Double sinusoidal phase modulating laser diode interferometer for thickness measurements of transparent plates

A double sinusoidal phase modulating (SPM) laser diode interferometer for thickness measurements of a transparent plate is presented. A carrier signal is given to the interference signal by using a piezoelectric transducer, and the SPM interferometry is applied to measure the thickness of a transparent plate. By combining the double-modulation technique with the Bessel function ratio method, the measurement error originating from light intensity fluctuations caused by the modulation current can be decreased greatly.The thicknesses of a glass parallel plate and a quartz glass are measured in real time, and the corresponding experimental results are also given.     

Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes by pyrolysis of melamine

Femtosecond laser material processing as micromachining and nanoparticles fabrication require a careful control of the fluences deposited on the samples. In many cases, best results are obtained by using fluences slightly above the Laser Ablation Threshold (LAT), therefore its accurate determination is an important requirement. LAT can be obtained by measuring the intensity of the acoustic signal generated during the ablation process as a function of the laser fluence. In this work femtosecond laser ablation thresholds of commercially polished stainless steel plates, white high impact polystyrene, frosted glass, antique rag papers and silicon oxynitride thin films were determined by using laser ablation induced photoacoustics (LAIP). Results were compared with similar data previously obtained by using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser.     

Theory of frequency shift, injection-locking, and appearance of sidebands in class-C laser amplifiers

The second-order nonlinear amplification features of an optical signal by a single-mode class-C laser are discussed in detail. Due to a four-wave mixing process, the laser amplifier demonstrates a multiple frequency region in which a spectrum of the new signal and image sidebands is produced; simultaneously the free-running laser intensity is weakened and its frequency is pulled toward the amplified input signal frequency. The main aim is to find the ranges of input signal intensity and frequency detuning for which the four-wave mixing process occurs for class-C laser amplifiers. Our results satisfy the energy conservation law and they are in complete agreement with the previous results derived for class-A and -B laser amplifiers.     

Internal modification of glass by ultrashort laser pulse and its application to microwelding

Internal modification process of glass by ultrashort laser pulse (USLP) and its applications to microwelding of glass are presented. A simulation model is developed, which can determine intensity distribution of absorbed laser energy, nonlinear absorptivity and temperature distribution at different pulse repetition rates and pulse energies in internal modification of bulk glass with fs- and ps-laser pulses from experimental modified structure. The formation process of the dual-structured internal modification is clarified, which consists of a teardrop-shaped inner structure and an elliptical outer structure, corresponding to the laser-absorbing region and heat-affected molten region, respectively. Nonlinear absorptivity at high pulse repetition rates increases due to the increase in the thermally excited free electron density for avalanche ionization. USLP enables crack-free welding of glass because the shrinkage stress is suppressed by producing embedded molten pool by nonlinear absorption process, in contrast to conventional continuous wave laser welding where cracks cannot be avoided due to shrinkage stress produced in cooling process. Microwelding techniques of glass by USLP have been developed to join glass/glass and Si/glass using optically contacted sample pairs. The strength of the weld joint as high as that of base material is obtained without pre- and post-heating in glass/glass welding. In Si/glass welding, excellent joint performances competitive with anodic bonding in terms of joint strength and process throughput have been attained.     

铒离子在氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中的上转换发光特性研究

用转移函数方法分析了Er^3 在铒镱共掺杂的氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中的上转换发光过程,Er^3 绿色辐射的上转换发光强度与泵浦激光功率的非平方关系是由于Er^3 和Yb^3 之间的强交叉驰豫过程引起的,讨论了在稀土离子共掺杂的氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中提高Er^3 的上转换发光强度的几种方法。     

Influence of Signal and Noise on Statistical Fluctuation of Single-Mode Laser System

