁴⁵Eu by applying the time-differential perturbed angular distribution (TDPAD) method. The temperature dependence of paramagnetism was studied between 90 K and 1000 K by measuring the magnetic hyperfine interaction frequency _L=g_NN¹ (T)B_ext. The paramagnetic correction factor strictly follows the Curie-Weiss relation =1+C/(T-), withC=–50(2) K and =–29(5) K. This is compatible with a hyperfine field ofB _int(0)=–25(1) T, a valence of two for Eu in Sm, and antiferromagnetic order at low temperatures.The temperature dependence of the electric quandrupole coupling constant v_Q, investigated between 100 K and 400 K, can be reproduced by a linear temperature variation v_Q(T)=v_Q(0) (1-AT), with v_Q(0)=16.2(4) MHz andA=7.2(8)·10^–4 K^–1.The paramagnetic relaxation time _rel of the nuclear alignment is proportional to the temperature of the sample, with _rel T^–1=3.7(2) ·10^–9s K^–1.This leads to the Korringa relation _J T=const=5.1(5)·10^–11s K for the relaxation time of the 4f electronic spinJ. Assuming that the relaxation ofJ is mainly caused by exchange interaction between conduction electrons and localized 4f electrons at the Eu site, an exchange integral of |J _eff|=0.10(2) eV can be deduced.     

тЕОРИь И стРУктУРА тЕ МпЕРАтУРНОгО ИжОБРА жЕНИь

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The theory and structure of the temperature image

The paper describes the theory of the formation of a temperature image when there are large temperature differences and introduces the concept of temperature distortion of an image. It also deals with the geometrical distortion of the temperature image by the longitudinal thermal conductivity of the receiver layer and gives a solution of the corresponding differential equation of the temperature image for the case of a general linear line test and general circular concentric test. Equations are derived for the temperature distributions of the temperature images of some optical lineated and circular test objects and their geometrical distortion due to the thermal conductivity of the receiver layer is investigated.

     

Dynamics of the one dimensional randomly dilute Ising ferromagnet

The effect of randomly dilute impurities in the percolation limit on the relaxation of magnetization M(t) and on the way the time-dependent correlation function M(t)M(0) decays in a one dimensional Ising ferromagnet is considered, as is the behaviour of the dynamic susceptibility. It is found that the decay of the magnetization is hardly altered except for small faster decaying boundary effects. However, the correlation function is drastically altered, decaying in general faster asymptotically than the pure system. The dynamical susceptibility also changes, showing a breaking in the simple relaxational scaling form of the pure system. Crossover behaviour with non-critical slowing down (apart from the critical slowing down asTT _c=0) is also observed in the transition from the pure ferromagnetic to randomly dilute behaviour.     

Quantum Theory of Self‐Phase Modulation of Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Medium with Inertial Electronic Nonlinearity

We develop a systematic quantum theory of formation of ultrashort light pulses in a squeezed state at selfphase modulation. The response time of the electronic Kerr nonlinearity of the medium is accounted for and the dispersion of linear properties of the medium is described in first approximation. The theory uses the approach based on the momentum operator for the electric field. The response function of the nonlinearity is contained in the interaction operator. The results obtained are valid when the pulse duration is far greater than the nonlinear response time and the carrier pulse frequency is offresonance. It is established that the instantaneous spectral distribution depends quasistatically on the pulse form. In the general case, the spectral distribution of the quadraturesqueezed component is defined by both the response time of the nonlinearity and the magnitude of the nonlinear phase addition. It is also shown that the frequency at which suppression of quantum fluctuations is greatest can be controlled by adjusting the phase of the initial coherent light pulse. It is found that, by registering the quadraturesqueezed pulse using a balanced homodyne detector, the squeezing effect can be efficiently measured if the timedependent phase of the heterodyne pulse obeys a specific dependence defined by the pulse form. The spectral photonnumber distribution of the quadraturesqueezed pulse is studied, and the photon antibunching effect is found for the photon number in a limited spectral band.     

Analysis of the effects of doping and barrier design on the small-signal modulation characteristics of long-wavelength multiple quantum well lasers

This theoretical work has modelled the small signal response of InGaAsP and InGaAlAs multiple quantum well (MQW) lasers based on an ambipolar carrier transport model. The MQW parameters such as barrier bandgap, barrier width and the number of quantum wells have been optimized for high-speed modulation. The effect of the p-type doping and the strain of the InGaAs well have also been investigated.For the InGaAsP-based system, the optimization for maximum 3 dB bandwitdth shows that the optimum width is about 5 nm for 1.1 m barriers and 7 nm for 1.2 m barriers. The optimum barrier bandgap wavelength is about 1.1 m for the barrier width of 6 nm, about 1.15 m for 8 nm and 10 nm barriers. The p-doped MQW exhibits a higher modulation bandwidth because of its high differential gain and improved carrier distribution among the MQWs. The compressively strained InGaAs quantum well system has the potential for a higher modulation bandwidth. For the InGaAlAs-based system, the optimization for maximum 3 dB bandwidth shows that the optimum width is about 4 nm for a barrier wavelength of 1.10 m, and 6 nm for 1.2 m. The optimum barrier bandgap wavelength is about 1.1 m for a barrier width of 4 nm, and about 1.2 m for 6, 8 and 10 nm.