钙覆盖的富勒烯作为高存储容量的储氢材料

文章从理论上研究了轻碱土金属覆盖的富勒烯作为储氢介质的可行性.基于第一性原理密度泛函理论计算,文章作者发现Ca和Sr在C60表面的吸附很强,并且倾向于形成单层覆盖.这种强吸附归因于这类金属元素未占据的d轨道参与的一种独特的电荷转移机制.电荷的重新分布在金属覆盖的富勒烯表面附近产生强电场,使得金属-富勒烯复合物成为理想的氢分子吸附中心.Ca32C60复合物的理论储氢质量百分比达到8.4wt%,因此,在富勒烯+金属体系的储氢介质研究中,Ca优于目前提出的所有覆盖富勒烯的金属元素.     

MgO、SnO_2、TiO_2表面氧空位性质对气体光学传感特性的影响

光学气敏传感器是当今研究领域的一个热门方向.文章采用密度泛函理论(DFT)体系下广义梯度近似(GGA)第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,分析和计算了光学气敏材料岩盐型MgO、金红石型SnO_2和锐钛矿型TiO_2表面氧空位的特性.以CO作为吸附分子进行微观机理研究,研究不同氧化物表面吸附气体分子的机理.对氧化物表面的几何结构、吸附能、态密度、差分电荷密度、电荷布居、电荷转移、光学性质等进行分析.研究发现:含有氧空位缺陷的MgO(001)、SnO_2(110)和TiO_2(101)能稳定的吸附CO分子,吸附后造成了材料光学性质的变化,可作为光学气敏传感材料.分析发现:氧空位氧化能力的大小是光学性质改变的核心原因.表面吸附CO分子后,发现SnO_2(110)表面对分子的吸附能最大,分子与表面的吸附距离最短.通过差分电荷密度和电荷布居数发现,表面与CO分子间存在电荷转移,其转移电子数目大小为:SnO_2(110)TiO_2(101)MgO(001),由此得出不同氧化物表面氧化性的大小为:SnO_2(110)TiO_2(101)MgO(001);通过对比吸收谱和反射谱发现:吸附气体分子后SnO_2(110)表面的光学性质变化最为明显,是一种较好的光学气敏传感材料.     

活性质吸附氢修饰金刚石表面的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,构建了不同活性质吸附氢修饰和氧修饰金刚石(100)表面,计算了氢修饰和氧修饰金刚石(100)表面吸附体系的平衡态几何构型和态密度.结果表明,氢修饰金刚石表面与H_3O~+离子间具有较强的相互作用,在费米能级附近出现浅受主能级,电荷会发生从氢修饰金刚石表面向吸附H_3O~+离子迁移,从而呈现p型导电性;当吸附物为H_3O~+离子和H_2O分子混合吸附时,能带结构发生改变,但是其导电性并没有发生变化.相比之下,含水分子和H_3O~+离子的吸附物在氧修饰金刚石表面将发生分解,不能稳定存在,吸附体系仍呈现绝缘性质.     

第一性原理研究H_2O分子在CaCO_3(104)表面吸附

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法模拟研究H_2O在CaCO_3(104)表面的吸附特征.首先,研究H_2O分子在CaCO_3(104)表面的顶位、桥位(短桥位、长桥位)和穴位上垂直和平行表面两种类型下的8种高对称吸附结构模型,结合吸附能和稳定吸附构象确定最优吸附位.而后,基于H_2O/CaCO_3(104)最优吸附结构模型,研究吸附前后H_2O和CaCO_3(104)表面的物理结构、电子结构(Mulliken电荷布居数、态密度、电子局域函数)的特征,分析H_2O/CaCO_3(104)表面之间的相互作用以及成键机理.研究结果:吸附能和体系稳定构象显示H_2O分子/CaCO_3(104)表面的最稳定吸附结构为穴位-平行.在穴位-平行位吸附后,H_2O分子的O-H键长和H-O-H键角均发生改变; CaCO_3晶体平行和垂直(104)表面方向上原子位置均发生改变,表面层变化最大;即吸附作用对H_2O分子和CaCO_3晶体的物理结构均产生较大影响; H_2O/CaCO3(104)最优吸附体系的Mulliken电荷布居数、电子态密度、电子局域函数的研究均说明H_2O分子与CaCO3(104)之间存在电子的转移形成化学键.其中,Ca-O(H_2O)形成离子键,H(H_2O)-O(CaCO_3)之间存在氢键作用.本文研究揭示了方解石表面水湿性的原因,同时为方解石润湿性的深入研究奠定基础.     

