高压静电场抗垢性能的实验研究

通过静态和动态两种方法,进行了高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究.静态实验结果表明,高压静电场能够使污垢晶体形态发生改变,由六面体结构变为树枝状和薄片状结构,并促进污垢晶体尺寸的增大.动态实验结果表明,成垢溶液经过高压静电处理以后,污垢热阻明显减小,流速的增大能够增强抗垢能力.     

高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究

在污垢热阻动态监测装置上,进行了高压静电抗垢强化传热实验研究．结果表明,成垢溶液经过高压静电处理以后在换热表面结垢减轻,污垢热阻明显减小,阻垢率可达到56．5％．对污垢晶体的扫描电镜观察表明,高压静电处理后污垢晶体形态发生了改变,由结构致密型的霰石改变为结构松散的不定形体,从而不易在换热表面结垢。     

表面粗糙度对析晶污垢附着的影响

研究了沸腾条件下竖直放置的304不锈钢试样表面粗糙度对结垢诱导期CaCO_3析晶污垢生长的影响。结果表明,粗糙度居中的试样污垢增重最快,而抛光处理的试样对抗垢能力的改善没有大的提高。扫描电镜表明,污垢在试样表面吸附并没有显示出对沟槽的优先吸附,而是呈现出随机吸附的效果。粗糙度对污垢的附着有一定影响,但这种差别不能本质上改善材料的抗垢能力。污垢的附着和材料的抗蚀性密切相关,改善材料的抗蚀性将有助于改善抗垢性。     

冷却水主要污垢特性参数的动态模拟检测与推算

利用自行研制的四瓣弧形管污垢特性参数传感器及多功能模拟实验系统,基于电导滴定法完成冷却水主要污垢碳酸钙垢诱导期的在线实时测量,同时,通过比较四瓣弧形管传感器的垂直和水平两对电极间的交流阻抗,即可获得碳酸钙垢层的一些特性参数,如污垢热阻,垢层厚度等。实验结果分析表明:在当前的实验条件下,碳酸钙析晶垢诱导期要小于颗粒垢的,这是两者形成机理的差异所致。本文采用的方法和设计研制的设备不仅能够准确监测碳酸钙垢诱导期,还有望同期检测传热面污垢层厚度等多种特性参数的实时变化,可为特定工质、特定运行条件下的换热器设计提供逼真度更高的污垢系数值。     

表面改性对换热面抗垢性能的影响

利用化学镀对换热面进行表面改性,获得了表面自由能不同的镀层.污垢沉积实验表明,经表面改性处理的试样与没有处理的碳钢金属表面试样相比,其污垢沉积速度均明显下降.而经不同工艺处理的表面改性试样中,随非晶相含量的增加,抗垢性能表现出增加的趋势.进一步的电化学腐蚀结果也表明,材质表面的微观结构对抗蚀性的影响趋势与对抗垢性能的影响一致,易于被腐蚀的表面也易于污垢的附着.诱导期的污垢附着量回归公式也被总结出.     

气液固三相流载气蒸发的抗垢性能

分析了化工设备换热面上碳酸钙碱性污垢生成及其影响因素,认为液体在加热壁面上的过热是导致碳酸钙碱性污垢沉积的重要原因,降低料液在加热壁面上的过热度可收到明显的防垢抗垢效果。在蒸发器加热管内引入少量的惰性气体(载气)与流态化固体颗粒,使之形成气液固三相流载气蒸发,可显著强化传热,降低料液在加热壁面上的过热度。以碳酸钙模拟工业硬水的实验结果表明,气液固三相流载气蒸发过程表现出明显的防垢抗垢效果,且具有一定的在线清洗作用。     

苯扎氯铵抑制微生物污垢的实验研究

再生水源热泵系统换热表面上的微生物污垢是影响系统效率和安全的重要问题。苯扎氯铵能抑制微生物污垢的生长。本文进行挂片实验模拟微生物污垢形成的过程。成垢过程中每天将挂片在苯扎氯铵溶液中浸泡10 min,考察了溶液浓度和温度对抑垢效果的影响。对比了苯扎氯铵和次氯酸钠的抑垢效果,并考察了细菌对苯扎氯铵的抗药性。实验结果表明,苯扎氯铵对微生物污垢有抑制作用,该作用随浓度和温度的上升而增强,但会随时间逐渐减弱。     

