Femtosecond pulse laser-induced self-organized nanogratings on the surface of a ZnSe crystal

Periodic nanostructures are observed on the surface of ZnSe after irradiation by a focused beam of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser, which are aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization direction. The period of self-organized grating structures is about 160 nm. The phenomenon is interpreted in terms of interference between the incident light field and the surface scattered wave of 800-nm laser pulses. With the laser polarization parallel to the moving direction we produce long-range Bragg-like gratings by slowly moving the crystal under a fixed laser focus. The nanograting orientation is adjusted by laser polarization and the accumulation effect. PACS 81.16.Rf; 78.67.-n; 33.80.Rv; 82.53.Mj; 81.16.-c     

偏振对飞秒激光辐照LiF晶体的影响

飞秒激光聚焦到LiF晶体内部, 晶体的加工形貌随偏振改变. 实验表明, 偏振方向平行于<110> 晶向时, 加工起点到表面的距离是<100>偏振下的1.08 倍; 而<110>偏振下加工终点到表面的距离是<100> 偏振下的1.01 倍. 为了解释加工形貌的偏振依赖, 建立了逆韧致辐射、雪崩电离和无辐射跃迁的模型, 首先, 价带电子通过强场电离和雪崩电离, 从激光中吸收能量跃迁到导带, 该过程用电子密度演化方程和傍轴非线性薛定谔方程描述, 求解方程得到导带电子密度; 其次, 导带电子通过无辐射跃迁过程释放能量给晶格, 由能量守恒计算出晶格温度沿激光传播方向的分布; 最后, 晶格温度超过熔点以上的区域被加工. 模拟结果显示, <110>偏振下加工起点到表面的距离是<100> 偏振下的1.03倍, 而<110>偏振下加工终点到表面的距离是<100>偏振下的0.981 倍, 与实验结果基本一致. 虽然Z扫描技术测量的非线性折射率随偏振方向变化, 但是非线性折射率的变化趋势与实验结果相反. 模拟和实验证明逆韧致辐射导致加工形貌随偏振变化.     

超细0.4nm直径单壁碳管的光学特性

由于纳米碳管的优异机械特性及其丰富多采的光学和电学特性，它自1991年被发现以来一直受到科学家的青睐，纳米碳管研究已成为当今世界上发展最迅速，竞争最激烈的科学前沿领域之一。怎样才能把纳米碳管做得更细小，尺寸更均匀以及如何使众多的纳米碳管排列规整，一直是纳米碳管研究中的难题。我们利用多孔的沸石晶体作为载体，首次成功地研制出了尺寸均一，排列规整的超细单壁纳米碳管，这些超细纳米碳管具有独特的性能，低温下（＜20K）甚至呈现出前所未有的一维超导现象。详细介绍了这些超细单壁纳米碳管的制备过程，并着重介绍其在可见光区的光吸收，光发射以及二次谱波的倍频特性。     

Controlling attosecond double ionization dynamics via molecular alignment

We investigate the dynamics of double ionization in aligned nitrogen molecules. An ultrashort, weak laser pulse creates an aligned ensemble of molecules that is ionized with a subsequent, strong probe pulse. We find that the two electrons involved in nonsequential double ionization more likely exit the molecule in the same direction if it is parallel to the probe laser polarization, indicating that they are ejected within a few hundred attoseconds of each other. Double ionization is less probable and takes longer for perpendicular molecules.     

The multielectron dissociative ionization dynamics of N2 molecule in intense femtosecond laser fields with arbitrary polarization

The field-ionization Coulomb explosion model is extended to investigate the multielectron dissociative ionization process of N₂ molecule irradiated by an intense femtosecond laser field with an arbitrary polarization. The ionization process of N₂ molecule is found to be optimal at the critical internuclear distance R_c=7a.u., which is independent of the laser polarization state, the molecular explosion channel and the angle between the molecular axis and the direction of laser electric field. The kinetic energies of the ion fragments are identical in the cases of linear and circular polarizations at the same incident laser intensity. However,the probability of electron ionization is very sensitive to the above three parameters. At the critical distance R_c=7a.u. the angular dependence of the threshold intensity for the over-the-barrier ionization leads to the geometric alignment of molecules in the case of linear polarization. The threshold intensity in the case of circular polarization is apparently higher than that in the case of linear polarization, which can well explain the significant decrease of ionization in the case of circular polarization. The numerical calculations are compared with the experimental measurements.     