电荷调控下Ti3C2O2和V2CO2吸附CH4的第一性原理计算

本文采用第一性原理计算首先研究了Ti3C2O2和V2CO2与CH4气体分子之间的相互作用,发现Ti3C2O2和V2CO2对CH4的吸附较弱属于物理吸附,不适宜用作探测CH4。在此基础上研究了电荷调控下CH4气体分子与Ti3C2O2和V2CO2之间的相互作用。结果表明：随着体系电荷态的增加,Ti3C2O2和V2CO2对CH4气体分子的吸附作用逐渐增加变为化学吸附。当体系电荷态大于或等于-2时,CH4气体分子在Ti3C2O2和V2CO2表面可以被有效捕获。撤去电荷后,Ti3C2O2、V2CO2与CH4气体分子之间的吸附恢复至物理吸附,CH4气体分子易脱附。因此,通过调控Ti3C2O2和V2CO2的电荷态,可以简单地实现CH4的捕获与释放。Ti3C2O2和V2CO2有望成为CH4探测或捕获材料。     

CF_4在外电场作用下分子结构及激发特性研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-311++G基组下优化基态CF4分子,计算出CF4分子键长、偶极距、Mulliken电荷布居分布、分子前线轨道能量和红外光谱等数据,并且在此基础上采用杂化CIS方法计算CF4分子前9个激发态,得到分子激发能、波长和振子强度。研究得出随着电场强度的增加(电场范围在-0.04～0.04a.u.),CF4分子F2—C1键长随着电场强度增加而增大,其余键长减小,分子偶极距先减小后增加,C1电荷布居数先减小后增大,F2电荷布居数线性减小,F3、F4和F5电荷布居数线性增大,分子能隙逐渐减小,在外电场作用下CF4分子结构对称性破坏,红外光谱吸收峰数量增多,吸收峰吸收强度发生不同改变。分子前9个激发态受电场影响明显,激发能随着电场的增加大致呈现先增大后减小的趋势,激发态波长基本为先发生蓝移现象,后呈现红移现象,振子强度变化剧烈,为从光谱方面研究激发态做出理论计算。     

各Li吸附组分下硅烯氢存储性能的第一性原理研究

利用Li原子对硅烯进行表面修饰是提高硅烯氢存储能力的一种有效方法.为了充分挖掘Li修饰硅烯的氢存储性能,本文采用范德瓦耳斯作用修正的第一性原理计算方法,对不同Li吸附组分下硅烯的结构、稳定性和氢存储能力进行了研究.研究结果表明,硅烯体系能够在Li组分从0.11增加到0.50时保持稳定,其最大储氢量随Li组分的增加而增大,氢气平均吸附能则存在减小趋势;当Li组分达到0.50而饱和时,硅烯体系具有最大的储氢量,相应的质量储氢密度为11.46 wt%,平均吸附能为0.34 eV/H2,远高于美国能源部设定的储氢标准,表明提高Li组分甚至使其达到饱和在理论上能有效提高Li修饰硅烯的储氢性能.此外,通过对Mulliken电荷布居、差分电荷密度和态密度的分析,发现Li修饰硅烯的储氢机制与电荷转移诱导的静电相互作用和轨道杂化作用有关.研究结果可为Li修饰硅烯在未来氢存储领域的应用提供理论指导.     

高电荷态离子引起的富勒烯离子的碎裂

离子在与富勒烯的相互作用过程中会导致C60分子的激发。处于低激发态的C60r+离子通过发射中性C2分子或带电的轻团簇碎片Cn+等非对称碎裂方式来耗散激发能,但如果激发能很高,笼形的C60r+离子可能会彻底崩溃,而发生多重碎裂。C60r+离子的碎裂过程与其电荷态r及分裂势垒密切相关。低电荷态的C60r+(r≤3)离子蒸发一个C2分子需要克服10.3 eV左右的势垒。随着电荷态的升高,发射带电的Cn+会变得越来越容易,并逐渐过渡到多重碎裂过程。另一方面,C60r+离子的碎裂机制还与激发方式有关,在直接正碰过程中,将C60分子当作固体薄靶来处理,通过分析不同价态的C60r+离子的碎片谱,发现母核的初始电荷态决定碎裂方式,由此获得一个可以表征激发能大小的可观测量——发射电子个数。     

H2O分子在Fe(100), Fe(110), Fe(111)表面吸附的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理研究了H2O分子在Fe(100),Fe(110),Fe(111)三个高对称晶面上的表面吸附.结果表明,H2O分子在三个晶面上的最稳定结构皆为平行于基底表面的顶位吸附结构.H2O分子与三个晶面相互作用的吸附能及几何结构计算结果表明H2O分子与三个晶面的相互作用程度不同,H2O分子与Fe(111)晶面的相互作用最强,其次是Fe(100),相互作用最弱的是Fe(110)表面,而这与晶面原子的排列密度相关.吸附体系的电子结构计算结果也得出了相似的结论.同时电荷布居分析表明,H2O分子与Fe表面相互作用时,O原子与基底原子之间的电荷交换使基底Fe原子表面带负电,导致表面电位降低,也促使Fe表面更易于发生电化学腐蚀反应.     

