我们为什么提出建造环形正负电子对撞机

一、粒子物理和标准模型自从20世纪30年代物理学家建立了原子模型之后,人类对亚原子和更深层次物质结构、相互作用和自然规律的实验、理论的探索和研究揭示了自然界基本粒子的存在和他们的特性,以及由这些基本粒子组成的各类介子,重子,原子,分子和它们形成的丰富和多样的自然物质世界。     

现代物理学及其应用

 现代科学技术是生产力的一个重要因素,而现代物理学则是现代科学技术的基础.19世纪中期电磁感应现象的发现和电磁理论的发展,为电能的开发应用和电气化奠定了基础;19世纪末电磁波和电子的发现和研究,开创了无线电电子学的新时代;20世纪初期量子论、相对论量子力学和原子核物理的创立和发展,不但引起了物理学自身的革命,开始了微观、高速和高能领域的研究,而且也为半导体、激光和原子核能等新技术的开发应用提供了启迪的根据和明确的途径.物理学为什么具有这样的作用呢?物理学的现状和未来又是怎样和将会怎样发展呢?     

从规律中找规律——凸透镜成像规律的理解和应用

凸透镜成像规律这一重点和难点一直困扰着很多师生,对这个规律的理解和应用也较为生硬和枯燥.其实这规律中还有规律,焦点可分虚实像,二倍焦距可分像的大小,像的放大和缩小也是全方位的,物和像的移动是同方向的.     

ICP-MS在城市道路尘土中非常规监测微量元素污染评价中的应用

采集了石河子城区32个站点的道路尘土样本,测定了样品中10种非常规监测微量元素(B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl,V)的含量。并采用地积累指数法、元素相关性分析和主成分分析法对尘土中的微量元素污染程度和来源进行了分析。结果表明：道路尘土中微量B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl和V的平均含量分别为41.11,1.68,0.52,13.58,36.26,24.91,3.37,3.64,0.42,72.66 mg·kg-1。其中,Co,Li和Tl的平均含量均低于新疆土壤元素背景值,B,Be和V的平均含量和新疆土壤元素背景值相似,Bi,Ga,Sb和Sn的平均含量高于新疆和世界土壤元素背景值。地积累指数计算结果表明：B,Be,Co,Ga,Li,Tl和V污染级数为0,说明无污染,而Sb,Bi和Sn污染较为严重(污染等级分别为2,1,1)。元素相关性分析和主成分分析多元统计方法计算结果表明,Bi,Co,Sb和Tl主要是人为来源,B,Be,Li和V主要是自然来源,而Ga和Sn可能受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。     

HG-ICP-AES法测定多金属矿区人发中的汞和砷

应用ICP-2070型等离子体发射光谱仪和氢化物发生技术,采用HNO₃-HClO₄酸消解体系,建立了生物样品中痕量汞和砷的氢化物发生-等离子体发射光谱检测法(HG-ICP-AES法)。在选定的实验条件下,Hg和As的检测限分别达到0.6和0.8 ng·mL-1,且分析稳定性较好,能满足生物样品中痕量Hg和As的检测要求。对人发、大米和茶叶等国家标准物质中Hg和As的含量进行对照测定,检测结果与推荐值一致,测定结果的RSD均在5%左右。与此同时,应用本法实测了湘西多金属矿区人发中Hg和As的含量,发现该矿区发Hg和发As平均含量为1.290和1.865 μg·g-1,分别为对照的3.59倍和2.44倍。表明湘西矿区人群Hg和As暴露危害严重,须引起相关部门重视。     

基于GPS的智能农机载高光谱采集系统的初步研究

为了解决精确农业中高密度的和全面的农田信息采集的需要,本系统利用visual basic和map objects对GPS, GIS和RS进行有机集成, 一方面系统通过集成GPS, 能为采集到的光谱数据提供高精度的空间位置属性,实现光谱数据采集、定位和存储一体化; 另一方面通过集成GIS,实现了具有空间属性的光谱数据可视化管理和分析处理, 实时地显示动点轨迹和各图层对应点属性,计算作物微分光谱和植被指数NDVI等功能, 为专家系统和决策支持系统提供充足的信息。     

大学物理电磁学教学改革的研究与实践

大学物理电磁学部分内容抽象,逻辑性强,一直是教学重点和难点.学生在学习和理解电场和磁场的概念及规律时,经常混淆电学和磁学的问题,更难清晰地理解和建立电磁场理论.在电学和磁学的教学过程中对教学内容进行深入的分析研究,改变孤立地讲解电、磁现象的定理、定律的传统教学方法,从"场"的共性与描述的共同特点和规律出发,通过类比和归纳等方法,引导学生深入理解电磁场理论的精髓.     

