基于PVDF传感器的单脉冲激光推力加载过程研究

 利用高频响应材料PVDF作为敏感元件，建立了一套单脉冲瞬态推力测试系统，并用37 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对该测试系统进行动态标定。标定结果显示，在0~150 MPa范围内，PVDF传感器（5 mm×5 mm）的压电特性呈线性，动态压电系数经线性拟合后为20 pC/N。用所建推力测试系统获得了单脉冲激光作用下，旋转抛物形激光推力器的推力加载曲线，并对该曲线形成多个峰值的原因进行了分析。实验结果表明，该系统可以捕获激光推力器脉冲推力加载特征。     

PVDF压电传感器及敏感单元设计关键技术

研究了聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)柔性压电传感器敏感单元设计关键技术和工艺。通过传感器敏感单元设计、电极制作、极化和封装研究实现功能,结合动态冲击压缩实验,对自主研制的PVDF传感器在不同压力段进行标定和A类不确定度评价,实验数据的A类不确定度优于10%,说明所研制的PVDF压电传感器精度高、重复性好,能够满足0.3~10.0 GPa动态冲击压力测量应用需求。目前产品设计水平已达到6级,后续将进一步开展更高压段有效性的应用设计、温度补偿效应研究和工程化产品设计。     

石英压电晶体在霍普金森压杆实验中的应用

 利用传统分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对低密度、低波阻材料进行测试时,存在透射信号弱、试样在加载时间内难以达到受力变形均匀的不足。采用嵌入压电石英晶体技术测试微弱的透射信号,并监测试样两端应力平衡。实验测试了一种低密度聚氨酯泡沫,结果表明嵌入压电石英晶体技术可以大幅提高透射信号的幅值和信噪比,所测试的材料在应变率范围1 000~4 000 s^-1内应变率效应不明显。     

国产PVDF压电薄膜的冲击加载及卸载响应研究

 对两种厚度的国产PVDF压电薄膜,用轻气炮和激波管进行了冲击加载应力-电荷曲线的标定,并与其它若干种国内外的PVDF标定曲线进行了对比和分析;采用阶梯卸载和同时测量质点速度的方法,研究了PVDF压电薄膜的冲击卸载响应特性,发现有明显的滞后效应存在。     

冲击载荷作用下PZT-5压电陶瓷的力电特性

压电陶瓷是压电冲击传感器的核心元件。采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验技术研究PZT-5压电陶瓷在冲击载荷作用下的力电特性,进行了4～14 m/s不同速度的实验。实验中为保证试件与压杆绝缘,采用了对试件影响较小的表面溅射Al2N3的工艺,溅射厚度为1～3μm。实验结果表明:在冲击加载过程中,PZT-5压电陶瓷的应变变化表现出黏性性质,其产生的电荷与加载过程中试件的应力、应变均相关;当加载速度超过一定值时,加载过程中压电陶瓷可能产生损伤,不同的损伤程度也影响电荷的产生;PZT-5压电陶瓷的力学和电学性能具有明显的率相关性。     

基于PVDF的膝关节控制肌群运动信息采集传感器研究

针对膝关节运动过程中控制肌群的运动信息的采集问题,文章设计了多种PVDF压电传感器的悬臂悬臂梁结构,利用传感器采集到的压电信息获取控制肌群的运动信息,并通过软件建模仿真和实验对比测试找到了最优悬臂梁结构设计为圆形简支悬臂梁结构,同时测试了传感器的性能;测试结果显示设计的PVDF压电传感器表现优越,可用于实际的信息采集。     

某PBX炸药的动态力学性能研究

 PBX炸药作为现代武器的主装药,它的力学行为决定着武器的生存能力。为了研究PBX炸药的动态力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）作为加载手段,结合半导体应变片测试技术和压电晶体监测技术,保证了实验数据的有效性。利用SHPB加载波整形技术,实现了材料两端应力平衡和常应变率加载,得到了不同应变率（90~410 s^-1）下材料的应力-应变曲线。根据材料的模量、破坏强度和破坏应变随应变率的变化规律,采用粘性修正的Sargin模型,得到了该PBX炸药在单轴压缩下的唯象本构模型,模拟结果与实验曲线符合较好。     

超导材料拉伸应力下临界电流测试装置

本文提出了一种测试装置, 用于测试超导材料在拉伸应力下的临界电流特性. 装置的固定臂与活动臂配合,给样品材料施加拉伸应力. 测试前对作为称重传感器的固定臂进行了应力标定, 并通过理论计算验证了标定的准确性. 在此基础上, 本文对固定臂进行了三维有限元分析, 探究装置是否满足后续实验的要求. 分析结果表明, 固定臂与活动臂相互配合可以给样品施加满足实验条件的拉伸应力.     