微生物污垢对典型换热器传热影响研究

本文以电厂循环冷却塔塔底黏泥中分离纯化出的致垢微生物铁细菌为实验介质,利用污垢热阻动态模拟实验台,在恒定工况下(水温30℃,流速0.4 m·s-1),动态模拟了光管、缩放管、横纹管三种不锈钢典型换热器微生物污垢形成过程。在分析比较三种典型换热器传热性能的基础上,实验测试了三种换热器的污垢热阻,并对垢样成分进行了分析。结果表明:强化管(缩放管和横纹管)传热性能和抑垢能力优于光管,光管、缩放管和横纹管的污垢诱导期分别为;25 h、40 h和45 h,污垢热阻值为:6×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1)、2×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1)和3×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1),由此表明三种换热管的传热和抑垢能力:缩放管横纹管光管。在铁细菌形成的污垢垢样成分分析中Fe元素含量最多,其次是C,表明循环冷却水中铁含量的多少是污垢形成的重要因素之一。     

超声波抗垢强化传热技术的研究进展

换热设备的污垢一直是普遍存在且难以解决的问题。在对国内外超声波抗垢强化传热技术的研究进行简要描述与总结的基础上，本文认为超声波抗垢强化传热是一种先进的节能环保技术，具有非常广阔的应用前景，并指出了存在的问题与研究方向。其中声学参数的选择以及因地制宜的应用方法是该技术的关键，有必要进一步结合丰富的实验进行深入的理论分析与研究。     

换热表面镀银抑制微生物污垢综合分析

换热表面形成的微生物污垢一直是严重影响换热效率和系统安全的重要问题.表面改性是有效抑制微生物污垢生长的措施,镀银又是表面改性手段中效果较好的一类。当前镀银抑垢研究主要集中在非换热表面,如果将镀银措施引入到换热表面,需要分析抑垢效果、换热变化和经济成本的综合问题。本文通过镀银处理的换热流道实验装置,获得镀银处理后有微生物污垢生长的换热装置的热阻曲线和厚度曲线,对镀银换热表面的抑垢效果、附加热阻、耐久度和经济性进行了全面讨论。结果表明,镀银抑垢效果良好,并且可以优化设计镀银抑垢方案,将经济成本控制在合理范围.     

Surface plasmon polaritons frequency-blue shift in low confinement factor excitation region

Surface plasmon polaritons' (SPPs') frequency blue shift is observed in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of parallel electron excitation Au bulk structure. Comparing with cold dispersion of SPPs, an obvious frequency blue shift is obtained in low confinement region excitation simulation results. Then, according to SPPs' transverse attenuation characteristics, the excited frequency mode instead of cold dispersion corresponding frequency mode matches it. Thence, this excited mode is confirmed to be SPPs' mode. As is well known the lower the frequency, the smaller the confinement factor is and the lower the excitation efficiency, the wider the bandwidth of excited SPPs is. And considering the attenuation in whole structure, the excited surface field contains attenuation signal. In a low confinement factor region, the higher the SPPs' frequency, the higher the excitation efficiency is, while broadband frequency information obtained in attenuation signal provides high frequency information in stimulation signal. Thence, in the beam-wave interaction, as the signal oscillation time increases, the frequency of the oscillation field gradually increases. Thus, compared with cold dispersion, the frequency of excited SPP is blueshifted This hypothesis is verified by monitoring the time domain signal of excited field in low and high confinement factor regions and comparing them. Then, this frequency-blue shift is confirmed to have commonality of SPPs, which is independent of SPPs' material and structure. Finally, this frequency-blue shift is confirmed in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) experiment. Owing to frequency dependence of most of SPPs' devices, such as coherent enhancement radiation and enhancement transmission devices, the frequency-blue shift presented here is of great influence in the SPPs applications.     