On the basis of calculating the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation of a signal-mode laser system driven by both colored pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, we analyze the influence of modulation signal, noise, and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. We have found that when the amplitude of modulation signal weakens and its frequency quickens, the statistical fluctuation will reduce rapidly. The statistical fluctuation of the laser system can be restrained by reducing the intensity of pump noise and quantum noise. Moreover, with prolonging of colored cross-correlation time, the statistical fluctuation of laser system experiences a repeated changing process, that is, from decreasing to augmenting,then to decreasing, and finally to augmenting again. With the decreasing of the value of cross-correlation coefficient, the statistical fluctuation will decrease too. When the cross-correlation form between the real part and imaginary part of quantum noise is zero correlation, the statistical fluctuation of laser system has a minimum. Compared with the influence of intensity of pump noise, the influence of intensity of quantum noise on the statistical fluctuation is smaller.     

Influence of Signal and Noise on Statistical Fluctuation of Single-Mode Laser System

On the basis of calculating the steady-state mean normalized intensity fluctuation of a signal-mode laser system driven by both colored pump noise with signal modulation and the quantum noise with cross-correlation between its real and imaginary parts, we analyze the influence of modulation signal, noise, and its correlation form on the statistical fluctuation of the laser system. We have found that when the amplitude of modulation signal weakens and its frequency quickens, the statistical fluctuation will reduce rapidly. The by reducing the intensity of pump noise and quantum noise. statistical fluctuation of the laser system can be restrained Moreover, with prolonging of colored cross-correlation time, the statistical fluctuation of laser system experiences a repeated changing process, that is, from decreasing to augmenting, then to decreasing, and finally to augmenting again. With the decreasing of the value of cross-correlation coe~cient, the statistical fluctuation will decrease too. When the cross-correlation form between the real part and imaginary part of quantum noise is zero correlation, the statistical fluctuation of laser system has a minimum. Compared with the influence of intensity of pump noise, the influence of intensity of quantum noise on the statistical fluctuation is smaller.     

紫外激光作用下环氧乙烷的TOF质谱研究

本文采用超声分子束技术,分别在308nm和355nm的紫外激光下,对环氧乙烷分子进行了多光子电离飞行时间(TOF)质谱研究.在308nm激光作用时,观测到C_2H_4O~+、C_2H_3O_+、CHO~+和CH_3~+等离子的信号;在355nm激光作用时,则没有观测到分子离子的信号.在两种激光作用下最强的信号都是CHO~+.但是两种激光下各碎片离子信号的光强指数有一定差别,表明在两种情形下,环氧乙烷分子经历了不同的电离解离过程.     

利用4400系统构造具有光学多道分析功能的信号处理系统

基于4400系统,通过引入光电二极管列阵作为传感器,构造了具有光学多道分析功能的信号处理系统。利用该系统对实际的激光空间分布进行了描绘,给出了高斯场分布的相应参数。通过进一步观测p偏振光在K9玻璃上下表面反射光强比(γ)的角度调制曲线,获得了玻璃表面层的光学参数。实验结果表明,该系统测量精度高,可应用在激光时间信号及空间场分布的表征与测量领域。     

960nm激光泵浦下Er3+和Yb3+掺杂氟氧化物微晶玻璃上转换发光特性

对经特殊退火后的Er3+和Yb3+离子共掺杂氟氧化物微晶玻璃的上转换发光特性进行了研究.研究结果表明,在960nm激光泵浦下,这种玻璃具有较高的上转换发光.通过我们的研究,弄清了在这种材料中Er3+的发光行为、上转换通道和Er3+和Yb3+离子之间的能量传递过程.     

