kW级功率驱动的锁相高功率微波发生器

针对kW级微波驱动的锁相GW高功率微波,设计了一个高增益(大于50 dB)四腔相对论速调管放大器(RKA)。模拟表明,在此条件下高次模振荡严重影响器件的锁相实现。由此,将RKA结构与正反馈振荡电路结合起来,建立相应的等效电路来研究这种高次模激励的物理过程(即高次模的激励与中间腔之间耦合强度的相关性)。在高次模振荡的等效电路(即正反馈振荡电路)中,用衰减电阻代替结构中的微波吸收层来研究高次模振荡的抑制机理,衰减电阻通过对反馈过程的控制,提高了电路的自激振荡起振电流。在结构上按照衰减电阻要求设计了微波吸收层,将高次模振荡的起振电流提高到大于器件的工作电流,实现了高增益(约60 dB)条件下高次模激励的抑制。模拟获得了4 kW微波功率驱动的2.3 GW锁相高功率微波,增益接近60 dB。在LTD加速器平台的实验结果表明:注入微波由固态RF种子源提供(功率10 kW),输出功率达到1.8 GW,增益为52.6 dB,90 ns内输入和输出微波的相对相位差小于±10°,实验上实现了kW级注入微波对GW高功率微波的相位锁定。     

Rotation, the equivalence principle, and the Gravity Probe B experiment

The ultraprecise Gravity Probe B experiment measured the frame-dragging effect and geodetic precession on four quartz gyros. We use this result to test WEP II (weak equivalence principle II) which includes rotation in the universal free-fall motion. The free-fall E?tv?s parameter η for a rotating body is ≤10(-11) with a four-order improvement over previous results. The anomalous torque per unit angular momentum parameter λ is constrained to (-0.05±3.67)×10(-15) s(-1), (0.24±0.98)×10(-15) s(-1), and (0±3.6)×10(-13) s(-1), respectively, in the directions of geodetic effect, frame-dragging effect, and angular momentum axis; the dimensionless frequency-dependence parameter κ is constrained to (1.75±4.96)×10(-17), (1.80±1.34)×10(-17), and (0±3)×10(-14), respectively.     

S波段长脉冲相对论速调管重复频率运行稳定性研究

为了进一步提高S波段高功率强流长脉冲相对论速调管放大器(RKA)的重复频率稳频稳相运行的性能,采用实验结合理论和模拟的方法,分析了其主要制约因素,特别分析了造成器件脉冲缩短和重复频率运行不稳定等问题的根源。研究结果表明,RKA中的中间腔和输出腔的电子反射、电子散焦轰击腔体鼻锥是造成脉冲缩短、重复频率运行不稳定的主要根源。通过采用大漂移管半径的器件结构、在漂移管中加载吸波材料以及引导磁场位形、采用电子发射较均匀的碳/碳复合阴极材料等措施,使杂频振荡、脉冲缩短和重复频率工作不稳定性等问题得到了明显减轻,输出微波相位稳定性得到显著提高。采用电压830 kV、束流7.7 kA、脉宽190 ns的环行电子束驱动S波段3腔RKA,重复频率25 Hz运行得到了峰值功率1.55 GW、脉宽163 ns、相位抖动18°(rms)的输出微波。     

Ku波段径向线相对论速调管放大器的仿真与设计

高频段相对论速调管放大器(RKA)是近年来高功率微波领域的研究热点之一,其发展主要受限于模式竞争、相位抖动和效率偏低等问题。设计了一种径向线RKA,主要由输入腔、两组非均匀双间隙群聚腔和三间隙提取腔等四部分构成。通过比较单双间隙群聚腔与电子束互作用的耦合系数,说明了非均匀双间隙群聚腔具备对电子束较强的调制能力。前端加载TEM模式反射器的非均匀双间隙群聚腔的工作在TM01-π模式,Q值较大,有利于谐振腔之间的能量隔离。采用两组非均匀双间隙群聚腔级联的方式,在注入功率仅10 kW情况下,实现短漂移管长度下电子束深度群聚达110%。粒子模拟结果表明,该器件具有效率高的优点,在电子束电压400 kV,电流5 kA,磁场强度0.4 T条件下,得到功率825 MW,频率14.25 GHz,效率41%的微波输出。     