Ultrasound-enhanced membrane-cleaning processes applied water treatments: influence of sonic frequency on filtration treatments

Ultrasound (US) cleaning technique was applied to remove fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membranes which were used to treat peptone and milk aqueous solutions, respectively. Membrane operations were performed by cross-flow filtration with 60 kPa operating pressure in an US field. The US employed had 28, 45 and 100 kHz frequency with 23 W/cm(2) output power. For each polymeric membrane made of polysulfone UF and cellulose MF, cleaning experiments were carried out with and without US after fouling. The fouled UF and MF membranes showed volume flux decline, but the membrane property was recovered by US irradiation. It was found in 28 kHz frequency that water cleaning was effective for recovery of declined condition due to fouling. Also, US-enhanced permeability of membranes was discussed in both membrane systems. We observed that US decreased the fouling condition in both membrane systems when US was irradiated before fouling. It was found that 28 kHz frequency US could enhance formation of the fouled layer in both filtration systems of peptone and milk solution.     

简单磁镜中热电子等离子体的基本特性

本文叙述了简单磁镜中,热电子等离子体的实验结果。微波在基频共振层击穿气体产生等离子体,二次偕振加热产生热电子环。等离子体激发了低频交换模和漂移波,热电子环对等离子体的扰动有稳定作用。     

Cleaning results of new and fouled nanofiltration membrane characterized by contact angle, updated DSPM, flux and salts rejection

In membrane process industries, membrane cleaning is one of the most important concerns from both economical and scientific points of view. Though cleaning is important to recover membrane performance, an inappropriate selection of cleaning agents may result into unsatisfactory cleaning or irreparable membrane.In this study the cleaning performance has been studied with measurements of membrane contact angle, Updated Donnan steric partitioning pore model (UDSPM) and salt rejection as well as flux measurement. Thin film nanofiltration (NF) membranes such as DK, HL and DL provided by GE Osmonics are used in this study. Tests were carried out with virgin DK, HL and DL as well as fouled DK membranes. Several cleaning agents were investigated; some of them were analytical grade such as HCl, NaOH and others such as SDS, mix agents were commercial grade agents that are already in use in commercial plants. Contact angle, DSPM and salt rejection as well as flux of virgin and fouled membranes before and after chemical cleaning were measured and compared. The contact angle measurements with and without chemical cleaning of different virgin and fouled membranes revealed very interesting results which may be used to characterise the membrane surface cleanliness. The contact angle results revealed that the cleaning agents are found to modify membrane surface properties (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) of the treated and untreated virgin and fouled membranes. The details of these results were also investigated and are reported in the paper. However, UDSPM method did not give any valuable information about pore size of the untreated and treated NF membranes. The salt rejection level of monovalent and divalent ions before and after cleaning by high and low pH cleaning agents is also investigated and is reported in the paper.     

5.8GHz磁控管的数值模拟和实验研究

C波段高稳定度磁控管是目前磁控管的研究重点。对5.8GHz磁控管进行模拟研究,冷腔计算磁控管π模频率为5.863GHz,阳极用双端双隔模带结构磁控管的工作频率与相邻模式频率分隔度为44%。模拟磁控管输出频率为5.856GHz,输出微波功率约1.2kW。对研制的磁控管进行注入锁定实验研究,输出微波功率1.047kW,效率约为58%。磁控管锁频锁相后输出的频率和相位稳定。     

Numerical modelling of acoustic pressure fields to optimize the ultrasonic cleaning technique for cylinders

Fouling build up is a well-known problem in the offshore industry. Accumulation of fouling occurs in different structures, e.g. offshore pipes, ship hulls, floating production platforms. The type of fouling that accumulates is dependent on environmental conditions surrounding the structure itself. Current methods deployed for fouling removal span across hydraulic, chemical and manual, all sharing the common disadvantage of necessitating halting production for the cleaning process to commence. Conventionally, ultrasound is used in ultrasonic baths to clean a submerged component by the generation and implosion of cavitation bubbles on the fouled surface; this method is particularly used in Reverse Osmosis applications. However, this requires the submersion of the fouled structure and thus may require a halt to production. Large fouled structures such as pipelines may not be accommodated. The application of high power ultrasonics is proposed in this work as a means to remove fouling on a structure whilst in operation. The work presented in this paper consists of the development of a finite element analysis model based on successful cleaning results from a pipe fouled with calcite on the inner pipe wall. A Polytec 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer was used in this investigation to study the fouling removal process. Results show the potential of high power ultrasonics for fouling removal in pipe structures from the wave propagation across the structure under excitation, and are used to validate a COMSOL model to determine cleaning patterns based on pressure and displacement distributions for future transducer array design and optimization.     