Ti原子在Al(110)表面吸氢过程中催化作用的第一性原理研究

运用第一性原理方法对H₂分子在Ti掺杂和纯的Al(110)表面的吸附情况进行了研究,发现有Ti原子掺杂时,存在一个H₂分子的吸附路径,即位于Al(110)面顶位Ti原子上方的H₂分子会发生解离,并与Ti原子形成TiH₂分子,然后TiH₂分子向能量更低的空位移动并接近Al(110)表面.态密度与电荷布居分析显示,吸附完成后H原子与表面Al原子存在较强的共价键作用,这为Al-H类物质及Na_{3 关键词： 钛 吸附 解离能 第一性原理}     

Controlling adsorption status of individual fullerene at room-temperature

The influence of Ag atoms on the adsorption statuses of individual fullerene molecules on Si surface at room temperature has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. For a fullerene molecule, its adsorption status can be switched from one initial state into multiple final states by attaching Ag atoms onto various parts of the molecule. Once silver atoms are removed from the adsorption sites by a STM tip, the adsorption statuses of the fullerene molecules are recovered as that for fullerene molecules on a bare Si surface.     

Adsorption Regularity and Characteristics of sp~3-Hybridized Gas Molecules on Anatase TiO_2(101) Surface

We report the anatase titanium dioxide(101) surface adsorption of sp~3-hybridized gas molecules,including NH_3,H_2O and CH_4,using first-principles plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential based on the density functional theory.The results show that it is much easier for a surface with oxygen vacancies to adsorb gas molecules than it is for a surface without oxygen vacancies.The main factor affecting adsorption stability and energy is the polarizability of molecules,and adsorption is induced by surface oxygen vacancies of the negatively charged center.The analyses of state densities and charge population show that charge transfer occurs at the molecule surface upon adsorption and that the number of transferred charge reduces in the order of N,O and C.Moreover,the adsorption method is chemical adsorption,and adsorption stability decreases in the order of NH_3,H_2O and CH_4.Analyses of absorption and reflectance spectra reveal that after absorbed CH_4 and H_2O,compared with the surface with oxygen vacancy,the optical properties of materials surface,including its absorption coefficients and reflectivity index,have slight changes,however,absorption coefficient and reflectivity would greatly increase after NH_3 adsorption.These findings illustrate that anatase titanium dioxide(101) surface is extremely sensitive to NH_3.     

碱金属修饰的多孔石墨烯的储氢性能

基于第一性原理深入研究了碱金属原子(Li,Na,K)修饰的多孔石墨烯(PG)体系的储氢性能,并且通过从头算分子动力学模拟了温度对Li-PG吸附的H2分子稳定性的影响.研究结果表明,PG结构的碳环中心是碱金属原子最稳定的吸附位置,PG单胞最多可以吸附4个碱金属原子,Li原子被束缚最强,金属原子间无团聚的倾向;H2分子通过极化机制吸附在碱金属修饰的PG结构上,每个金属原子周围最多可以稳定地吸附3个H2分子;Li-PG对H2分子的吸附最强(平均吸附能为-0.246 eV/H2),Na-PG对H2分子的吸附较弱(平均吸附能为-0.129 eV/H2),K-PG对H2分子的吸附最弱(平均吸附能为-0.056 eV/H2),不适合用做储氢材料;在不考虑外界压强且温度为300 K的情况下,Li-PG结构可稳定地吸附9个H2分子,储氢量为9.25 wt.%;在400 K时,有7个吸附H2分子脱离Li-PG的束缚,在600-700 K的范围内,吸附H2分子全部脱离了Li-PG体系的束缚.     

