高压下氢基高温超导体研究的新进展

富氢材料被认为是室温超导体的最佳候选体系,是物理学、材料科学等多学科的热点研究领域之一。理论和实验研究发现的新型共价氢化物H3S和笼状氢化物LaH10的超导转变温度(T_c)均超过200 K,进一步推动了对富氢化合物超导电性的探索。最近,通过高压实验合成的碳质硫氢化物在288 K的室温下实现了零电阻,让人们看到了室温超导的曙光。本文结合课题组在此领域的主要成果,介绍了3类典型富氢化合物的结构及超导特性,包括近期首次在层状氢化物中发现的具有类五角石墨烯结构的富氢超导体HfH₁₀,其超导转变温度高达213~234 K。     

高压下富氢化合物的结构与奇异超导电性

在富氢化合物中,一方面由于非氢元素的存在会对氢的子晶格产生化学预压作用,这些体系比纯氢更容易金属化.另一方面由于含氢量较多,富氢化合物可能会具有像金属氢那样较高的超导转变温度,有望成为超导家族的新成员—–氢基超导体.高压下富氢化合物的结构及超导电性已成为物理、材料等多学科的研究热点,最近理论和实验发现硫氢化合物在高压下的超导转变温度达到200 K,创造了高温超导新纪录,进一步推动了人们对富氢化合物超导电性的研究.本文主要介绍了近年来高压下几种典型富氢化合物的结构、稳定性、原子间相互作用、金属化及超导电性,希望未来能在富氢化合物中寻找到具有更高超导转变温度的超导体.     

高压下二元富氢超导体的实验研究进展

自从1911年著名物理学家Onnes发现超导电性以来,人们不断努力提高超导转变温度,室温超导体是人类追逐的百年梦想。在近百年的研究历程中,铜基超导体、铁基超导体及麦克米兰极限MgB₂超导体的发现不断刷新了人们对超导领域的认知,也增强了人们进一步提高超导转变温度和挖掘高温超导机制的信心。最近,理论预测并被实验验证的新型富氢化合物显示了高温乃至室温超导电性的巨大潜力,成为室温超导体的最佳候选体系之一。值得注意的是,高压下硫氢化物和镧氢化物均具有超过200 K的超导转变温度,引领了富氢化合物的研究热潮,涌现了一些重要的理论和实验成果。本文聚焦于目前富氢化合物超导体的实验研究进展,从不同氢结构单元及氢成键特征的角度总结和归纳新型富氢化合物的晶体结构性质及超导性能。主要介绍了5种在实验上成功获得的富氢化合物超导体：间隙型、离子型、共价型、笼型及分子型。通过对比分析不同类型的富氢化合物超导体,总结出一些影响超导转变温度的普适规律,并提出目前实验上亟待解决的问题和未来主攻的实验方向。     

新氧化物超导体系Tl-Sr-V-Cu-O的高温超导电性

铊基高温超导体由于其高临界温度及种类繁多而越来越受到广泛的重视.作者在寻求新的甚至更高 T_c 超导体的研究中,发现在金属导电性的 Tl-Sr-Cu-O 体系中添加钒能形成一种新的高温氧化物超导体.在目前最佳制备条件下,名义组成为 TlSr_(1.25)V_(0.25)CuO_y 样品的T_c(onset)接近80K,T_c(ρ=0)达74K.本文报道 Tl-Sr-V-Cu-O 超导样品的制备及其超导电性的测定,并初步讨论了新超导体的成相规律及物相分析.     

CrAs——第一个Cr基化合物超导体的发现

非常规超导体自发现以来便引起了凝聚态物理学家的广泛兴趣,诸如重费米子超导体,铜基高温超导体和铁基高温超导体等。这类超导体的一个基本特征是,当长程反铁磁序被抑制时会出现超导现象。而要破坏长程磁有序,除了掺杂不同元素以引入电荷载流子或者化学压力外,物理加压也是一种有效的调控手段。文章将介绍第一个Cr基化合物超导体——CrAs单晶通过物理加压首次实现超导电性的过程。当压力为8 kbar时,超导临界温度出现在2K,这时发生在常压下265 K的一级反铁磁相变被完全压制。在CrAs体系中,超导与反铁磁序之间的竞争关系说明CrAs是非常规超导体。CrAs的超导也为发现新型超导体打开了一扇大门。     