Highly sensitive detection of Rydberg atoms with fluorescence loss spectrum in cold atoms

Fluorescence loss spectrum for detecting cold Rydberg atoms with high sensitivity has been obtained based on lock-in detection of fluorescence of 6 P_(3/2) state when cooling lasers of the magneto-optical trap are modulated. The experiment results show that the signal to noise ratio has been improved by 32.64 dB when the modulation depth(converted to laser frequency) and frequency are optimized to 4 MHz and 6 kHz, respectively. This technique enables us to perform a highly sensitive non-destructive detection of Rydberg atoms.     

Improved atom number with a dual color magneto-optical trap

We demonstrate a novel dual color magneto–optical trap (MOT), which uses two sets of overlapping laser beams to cool and trap 87 Rb atoms. The volume of cold cloud in the dual color MOT is strongly dependent on the frequency difference of the laser beams and can be significantly larger than that in the normal MOT with single frequency MOT beams. Our experiment shows that the dual color MOT has the same loading rate as the normal MOT, but much longer loading time, leading to threefold increase in the number of trapped atoms. This indicates that the larger number is caused by reduced light induced loss. The dual color MOT is very useful in experiments where both high vacuum level and large atom number are required, such as single chamber quantum memory and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) experiments. Compared to the popular dark spontaneous-force optical trap (dark SPOT) technique, our approach is technically simpler and more suitable to low power laser systems.     

The optimisation of ultrasonic cleaning procedures for dairy fouled ultrafiltration membranes

Ultrafiltration (UF) of whey is a major membrane based process in the dairy industry. However, commercialization of this application has been limited by membrane fouling, which has a detrimental influence on the permeation rate. There are a number of different chemical and physical cleaning methods currently used for cleaning a fouled membrane. It has been suggested that the cleaning frequency and the severity of such cleaning procedures control the membrane lifetime. The development of an optimal cleaning strategy should therefore have a direct implication on the process economics. Recently, the use of ultrasound has attracted considerable interest as an alternative approach to the conventional methods. In the present study, we have studied the ultrasonic cleaning of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes fouled with dairy whey solutions. The effects of a number of cleaning process parameters have been examined in the presence of ultrasound and results compared with the conventional operation. Experiments were conducted using a small single sheet membrane unit that was immersed totally within an ultrasonic bath. Results show that ultrasonic cleaning improves the cleaning efficiency under all experimental conditions. The ultrasonic effect is more significant in the absence of surfactant, but is less influenced by temperature and transmembrane pressure. Our results suggest that the ultrasonic energy acts primarily by increasing the turbulence within the cleaning solution.     

甚高频激发容性耦合氩等离子体的电子能量分布函数的演变

甚高频激发的容性耦合等离子体由于离子通量和能量的相对独立可控而受到人们的关注. 本文采用朗缪尔探针诊断技术测量了40.68 MHz激发的容性耦合Ar等离子体的特性(如电子能量概率分布、电子温度和密度等)随宏观参量的演变情况. 实验结果表明, 电子能量概率分布随着气压的增加从双麦克斯韦分布逐步转变为单麦克斯韦分布并最终演变为Druyvesteyn分布, 而射频激发功率的增加促进了低能电子布居数的增强; 在从等离子体放电中心移向边界的过程中, 低能电子的布居数显著下降, 而高能电子的布居则有所上升; 放电极板间距的变化直接导致了等离子体中电子加热模式的转变. 另外, 我们也对等离子体中的高低能电子密度和温度的分配情况进行了讨论.