封装西林药瓶残留氧气检测中的谐波基线校正和去噪方法

可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术的成熟和快速非接触气体浓度测量的优点,十分适合用于对封装西林药瓶内残留氧气进行浓度检测。采用TDLAS技术对封装西林药瓶内残留氧气进行浓度检测,检测系统的光路经过空气和玻璃药瓶,玻璃瓶壁对激光的散射和衰减是检测系统的主要干扰,给二次谐波信号的稳定性带来了很大影响。设计和搭建了基于TDLAS的封装西林药瓶残氧量检测系统。针对从系统中提取出的二次谐波信号,提出了一种基于小波变换的基线消除和噪声滤除方法, 解决在残留氧气浓度检测过程中基线漂移和噪声干扰问题,克服玻璃瓶壁对二次谐波信号的干扰,效果明显。选用“sym6”小波,将实验测得的信号进行五层小波分解,根据每一层小波分解得到的低频分量求出相应的基线斜率,对五个基线斜率进行加权平均得到原始信号的基线斜率。由求得的基线斜率,对原始信号经过去基线处理,再进行小波分解和软阈值处理后得到重构信号。对氧气浓度为21%的西林瓶的测量结果表明,处理后谐波信号和理论信号之间的相对误差由处理前的1.26%下降到了0.12%,证明了此方法可以很好地解决在残留氧气浓度检测过程中基线漂移和噪声干扰问题,克服玻璃瓶壁对二次谐波信号的干扰,为氧气浓度测量提供很高质量的信号。     

漫透射屏对光束光强分布的影响规律

从朗伯余弦定律出发,理论推导了漫透射屏后接收面上任意点光强与入射光强的关系。结合漫透射屏在功率监测仪中的应用,通过数值仿真计算,理论上概括了单层和多层漫透射屏对入射光束光强分布的影响规律。数值计算表明:当入射光束半径、漫透射屏与接收屏的距离满足二者之比小于或等于0.3时,入射光束的光强分布、光束口径对接收面上光强归一化分布的影响可以忽略,且接收面上光强的归一化分布主要取决于漫透射屏与接收屏的距离,而与多层漫透射屏的排列方式、层数等参数基本无关,此结论得到了实验的证明。     

烟火泵浦钕玻璃激光器出光实验研究

 烟火泵浦是激光器小型化、便携化的一种解决方法。研制了一种用于钕玻璃激光器泵浦源的化学试剂,其主要成分为金属粉和碱金属含氧酸盐。设计了烟火泵浦钕玻璃激光器实验装置,激光器采用平-凹腔结构、紧包型侧面泵浦,输出镜反射率98％,钕玻璃棒尺寸f8 mm×100 mm。采用A,B两种配方的泵浦源进行出光实验,A配方得到了波长为1 053 nm能量为29 mJ的激光,B配方没有出光。分别计算了两种泵浦源的阈值辐射强度,并与测量得到的药剂辐射强度平均值比较。A配方所提供的辐射强度2.68×104 W·sr^-1,大于阈值2.37×104 W·sr^-1;B配方小于阈值,未能出光。这与实验结果吻合,证明烟火泵浦方法可行。     

飞秒激光脉冲在正色散固体材料中的自压缩

实验研究了正色散固体介质中的激光脉冲自压缩现象,证明了无需任何外加色散补偿情况下，固体透明介质中的自聚焦传输过程可使高功率飞秒激光脉冲实现时域脉冲压缩，并详细研究了输出脉冲的时域和频域特性随入射脉冲强度的演化规律.实验结果表明脉冲自压缩量随入射脉冲强度的增加呈递增趋势，然而当入射光强增大到足以引起超连续谱及锥形辐射产生时，脉冲时域形状会发生分裂.此外还发现发散光束入射情况下同样可以观察到脉冲自压缩现象. 关键词： 超短激光脉冲 脉冲压缩 非线性传输     

激光光强扰动对相干场成像降质影响理论研究

激光相干场成像系统发射多束激光,经大气传输对远程目标成像,大气湍流引起的激光束光强扰动是影响成像质量的一个关键因素.本文从湍流引起的激光束光强扰动对回波解调信号的影响关系入手,建立了激光回波光强扰动因子对相位闭合系数和成像频谱分量的降质传函理论模型;基于三光束激光相干场成像系统仿真验证了理论模型的有效性.研究表明激光相干场成像频谱分量和成像像质主要受三光束相位闭合求解算法中第二光束光强扰动影响.该研究揭示了激光回波光强扰动对成像像质的影响机理,对于分析大气湍流等引起的光强扰动降质效应和合理分配多光束光强稳定性以提高成像质量具有理论指导意义.     