Y-Ba-Cu(Cr)氧化物超导体

我们在Y-Ba-Cu-O系中得到零电阻温度Tcf为94.1K,中点转变温度Tc为95K,起始转变温度Tci为100K,转变宽度△Tc为1K的超导体。低温X光衍射结构分析结果表明,多相超导体在低温区(123—173K)有相变。因此,我们认为Y-Ba-Cu-O系中多相超导体的高Tet是低温相变引起的,并不完全是超导转变点。在该系氧化物中以Cr取代1/3的Cu,仍然得到Tcf=82.8K、Tc=83.5K、Tci=92K、△Tc=1K的超导体。     

第二主族氢化物的高压研究

富氢化合物的压致金属化和超导电性是实现金属氢和高温超导体的有效途径,已成为物理学、材料科学等学科的研究热点之一。从应用上看,富氢化合物是潜在的储氢材料,研究高压下富氢化合物结构和性质变化是提升其储氢性能的有效手段。以典型的第二主族氢化物为例,简要地介绍了第二主族氢化物在高压下的实验与理论研究成果,包括高压结构相变、新结构的稳定性以及金属化机制,并探讨不同的氢构型对压致金属化及超导电性的影响。     

石墨插层化合物超导体研究进展

本文介绍了石墨层间化合物(GICs)超导体的发展及超导电性,重点结合GICs超导体的研究进展,特别是具有高超导转变温度(Tc=11.5 K)CaC6的研究,系统地分析和总结了当前GICs超导电性的研究现状,并对GICs超导体的发展进行一些展望.     

高压下氢基超导体的研究进展

实现室温超导一直是人们长期追寻的梦想,寻找和合成出具有室温超导性的新材料已成为 凝聚态物理学家和材料物理学家的“圣杯”。近年来,随着理论和实验相继发现超导临界温度高于 200 K 的 H3S 和 LaH10,氢基超导体已逐渐成为实现室温超导的最佳候选,成为物理学、材料科 学等多学科研究的热点领域之一。在本文中,我们将概述超导材料的发展历史和几种典型超导材 料,重点介绍当前高压下氢基超导体的研究进展及面临的挑战,详细讨论中低压力范围氢基高温 超导体的设计思路,展望氢基超导体在低压甚至常压下实现高温乃至室温的可能性。     

ZrV_2H_(5.05)的定域振动

我们在原子能研究所的铍过滤探测器谱仪上用热中子非弹性散射的方法分别测量了室温(20℃)和低温(97K)下的金属氢化合物超导体ZrV_2H_(5.05)的定域模,ZrV_2H_(5.05)的超导电性是被氢的高浓度所抑制的。     

The role of CALYPSO in the discovery of high-T_c hydrogen-rich superconductors

Hydrogen-rich compounds are promising candidates for high-Tc or even room-temperature superconductors. The search for high-Tc hydrides poses a major experimental challenge because there are many known hydrides and even more unknown hydrides with unusual stoichiometries under high pressure. The combination of crystal structure prediction and first-principles calculations has played an important role in the search for high-Tc hydrides, especially in guiding experimental synthesis. Crystal structure AnaLYsis by Particle Swarm Optimization(CALYPSO) is one of the most efficient methods for predicting stable or metastable structures from the chemical composition alone. This review summarizes the superconducting hydrides predicted using CALYPSO. We focus on two breakthroughs toward room-temperature superconductors initiated by CALYPSO: the prediction of high-Tc superconductivity in compressed hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydrides, both of which have been confirmed experimentally and have set new record Tc values. We also address the challenges and outlook in this field.     

Superconductivity well above room temperature in compressed MgH6

It has been suggested that hydrogen-rich systems at high pressure may exhibit notably high super-conducting transition temperatures. One of the more interesting theoretical predictions was that hydrogen sulfide can be metallized and the high-temperature superconducting state can be induced. A record critical temperature (203 K) was later confirmed for H₃S in an experiment. In this paper, we investigated, within the framework of the Eliashberg formalism, the properties of compressed MgH₆, which is expected to be a very good candidate for room-temperature superconductivity. This applies particularly to the pressure range from 300 to 400 GPa, where the transition temperature is close to 400 K. Moreover, the estimated thermodynamic properties and the resulting dimensionless ratios exceed the predictions of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory. This behavior is attributed to the strong electron–phonon coupling and retardation effects existing in hydrogen-dominated materials under high pressure.     

Superconductivity well above room temperature in compressed MgH<Subscript>6</Subscript>

It has been suggested that hydrogen-rich systems at high pressure may exhibit notably high super-conducting transition temperatures. One of the more interesting theoretical predictions was that hydrogen sulfide can be metallized and the high-temperature superconducting state can be induced. A record critical temperature (203 K) was later confirmed for H3S in an experiment. In this paper, we investigated, within the framework of the Eliashberg formalism, the properties of compressed MgH6, which is expected to be a very good candidate for room-temperature superconductivity. This applies particularly to the pressure range from 300 to 400 GPa, where the transition temperature is close to 400 K. Moreover, the estimated thermodynamic properties and the resulting dimensionless ratios exceed the predictions of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory. This behavior is attributed to the strong electron–phonon coupling and retardation effects existing in hydrogen-dominated materials under high pressure.     