Relativistic magnetron microwave oscillators with external coupling of cavities

The results of experimental study of oscillatory processes in pulsed relativistic microwave oscillators with external coupling of cavities are considered. The experiments are mainly aimed at the investigation of the effect of parameters of the cavity coupling channels on the energy and spectral characteristics of microwave radiation and analysis of the possibility of stabilization of magnetron oscillatory modes and distributed extraction of power from the resonant system.     

一种用于高性能铷频标的大尺寸开槽管微波腔的实现

铷原子频标的频率稳定度指标在很大程度上取决于物理系统所用微波腔的特性.本文设计了一款内径为40 mm的开槽管微波腔,并在此基础上实现了一款铷频标物理系统.计算和实验测量的微波腔内微波场的方向因子分别为0.87和0.91,表明微波场磁力线与量子化轴方向高度平行.测量了物理系统的鉴频斜率和散弹噪声,据此预计这种微波腔可满足设计稳定度优于2×10^-13τ^-1/2铷频标的需求.     

New limit on time-reversal violation in beta decay

We report the results of an improved determination of the triple correlation DP·(p(e)×p(v)) that can be used to limit possible time-reversal invariance in the beta decay of polarized neutrons and constrain extensions to the standard model. Our result is D=[-0.96±1.89(stat)±1.01(sys)]×10(-4). The corresponding phase between gA and gV is ?AV=180.013°±0.028° (68% confidence level). This result represents the most sensitive measurement of D in nuclear β decay.     

微波脉冲与不同形状带矩形孔缝腔体耦合的数值模拟

 利用时域有限差分法对微波脉冲与带矩形孔缝的矩形和圆柱形腔体两种系统的线性耦合过程进行了研究。首先用数值方法分析了耦合过程中的场增强现象、脉宽展开现象和腔体调制现象,并发现了耦合过程中微波脉冲存在频谱分离现象。当微波脉冲的电场与孔缝窄边平行时,借助耦合函数对两个系统内部耦合场的分布特性进行了研究,结果表明在与孔缝窄边垂直的平面内,越靠近腔体壁,耦合场越弱。此外,两种腔体内部的耦合场在腔体截面内均呈现准周期振荡分布,矩形腔体内部耦合场振荡的幅值较均匀,而圆柱形腔体内部耦合场幅值在其截面中心附近区域最大;除了孔缝附近区域外,圆柱腔体轴线两端的耦合场远大于矩形腔体相应的耦合场。最后,研究了孔缝耦合共振频率与孔缝尺寸的关系,结果表明系统耦合共振频率不只与孔缝尺寸有关,而是由孔缝尺寸和腔体形状及其对微波脉冲的反射特性共同决定。     

线性变压器源驱动相对论速调管放大器的初步实验

 利用新研制的紧凑型线性变压器驱动源（LTD）脉冲功率源二极管产生的电子束源,开展了S波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器（RKA）的初步实验研究。采用无箔空心阴极和0.9 T恒流源引导磁场从LTD二极管引出了电压600 kV、束流6 kA、脉宽150 ns的环形电子束,该电子束经过1个同轴输入腔和2个同轴调制腔的调制后,产生了幅度5 kA、脉宽110 ns的基波调制束流,采用该调制束流驱动同轴微波提取腔,辐射输出了峰值功率820 MW/110 ns的辐射微波,效率28％,增益36 dB。同时,开展了重复脉冲RKA和相位特性的实验研究,重复频率10 Hz运行时,辐射微波达到800 MW/100 ns,相位抖动小于 20°。     

Analysis of a teleportation scheme involving cavity field states in a linear superposition of Fock states

We analyse a teleportation scheme of cavity field states. The experimental sketch discussed makes use of cavity quantum electrodynamics involving the interaction of Rydberg atoms with superconducting (micromaser) cavities as well as with classical microwave (Ramsey) cavities. In our scheme the Ramsey cavities and the atoms play the role of auxiliary systems used to teleport a field state, which is formed by a linear superposition of vacuum |∅〉 and the one-photon state |1〉, from a micromaser cavity to another.     