Processes involving a change in the charge states during interactions of He2+ ions with fullerenes

The cross sections for the elementary processes involving a change of the charge states of both particles during the interaction of He²⁺ ions with fullerene molecules are for the first time measured over a broad energy range of electron-volt energies. It is found that processes involving the capture of one or two electrons by the He²⁺ ions are accompanied by additional ionization of the fullerene and that the collisional contribution of the transfer-ionization processes increases with increasing velocity. Single-electron capture is rarely accompanied by fragmentation of the fullerene. Double-electron capture leads, with a higher probability, to fragmentation with the formation of several light charged fragments and, with a smaller probability, to fragmentation with the formation of a heavy charged fragment containing an even number of carbon atoms and light fragments in an uncharged state. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 12–14 (April 1998)     

Study on the electronic structure and hydrogen adsorption by transition metal decorated single wall carbon nanotubes

The ground state geometry and electronic structure of various 4d transition metal (TM) atom (Y, Zr, Nb and Mo) decorated single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are obtained using density functional theory and the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. We found a systematic change in the adsorption site of the transition metal atom with increasing number of d electrons. We also predicted that Y and Zr decorated SWCNTs are metallic whereas Nb and Mo decorated SWCNTs are semiconducting. From detailed electronic structure and Bader charge analysis we found that the systematic variation of the adsorption site with the number of d electrons is related to the decreasing amount of charge transfer from the TM atom to the SWCNT along the 4d series. We have also studied the hydrogen adsorption capabilities of these decorated SWCNTs to understand the role of transition metal d electrons in binding the hydrogen molecules to the system. We found that metallic SWCNT + TM systems are better hydrogen adsorbers. We showed that the hydrogen adsorption by a TM decorated SWCNT will be maximum when all the adsorptions are physisorption and that the retention of magnetism by the system is crucial for physisorption.     

Hydration and distribution of ions at the mica-water interface

Molecular-scale structures of mica surfaces in electrolyte solutions reveal how ion and interfacial hydration control cation adsorption. Key differences are obtained for Rb+and Sr2+ using resonant anomalous x-ray reflectivity: Rb+ adsorbs in a partially hydrated state and incompletely compensates the surface charge, but Sr2+ adsorbs in both fully and partially hydrated states while achieving full charge compensation. These differences are driven by balancing the energy cost of disrupting ion and interface hydration with the electrostatic attraction between the cation and charged surface.     

Hydrogen adsorption and diffusion on the PdTa alloy surface

The hydrogen adsorption on the PdTa alloy surface is studied using a pseudopotential method with a generalized gradient approximation for an exchange-correlation functional. The most preferable hydrogen adsorption sites on two low-index surfaces ((001), (110)) are determined. It is shown that hydrogen adsorption at the bridge site is preferred on the PdTa(001) surface that terminates by one or two tantalum layers and on PdTa(110). The preference of hydrogen adsorption at tantalum-rich sites is caused by partial population of its d shell. During adsorption, the electronic structure of the states involved in interaction with hydrogen is shown to change most substantially, which is accompanied by the corresponding shifts of these states and the appearance of peaks in the densities of states of the metal in the region of the hydrogen valence band. The effect of hydrogen on the electron and structural characteristics of the surfaces is analyzed. The hydrogen diffusion barriers are calculated in the bulk of the alloy and from the surface into the bulk.     

Density functional theory study of the water adsorption at Bi(111) electrode surface

The adsorption of a water molecule on a basal Bi(111) electrode surface, crystallising in the rhombohedral system, has been studied in the framework of cluster model. The quantum chemical calculations were performed at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) level and the electrical double layer effects were analysed by using an external electric field. In contrast to computational predictions reported previously for other metal surfaces, crystallising in the face-centred cubic or hexagonal close-packed systems, a hollow site for Bi(111) was found to be energetically the most preferable; the water adsorption energy amounts to ? 28 kJ mol^? 1. In a wide range of surface charge densities the water molecule is bound preferentially through the O atom in orientation perpendicular to the surface plane. The Bi(111) hydrophilic properties are compared with those for other metals. Some adsorption characteristics of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group at Bi(111) are reported as well, which give evidence in favour of the non-dissociative adsorption of water molecules.     

Fullerene in a metal-organic matrix: design of the electronic structure

We present a theoretical study of a new hybrid compound, where the C60 molecules are encapsulated in a recently discovered metal-organic framework (MOF). Being placed in a rigid skeleton, the fullerene molecules form a cubic crystal, while the intermolecular distance of the fullerenes is tuned by the choice of appropriate organic linkers of the MOF structure. The resulting C60 crystal shows a density of conduction states considerably higher than any of the fullerene crystals considered so far, which is a key factor influencing the transition temperature of the superconducting state. This constitutes a new approach of tuning the density of states of a fullerene crystal.