Up-conversion luminescence phenomenon of Er~(3 ) ions in ErP_5O_(14) noncrystal glass

The up-conversion luminescence phenomenon was observed in ErP_5O_(14) noncrys-tal glass induced by pulsed DCM dye laser.Based on the difference between up-conversion ex-citation spectrum and absorption of ~4F_(9/2) and dependence of up-conversion fluorescence inten-sity on the exciting wavelength,it is found that the mechanism of up-conversion from ~4F_(9/2)level of ErP_5O_(14) noncrystal glass can not be ascribed to energy transfering between Er~(3 ) ions,a seguential absorption of two photons by a single ion should be responsible for these process.     

Theoretical investigation of 2+2 resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization probability

The analytic formula of the ionization probability in the process of 2+2 resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) is derived from the dynamic rate equation about the interaction of photon and material. Based on the formula, the influence of laser intensity, laser pulse duration and collision relaxation rate on the ionization probability is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the ionization probability increases with the laser intensity and laser pulse duration. The ionization probability will get to one until two steps saturation with the increase of laser intensity. After that, the ionization probability will oscillates narrowly around the saturation value if the laser intensity increases further. The results also show that the ionization probability will decrease in linear manner nearly with the increase of collision relaxation rate. But the variation is small. So the influence of the collision relaxation rate (or even sample pressure) on the ionization probability can be ignored. In the practical use of REMPI, higher sample pressure will reduce the intensity of the detection signal is due to the collision complex of the positive and negative ions. This will reduce the collection efficiency of the ions, and influence the magnitude of the ion signal further.     

Self-referencable frequency comb from a 170-fs, 1.5-μm solid-state laser oscillator

We report measurement of the first carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency signal from a spectrally broadened ultrafast solid-state laser oscillator operating in the 1.5 μm spectral region. The f-to-2f CEO frequency beat signal is 49 dB above the noise floor (100-kHz resolution bandwidth) and the free-running linewidth of 3.6 kHz is significantly better than typically obtained by ultrafast fiber laser systems. We used a SESAM mode-locked Er:Yb:glass laser generating 170-fs pulses at a 75 MHz pulse repetition rate with 110-mW average power. It is pumped by one standard telecom-grade 980-nm diode consuming less than 1.5 W of electrical power. Without any further pulse compression and amplification, a coherent octave-spanning frequency comb is generated in a polarization-maintaining highly-nonlinear fiber (PM-HNLF). The fiber length was optimized to yield a strong CEO frequency beat signal between the outer Raman soliton and the spectral peak of the dispersive wave within the supercontinuum. The polarization-maintaining property of the supercontinuum fiber was crucial; comparable octave-spanning supercontinua from two non-PM fibers showed higher intensity noise and poor coherence. A stable CEO-beat was observed even with pulse durations above 200 fs. Achieving a strong CEO frequency signal from relatively long pulses with moderate power levels substantially relaxes the demands on the driving laser, which is particularly important for novel gigahertz diode-pumped solid-state and semiconductor lasers.     

Probing nonequilibrium electron distributions in gold by use of second-harmonic generation

Second-harmonic radiation is generated at a gold surface by use of a laser pulse that is varied in duration from 14 to 29 fs and in intensity from 10(9) to 10(11)W/cm(2) . At laser intensities below 10(10)W/cm(2) , the second-harmonic signal has the expected quadratic dependence on pump-laser intensity; however, at higher intensities, the dependence is supraquadratic. This difference arises because the leading edge of the laser pulse interacts significantly with the gold electrons to create a nonequilibrium, photoexcited distribution. The second-harmonic generation process occurs before electron-electron or electron-phonon collisions can equilibrate the distribution and therefore serves as a probe of the nonequilibrium distribution.