Combination of high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses for generation of time-dependent polarization pulses and ionization of atomic gas

Time-dependent polarization pulses are generated by combining two perpendicularly polarized, high-intensity laser pulses. The time evolution of the polarization state of the combined laser pulse is measured by the POLLIWOG technique. We observed changes in the polarization state while varying the relative delay. In order to investigate the effect of pulse combination on the ionization of atoms, the electron signals and the ion signals are measured by irradiating combinations of two perpendicularly polarized pulses or two parallel polarized pulses. With the two parallel polarized pulses, high-order fringe-resolved autocorrelations are obtained by measuring the time-integrated ion signals as a function of the time delay. When two perpendicularly polarized pulses are combined, the fringe period of the time-integrated electron signal as a function of the time delay is different from that of the time-integrated ion signal. This is due to the fact that the electron signal depends on the direction of the field vibration and the number of generated electrons. We also measured the electron energy distributions at different relative delays and confirmed that these depend on the polarization state of generated pulses.     

Rescattering of ultralow-energy electrons for single ionization of Ne in the tunneling regime

Electron emission for single ionization of Ne by 25 fs, 1.0 PW/cm(2) laser pulses at 800 nm has been investigated in a kinematically complete experiment using a "reaction microscope." Mapping the complete final state momentum space with high resolution, a distinct local minimum is observed at P(e parallel )=0, where P(e parallel ) is the electron momentum parallel to the laser polarization. Whereas tunneling theory predicts a maximum at zero momentum, our findings are in good agreement with recent semiclassical predictions which were interpreted to be due to "recollision."     

飞秒激光诱导钛表面形成高空间频率周期条纹结构

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光,在空气和去离子水中诱导钛表面形成不同的周期条纹结构。在空气中,激光能量密度为0.265 J/cm2时,钛表面主要形成周期为500~560 nm低空间频率条纹结构;激光能量密度为0.102 J/cm2时,主要形成的是周期为220~340 nm高空间频率条纹结构。两种条纹均垂直于入射激光偏振方向,且条纹周期随着脉冲重叠数的增大而增大。在水中,除形成垂直激光偏振方向、周期为215~250 nm的高空间频率条纹结构,还形成了平行于激光偏振方向且周期约为入射激光波长八分之一的高空间频率条纹结构。利用表面等离子体理论、二次谐波及Sipe理论对各种周期条纹结构的形成机理进行分析,发现周期条纹结构的形成与钛表面氧化层有密切的关系。     

Attosecond control in photoionization of hydrogen molecules

We report experiments where hydrogen molecules were dissociatively ionized by an attosecond pulse train in the presence of a near-infrared field. Fragment ion yields from distinguishable ionization channels oscillate with a period that is half the optical cycle of the IR field. For molecules aligned parallel to the laser polarization axis, the oscillations are reproduced in two-electron quantum simulations, and can be explained in terms of an interference between ionization pathways that involve different harmonic orders and a laser-induced coupling between the 1sσ(g) and 2pσ(u) states of the molecular ion. This leads to a situation where the ionization probability is sensitive to the instantaneous polarization of the molecule by the IR electric field and demonstrates that we have probed the IR-induced electron dynamics with attosecond pulses.     

Laser-induced Alignment and Coulomb Explosion of CO2

实验研究了CO₂分子在飞秒强激光脉冲作用下的动力学过程,包括分子取向,隧穿电离和库仑爆炸,激光强度从1×10¹³W/cm²变化到6×10¹⁴W/cm². 当激光强度小于分子的电离阈值时,CO₂分子的非绝热转动激发形成一个相干转动波包,波包演化导致分子沿激光电场方向取向. 激光脉冲结束后,分子取向可以周期性地再现,利用另一束激光可以对取向结构进一步进行修饰. 当激光强度大于分子     

1240 nm diamond Raman laser operating near the quantum limit

An external-cavity diamond Raman laser generating up to 2.0 W at 1240 nm from 3.3 W of 1064 nm pump power is investigated as a function of pump polarization direction. The maximum conversion efficiency was 61%, and the slope efficiency of 84% closely approaches the quantum limit of 85.8%. The lowest threshold for Raman lasing is achieved for pump polarization parallel to the <111> axis, which we show is consistent with theory.     

铀原子多色三光子共振电离谱研究

利用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ二倍频激光同步泵浦的脉冲染料激光系统、原子束装置、飞行时间质谱和Ｂｏｘｃａｒ技术测量了＾２３８Ｕ的多色三光子共振电离谱。研究了电场对铀原子第一激发态的影响。解决了如何确定三角三光子共振电离谱图中所含的单色,双色和三色共振电离峰的问题。     

Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets

Interferences of free electron wave packets generated by a pair of identical, time-delayed, femtosecond laser pulses which ionize excited atomic potassium have been observed. Two different schemes are investigated: threshold electrons produced by one-photon ionization with parallel laser polarization and above threshold ionization electrons produced by a two-photon transition with crossed laser polarization. Our results show that the temporal coherence of light pulses is transferred to free electron wave packets, thus opening the door to a whole variety of exciting experiments.     