炸药安全性的火箭橇实验研究

 采用双轨火箭橇加载装置,对PBX-1炸药结构件进行了“靶打弹”撞击实验,采用PVDF计和压电石英计,测量炸药中入射压力和反应压力的变化情况;通过高速摄影和大画幅照相,观察了炸药件受撞击后发生反应的直观图像和靶、弹撞击的细节过程;利用冲击波超压传感器,测量了炸药反应后的超压曲线,并估算了其相对能量释放率。初步实验结果表明,当入射压力为0.48 GPa时,炸药发生部分爆炸,相对能量释放率约为51.8%。     

PVDF梳状换能器接收非线性兰姆波的实验研究*

该文基于PVDF压电薄膜对梳状换能器进行设计制作,并将该换能器应用于接收非线性兰姆波信号实验研究。首先通过输出矢量和方法分析PVDF梳状换能器的工作特性,然后将设计制作的PVDF梳状换能器应用于铝板中非线性兰姆波信号的接收,并与传统压电陶瓷换能器经斜劈接收的非线性兰姆波信号进行比较分析。实验结果表明,两种换能器所接收到的信号幅值随传播距离的变化趋势相近,线性增长的积累效应表征结果相似,且PVDF梳状换能器可以对基波和二次谐波信号同时响应。除此之外,PVDF梳状换能器用于接收非线性兰姆波信号更加稳定。因此,PVDF梳状换能器有望应用于复杂构件的在线检测与监测研究。     

PVDF在电子束辐射材料产生的热激波测量中的应用

 介绍了在“闪光二号”脉冲电子束加速器上采用PVDF压电传感技术测量编织材料等的电子束热激波传播特性的情况。实验得出：（1）在能注量为90～210 J/cm²范围内，对4 mm厚的编织材料及其叠层材料，热激波应力峰值σ_a<0.1 GPa，只有硬铝的十几分之一；（2）编织材料中的热激波作用时间被明显展宽，其平均值达2.6 μs，是硬铝中的7倍多。实验结果表明：（1）编织材料具有良好的衰减和展宽热激波的性能；（2）对编织材料等的宽作用时间热激波测量来说，PVDF压电传感技术具有极其优越的性质。     

Optical strain gauge vs. traditional strain gauges for concrete elasticity modulus determination

In the field of Civil Engineering, the evaluation of concrete elasticity modulus relies heavily on traditional strain gauges like electric resistance strain gauge, demec mechanical strain and compressometer. These strain gauges work pretty well but the sample surface preparation and the strain gauge adhesion are tedious and time-consuming. On the other hand, convenient non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity have the disadvantage of large data scattering and low reliability. In this paper, we aim to develop a handy, reliable and cost-effective method for concrete property evaluation based on an optical technique called automatic digital image correlation (ADIC), which acts as an optical strain gauge. By incorporating an automatic searching approach, the proposed ADIC greatly expands the convergence range of normal digital image correlation (DIC) algorithms and is able to automatically determine concrete strain in real time without human interaction. After the optical strain gauge is set up, the axial concrete strain as well as the stress-strain curve is plotted in real time when the concrete sample under testing is loaded. The concrete elasticity modulus is then determined from the curve. A series of experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed optical strain gauge. Comparisons are also carried out between the proposed optical strain gauge and traditional strain gauges such as electronic strain gauge, compressometer and demec mechanical strain gauge, which further confirm the accuracy, convenience and reliability of the proposed technique.     