High quality factor in a two-dimensional photonic crystal cavity on silicon-on-insulator

We propose a design for high quality factor two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal cavities on silicon-on-insulator (SOI). A quality factor of up to 1.2×10(7) with a modal volume of 2.35(λ/n)(3) is simulated. A very high quality factor of 200,000 is experimentally demonstrated for a 2D cavity fabricated on SOI.     

Laser locking to the ¹⁹⁹Hg ¹S₀ - ³P₀ clock transition with 5.4 × 10^-15/✓τ fractional frequency instability

With Hg199 atoms confined in an optical lattice trap in the Lamb-Dicke regime, we obtain a spectral line at 265.6 nm for which the FWHM is ?15??Hz. Here we lock an ultrastable laser to this ultranarrow S₀1?P₀3 clock transition and achieve a fractional frequency instability of 5.4×10^?15/? for ??400??s. The highly stable laser light used for the atom probing is derived from a 1062.6 nm fiber laser locked to an ultrastable optical cavity that exhibits a mean drift rate of ?6.0×10^?17??s^?1 (?16.9??mHz?s^?1 at 282 THz) over a six month period. A comparison between two such lasers locked to independent optical cavities shows a flicker noise limited fractional frequency instability of 4×10^?16 per cavity.     

基于天线辐射理论构建微波混沌腔的随机耦合模型

为了能够快速有效地求解电大复杂腔体(微波混沌腔)的电磁耦合问题, 文中采用统计电磁学方法研究了该类腔体电磁散射的统计特征. 首先, 根据天线辐射理论, 利用电磁场的本征模展开式建立了腔体耦合输入阻抗表达式. 其次, 利用波动混沌理论和概率统计方法进一步推导出了微波混沌腔的随机耦合模型. 该方法简单并且可以直接推导出三维模型. 最后, 构建了一个三维Sinai微波混沌腔并进行数值仿真实验, 其仿真实验结果与随机耦合模型计算结果的统计特征基本一致. 重要的是, 该模型与复杂腔体的细节特征无关, 能够快速有效地预测微波混沌腔的敏感耦合问题. 关键词： 统计电磁学 微波混沌腔 输入阻抗 随机耦合模型     

Subfemtosecond synchronization of microwave oscillators with mode-locked Er-fiber lasers

We synchronize an 8.06 GHz microwave signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator with an optical pulse train from a 77.5 MHz mode-locked Er-fiber laser using a fiber-based optical-microwave phase detector. The residual phase noise between the optical pulse train and the synchronized microwave signal is -133 dBc/Hz (-154 dBc/Hz) at 1 Hz (5 kHz) offset frequency, which results in 838 as integrated rms timing jitter [1 Hz-1 MHz]. The long-term residual phase drift is 847 as (rms) measured over 2 h, which reaches 4×10(-19) fractional frequency instability at 1800 s averaging time. This method has a potential to provide both subfemtosecond-level short-term phase noise and long-term phase stability in microwave extraction from mode-locked fiber lasers.     