长白山区野生、种植贝母和白术中微量元素的ICP-MS对比分析

用ICP-MS对长白山区野生、种植的贝母和白术中草药中Cu,Fe,Zn,Mg,Mn,Sr,Cr,Co,Se,Pb和Cd等多种微量元素进行了分析测定。比较了灰化法和微波消解法处理样品对测定结果的影响,研究表明,用HNO₃-H₂O₂作消化液微波消解处理样品,精密度和回收率较好;在选定的实验条件下,各元素间互不干扰,可在同一样品液中进行多种元素的分别测定;贝母和白术含有丰富的Cu,Fe,Zn,Mg和Mn,野生的贝母和白术中Fe含量较种植的高;重金属元素Pb、Cd含量野生较种植的低;野生贝母和白术中都含有Co,而种植的贝母和白术中都未检出Co, RSD≤4.85%（n=7）,加标回收率为 96.8%～103.4%。     

用ICP-AES测定三烷基氧膦-煤油中的Ru,Rh和Pd元素

使用Ru,Rh和Pd水溶液标准,选取乙醇作为稀释液,用ICP-AES测定三烷基氧膦(trialkyl phos-phine oxide,TRPO)-煤油体系中Ru,Rh和Pd。研究了溶液配制中30%TRPO-煤油(v/v)比例、水溶液比例和硝酸浓度对测定Ru,Rh和Pd的影响。选取30%TRPO-煤油在溶液中的体积比为10%,水溶液体积比为5%和溶液的硝酸浓度为0.20mol.L-1时,配制的溶液呈均一溶液,处于稳定状态。根据上述条件,建立了ICP-AES测定有机相30%TRPO-煤油中的Ru,Rh和Pd的分析方法。Ru,Rh和Pd的检测限分别为0.057,0.025和0.118mg.L-1。方法的相对标准偏差小于3%。此方法不仅用于30%TRPO-煤油中Ru,Rh和Pd的测定,也可用于其他有机相体系中Ru,Rh和Pd的测定。     

RNA碱基的太赫兹光谱和拉曼光谱特征研究

应用傅里叶红外光谱仪和激光拉曼光谱仪测试了RNA碱基在太赫兹波段(1～10 THz)的红外和拉曼光谱,同时结合Guassian09软件和周期性边界条件下基于能量的分块方法(PBC—GEBF),分析了RNA碱基晶体的红外和拉曼光谱特征,得到了所有特征峰位置及其对应的振动模式,且计算光谱与测试光谱一致吻合,表明碱基粉末样品为无定形晶体结构。通过对红外光谱的分析可知,在太赫兹波段,腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤都有6个红外活性振动模式,胞嘧啶和尿嘧啶分别为6个和3个红外活性振动模式,与实验结果相比,除了鸟嘌呤6.35 THz处的弱吸收峰没能重现,4.83和5.39 THz处的吸收峰简并;胞嘧啶4.3和4.79 THz处吸收峰简并;尿嘧啶3.32和3.82 THz处的吸收峰简并外,其他吸收峰的位置和强度均被准确地模拟重现。通过对拉曼光谱的分析可知,理论和实验光谱基本一致,除了尿嘧啶3.52和4.48 THz处特征峰简并;鸟嘌呤7.26和8.03 THz,3.57,4.02,4.49,4.89和5.98 THz处特征峰简并外,其他特征峰的位置和强度均被准确的模拟重现。通过对特征峰的分析和辨认,可知在1～10 THz,RNA碱基的振动模式均来源于晶格内分子的集体振动,分子间的氢键和弱相互作用力对振动模式的贡献很大,进一步分析可知,在1～5.5 THz,其振动模式来自所有原子参与的集体振动,在5.5～10 THz,振动模式来自于部分原子参与的集体振动。此项研究对揭示RNA碱基在构成生物大分子结构、生物大分子鉴定以及太赫兹波段光谱的形成机制等方面,具有重要的理论和实际参考价值。     