TNT/RDX（40/60）炸药球水中爆炸波研究

 利用锰铜计、PVDF计和电气石计分别测量了TNT/RDX（40/60）炸药球水中爆炸波峰压,得到了在1≤R/R₀≤400比例距离范围内的峰压衰减规律。利用电气石计得到的爆炸远区压力时程和气泡脉动周期资料证实了水中爆炸测试法评估炸药能量的可行性。     

Quantum gauge equivalence in QED

We discuss gauge transformations in QED coupled to a charged spinor field, and examine whether we can gauge-transform the entire formulation of the theory from one gauge to another, so that not only the gauge and spinor fields, but also the forms of the operator-valued Hamiltonians are transformed. The discussion includes the covariant gauge, in which the gauge condition and Gauss's law are not primary constraints on operator-valued quantities; it also includes the Coulomb gauge, and the spatial axial gauge, in which the constraints are imposed on operator-valued fields by applying the Dirac-Bergmann procedure. We show how to transform the covariant, Coulomb, and spatial axial gauges to what we call “common form,” in which all particle excitation modes have identical properties. We also show that, once that common form has been reached, QED in different gauges has a common time-evolution operator that defines time-translation for states that represent systems of electrons and photons. By combining gauge transformations with changes of representation from standard to common form, the entire apparatus of a gauge theory can be transformed from one gauge to another.     

光栅摄谱仪的改进及其在周期性极化的铌酸锂晶体倍频研究中的应用

由于电荷耦合器件(CCD)具有光谱响应范围宽、检出限低、动态范围宽、暗电流和读出噪声低以及具有积分信号、多道同时检测和实时检测等能力的优点,在光谱测量和光谱成象领域获得了广泛的应用。将传统的1m光栅摄谱仪和科学CCD相结合,使其具有实时快速测量激光光谱的能力。将其应用于宽带双包层光纤激光在周期性极化的LiNbO₃晶体(PPLN)中倍频特性的研究,观察到了倍频激光光谱随PPLN控制温度的动态变化过程,并对此进行了详细分析。     

A test for the temporal axial gauge at finite temperature: The two-loop gluon-interaction pressure calculated in the real time formalism

Using the 2×2 matrix propagator previously found by the author, we calculate the interaction pressure of the gluon plasma to two loops at high temperature using the temporal axial gauge in the real time formalism. This quantity is gauge invariant and is thus a good check for the validity of the Feynman rules found for the temporal gauge at finite temperature. Our result is identical to that found by Landsman et al. and Kapusta using covariant gauges in the real and imaginary time formalisms respectively.     

Local and global gauge symmetries in temporal gauge

In the temporal gauge formalism, in order to make a distinction between the global limit of local gauge transformations and global ones a non-local operator, θ, is introduced. It is claimed that what kind of θ is used is equivalent to what kind of gauge-fixing schemes is chosen. Along this idea, in non-abelian theories the coulomb, axial and unitary gauges have been investigated. In the unitary gauge spontaneous breakdown of global gauge symmetry has been found to be reduced to a problem of the boundary condition for the Higgs field and the occurrence of symmetry breaking has been concluded.     

Production and use of an interferometric optical strain gauge with comparison to conventional techniques

The use of optical fibres in transducers has recently attracted much interest and the adoption of optical techniques in strain detection is growing due to the reliability and accuracy they can offer in harsh environmental conditions (strong electromagnetic fields, high temperature, corrosive chemicals, etc.) where the conventional electrical strain gauges often fail.In this paper an optical strain gauge based on a true fibre Michelson interferometric scheme is developed and tested. The discrete optical strain gauge is realised by embedding the optical fibre sensing leads into a resin support which allows its easy installation and use. The related static and dynamic behaviours are investigated and compared with those of similar optical sensing systems either directly bonded to the structure or embedded in composite laminates. Comparisons are also made with theoretical predictions and measurements supplied by semiconductor electrical strain gauges.     

Transition matrices of self-dual solutions to SU(N) gauge theory

We extract self-dual potentials from SU(N) transition matrices of the Atiyah—Ward type. The simplest nontrivial example is studied in detail and we find a topologically nontrivial, regular, self-dual solution. Different gauges can be found for which the corresponding gauge potentials are respectively time-independent or real.     

门电路传输特性曲线的计算机辅助观测

介绍了利用Mathematica软件包让普通微机通过声卡输出调试信号的方法，并直接用示波器观测了门电路的传输特性曲线。