Electron transport for a laser-irradiated quantum channel with Rashba spin--orbit coupling

We investigate theoretically the electron transport for a two-level quantum channel (wire) with Rashba spin--orbit coupling under the irradiation of a longitudinally-polarized external laser field at low temperatures. Using the method of equation of motion for Keldysh nonequilibrium Green function, we examine the time-averaged spin polarized conductance for the system with photon polarization parallel to the wire direction. By analytical analysis and a few numerical examples, the interplay effects of the external laser field and the Rashba spin--orbit coupling on the spin-polarized conductance for the system are demonstrated and discussed. It is found that the longitudinally-polarized laser field can adjust the spin polarization rate and produce some photon sideband resonances of the conductance for the system.     

光源的偏振态对动态光散射颗粒测量结果的影响

研究了在动态光散射纳米颗粒测量中,光源的偏振态对测量结果的影响。采用了粒径为100nm、体积浓度为0.5%的标准颗粒作为样品,使He-Ne激光通过起偏器得到0°～180°方向的偏振光,测量了散射光强、偏振度和粒径测量值的变化,计算了相应的粒径均值偏差和标准差,并将这一结果与无偏振He-Ne激光入射进行了比较。结果表明,当入射光为线偏振光时,偏振方向垂直于散射面时测量效果最好;另一方面,由于颗粒系散射迭加造成的散射光偏振度降低,使线偏振光源与无偏振光源产生的散射光偏振度无明显差别,证明在测量中可以使用无偏振He-Ne激光代替。     

激光偏振参量对光场感生电离电子碰撞机制等离子体电离参量的影响

以基于光场感生电离电子碰撞机制的类钯氙系统为例，计算并讨论了不同抽运激光偏振对等离子体的电离速率、阈值激光强度、电子在激光场中的剩余能量、各电荷态相对集居数、初始电子能量分布等电离参量的影响，计算结果表明，在相同的激光功率密度下，激光偏振对类钯氙41.8nm4d^95d^1S0-4d^95p^1P1跃迁的X射线激光放大影响很大，圆偏振激光抽运更有利于类钯氙41.8nm4d^95d^1S0-4d^95p^1P1跃迁的X射线激光放大的实现。     

Observation of OH angular momentum polarization produced by H+O2 at 2.6 eV collision energy

The OH rotational polarization produced by the reaction of fast H atoms from the polarized 193 nm photolysis of HBr with O₂ (2.6 eV collision energy) has been measured by laser-induced fluorescence using polarized analysis light. A strong rotational polarization parallel to the electric vector of the dissociation laser and perpendicular to the flight direction of the H atoms is observed. Implications for the H+O₂ reaction dynamics at high collision energies are discussed.     

超短脉冲强激光场中电子剩余能计算

为了控制光场感应电离等离子体的温度以使得基于光场感应电离机制的X射线激光辐射获得更高的增益值,利用准静态隧道电离模型,定量计算了电子剩余能量与激光偏振参量、波长(频率)、激光强度以及电离介质电离能的变化关系。计算结果表明线偏振短波长激光以及高电离能介质产牛的等离子体中电子剩余能比较低,因此适合用作复合机制X射线激光;对于低价离子存偏振度α介于0～1之间的某一处最高,因此,可以通过调整偏振度α,获得某一椭圆偏振光,会更有利于基于光场感应电离电子碰撞机制X射线激光增益的提高。     

Ellipticity dependence of high-order above-threshold ionization from aligned diatomic molecules

We investigate high-order above-threshold ionization of the Ar₂ molecule by an elliptically polarized laser field. In order to describe this process we use the modified molecular strong-field approximation. We have found that the differential ionization rate is a very sensitive function of the ellipticity of the laser field and of the molecular orientation. For parallel orientation the rate has the maximum value for linear polarization, independently of the laser intensity. On the other hand, for perpendicular orientation the rate is maximal for a particular value of the ellipticity which is different from zero. Such a behavior can be related to the molecular symmetry. We consider the differential ionization rate of high-energy electrons as a function of the ellipticity for different internuclear distances. We also present, in the electron energy-emission angle plane, our new results for the focal-averaged spectra of electrons ionized by an elliptically polarized laser field. We have found that, in this case, the two-source two-rescattering-centers interference minima are blurred.     

埋入式光栅双通道特性及其应用研究

利用严格耦合波理论分析了埋入式光栅在45°入射时,垂直和平行于光栅栅线的两个不同观察平面的零级共振反射衍射特性.在垂直于光栅栅线的平面内,TE、TM偏振下零级反射共振波长分别为432 am和420 am,在平行于光栅栅线的平面内,TE、TM偏振下零级反射共振主峰波长分别为623 nm和620 nm,在两个平面内,零级共振衍射光的共振波长差别较大,观察到的衍射光颜色差别明显,定义为双通道特性并用实验进行证明,制作了相应的光变色器件.