双微波馈入热阴极微波电子枪实验研究

中国工程物理研究院紧凑型自由电子激光太赫兹源装置采用了两路微波独立调谐热阴极微波电子枪作为注入器,一路由首腔馈入激励首腔和实现阴极表面建场并引出电子,另一路由后续腔馈入并通过腔间耦合激励各腔,两路微波互不耦合。对于这种微波激励方式,微波电子枪首腔的电场相位和幅度在实验中均可调节,因此可以通过实验研究来优化微波电子枪的工作参数,从而减小热阴极微波电子枪的电子反轰效应,提高束流品质。介绍了该热阴极微波电子枪热测实验研究的最新结果,通过BCT测得微波电子枪出口处束流强度超过400mA,电子反轰效应随着首腔电场的相位和幅度调节发生显著变化,这些指标和实验现象与理论研究结果较为吻合。     

Rabi oscillation and quantum decoherence of an optomechanical system with a three-level V-type atom trapped in a two-mode cavity

The European Physical Journal D - In this paper, we study a system consisting of two spatially separated cavities, where each cavity contains a magnon mode of YIG sphere coupled to a microwave...     

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of phenacite at high pressure

We report the results of a natural phenacite from 0 to 30.9 GPa using in situ angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction and a diamond anvil cell at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Over this pressure range, no phase change or disproportionation has been observed. The isothermal equation of state was determined. The values of V₀, K₀, and K₀′ refined with a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state are V₀=1116.1±1.2 ų, K₀=223±9 GPa, and K₀′=5.5±0.8. Furthermore, we confirm that the linear compressibilities (β) along a and c directions of phenacite are elastically isotropic (β_a=1.50×10^-3 and β_c=1.34×10^-3 GPa^-1). Consequently, it can be concluded that the compressibility of phenacite under high pressures has been accurately constrained.     

Superconducting microwave cavity towards controlling the motion of polar molecules

We propose the use of superconducting microwave cavities for the focusing and deceleration of cold polar molecular beams. A superconducting cavity with a high quality factor produces a large ac Stark shift in polar molecules, which allow us to efficiently control molecular motion. Our discussion is based on the experimental characterization of a prototype cavity: a lead–tin-coated cylindrical copper cavity, which has a quality factor of 10⁶ and tolerates several watts of input power. Such a microwave device provides a powerful way to control molecules not only in low-field-seeking states, but also in high-field-seeking states such as the ground rotational state.     

Evidence for direct CP violation in B±→ηh± and observation of B0→ηK0

We report measurements of the branching fractions and CP asymmetries for B(±)→ηh(±) (h=K or π) and the observation of the decay B(0)→ηK(0) from the final data sample of 772×10(6) B ?B pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) collider. The measured branching fractions are B(B(±)→ηK(±))=(2.12±0.23±0.11)×10(-6), B(B(±)→ηπ(±))=(4.07±0.26±0.21)×10(-6), and B(B(0)→ηK(0))=(1.27(-0.29)(+0.33)±0.08)×10(-6), where the last decay is observed for the first time with a significance of 5.4 standard deviations (σ). We also find evidence for CP violation in the charged B modes, A(CP)(B(±)→ηK(±))=-0.38±0.11±0.01 and A(CP)(B(±)→ηπ(±))=-0.19±0.06±0.01 with significances of 3.8 σ and 3.0 σ, respectively. For all measurements, the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.     

可搬运锶光晶格钟系统不确定度的评估

可搬运光学原子钟在科学研究和工程应用中具有重要意义.本文测量了可搬运87Sr光晶格钟系统的主要频移,包括黑体辐射频移、碰撞频移、晶格光交流斯塔克频移、二阶塞曼频移等.首先实验上测量了磁光阱腔体表面的温度分布,分析了不同热源对原子团的影响,得到黑体辐射总的相对频移修正量为50.4×10^-16.相对不确定度为5.1×10^-17.然后利用分时自比对方法,评估了碰撞频移、晶格光交流斯塔克频移和二阶塞曼频移.结果表明,由黑体辐射引起的频移量最大,晶格光交流斯塔克频移的不确定度最大,系统总的相对频移修正量为58.8×10^-16,总不确定度为2.3×10^-16.该工作为可搬运87Sr光晶格钟之后的性能提升和应用提供了条件.