Hybrid crystals of cuprates and iron-based superconductors

We propose two possible new compounds, Ba_2CuO_2Fe_2As_2and K_2CuO_2Fe_2Se_2, which hybridize the building blocks of two high temperature superconductors, cuprates and iron-based superconductors. These compounds consist of square CuO_2 layers and antifluorite-type Fe_2X_2(X = As, Se) layers separated by Ba/K. The calculations of binding energies and phonon spectra indicate that they are dynamically stable, which ensures that they may be experimentally synthesized. The Fermi surfaces and electronic structures of the two compounds inherit the characteristics of both cuprates and iron-based superconductors. These compounds can be superconductors with intriguing physical properties to help to determine the pairing mechanisms of high Tc superconductivity.     

Superconductivity in SnO: a nonmagnetic analog to Fe-based superconductors?

We discovered that under pressure SnO with α-PbO structure, the same structure as in many Fe-based superconductors, e.g., β-FeSe, undergoes a transition to a superconducting state for p?6 GPa with a maximum Tc of 1.4 K at p=9.3 GPa. The pressure dependence of Tc reveals a domelike shape and superconductivity disappears for p?16 GPa. It is further shown from band structure calculations that SnO under pressure exhibits a Fermi surface topology similar to that reported for some Fe-based superconductors and that the nesting between the hole and electron pockets correlates with the change of Tc as a function of pressure.     

氧化物超导体的高压热处理及烧结

 本文利用高温高压条件，对氧化物超导体进行了不同条件的高压热处理及烧结。发现对SrLa(CuAg)₁O_x在空气中烧结的超导体，适当条件的高压热处理，使T_c从20 K提高到28 K。在Y₁Ba₂Cu₃O_7-δ系氧化物中，无论是对空气中烧结的已超导样品的高压热处理，或者直接在高压下烧结样品，均未使T_c得到提高，但是，经过高压烧结，超导样品的硬度显著提高，密度也有所增加，并且改变了超导相的晶格常数。     

利用单轴压强下的电阻变化研究铁基超导体中的向列涨落

铁基超导体中普遍存在着反铁磁、超导和向列相,因此研究向列相的性质及其与反铁磁、超导的关系对于理解铁基超导体的低能物理及高温超导电性具有非常重要的作用.所谓向列相是指电子态自发破缺了晶格的面内四重旋转对称性而形成的有序态,从而导致样品的某些物理性质出现了两重的各向异性.我们通过自主研发的单轴压强装置,可以在低温下原位改变压强,测量电阻的变化,从而得到向列极化率.本文介绍了我们利用该装置在最近几年研究铁基超导体的向列相和向列涨落所取得的一些成果,包括详细研究了BaFe_(2-x)Ni_xAs_2体系中的向列量子临界点及其量子临界涨落,并提出了基于向列涨落强弱调节的铁基超导体统一相图.这些结果表明,向列相及其涨落与反铁磁和超导均有很强的耦合,对于理解铁基超导体中磁性和超导电性非常关键.     

Synthesis and superconductivity in yttrium superhydrides under high pressure

Flourishing rare earth superhydrides are a class of recently discovered materials that exhibit near-room-temperature superconductivity at high pressures, ushering in a new era of superconductivity research at high pressures. Yttrium superhydrides drew the most attention among these superhydrides due to their abundance of stoichiometries and excellent superconductivities. Here, we carried out a comprehensive study of yttrium superhydrides in a wide pressure range of 140 GPa—300 GPa. We successfully synthesized a series of superhydrides with the compositions of YH₄, YH₆, YH₇, and YH₉, and reported superconducting transition temperatures of 82 K at 167 GPa, 218 K at 165 GPa, 29 K at 162 GPa, and 230 K at 300 GPa, respectively, as evidenced by sharp drops in resistance. The structure and superconductivity of YH₄ were taken as a representative example and were also examined using x-ray diffraction measurements and the superconductivity suppression under external magnetic fields, respectively. Clathrate YH₁₀, a candidate for room-temperature superconductor, was not synthesized within the study pressure and temperature ranges of up to 300 GPa and 2000 K. The current study established a detailed foundation for future research into room-temperature superconductors in polynary yttrium-based superhydrides.