Matched wavelength and incident angle for the diagnostic beam to achieve coherent grating tiling

Design and operation of a practical, accurate alignment diagnostic system is important for the grating tiling technology, which is supposed to be applied in a chirped-pulse amplification system to increase the output power. A diagnostic method is proposed and demonstrated for grating tiling. Provided that the wavelength and incident angle of the diagnostic beam are properly set, the far-field of the main laser beam and that of the diagnostic beam can vary in the same way with the tiling errors between the sub-aperture gratings. Therefore, rotational and translational errors can be controlled and compensated according to the far-field of the diagnostic beam. The real-time monitoring and alignment can be achieved without disturbing the main beam.     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

Power ultrasound in the meat industry (freezing,cooking and fermentation): Mechanisms,advances and challenges

High intensity ultrasound (HIUS) has a wide range of applications in different sectors of food processing. It is a promising and emerging technology demonstrating the potential to promote food processes without or at least damage to the quality of products. Among the processes of the meat industry, freezing, thawing, cooking and fermentation are very sensitive and important, because they have significant effects on product quality and are also very energy and time consuming. This review paper provides an interpretation of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) applications, a summary of recent outstanding published research and an overview of the freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation processes in meat and its products assisted by HIUS. The effects, benefits and drawbacks as well as the challenges ahead in the commercialization of this technology in the meat industry are studied. The research results confirmed that the use of HIUS in the meat freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation in combination with the corresponding processing methods demonstrates a great potential to promote the process, improve the general quality of the final product and reduce the time and energy required. However, many issues remain that require further research to address these challenges. These challenges and subsequent research that is useful for developing and increasing the efficiency of this technology have been reviewed. After the literature review, it is concluded that HIUS may be a useful technology for meat processing because of its significant effects on the quality factors and related process variables that leads to the preservation of the initial nutritional and sensory properties of meat and its products. Of course, research must be continued to eliminate the disadvantages or minimize the undesirable effects of this technology on the final product and to remove barriers to commercialization and optimization of this method.     

Ruby Crystal for Demonstrating Time- and Frequency-Domain Methods of Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements

We present experiments that are convenient and educational for measuring fluorescence lifetimes with both time- and frequency-domain methods. The sample is ruby crystal, which has a lifetime of about 3.5 milliseconds, and is easy to use as a class-room demonstration. The experiments and methods of data analysis are used in the lab section of a class on optical spectroscopy, where we go through the theory and applications of fluorescence. Because the fluorescence decay time of ruby is in the millisecond region, the instrumentation for this experiment can be constructed easily and inexpensively compared to the nanosecond-resolved instrumentation required for most fluorescent compounds, which have nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. The methods are applicable to other luminescent compounds with decay constants from microseconds and longer, such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes and phosphorescent samples. The experiments, which clearly demonstrate the theory and methods of measuring temporally resolved fluorescence, are instructive and demonstrate what the students have learned in the lectures without the distraction of highly sophisticated instrumentation.     

某机载惯导设备原位测试仪设计

针对某机载惯导设备在外场的测试需求,设计了以PC-104为显示、控制和数据处理核心,并扩展程控数字表、多通道矩阵板,构建了原位测试仪的硬件电路。根据系统的功能要求和硬件电路特性,利用LabWindows/CVI虚拟仪器平台编制了人机接口界面和测试程序,控制硬件电路对某惯导设备的静态电阻和在线电压进行测试,并接收、分析、处理惯导原位工作时输出的实时串行数据,完成对惯导设备的静态测试和动态性能监测,实现对某机载惯导设备原位测试过程的自动化和测试结果管理的智能化,提高了测试效率和测试精度。该仪器通过改变或控制测试仪器的类别,可实现对多路信号多种性能指标的测试。应用结果表明,该测试仪具有性能稳定、操作简便、应用领域广、通用性强等特点。     

小麦盐与物理损伤胁迫下果胶高光谱反演模型

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物，在国民经济发展中具有举足轻重的地位。然而，盐与物理损伤等非生物胁迫，逐渐成为制约小麦产量和品质的重要因素。研究表明，细胞壁是植物细胞直接抵御逆境胁迫的重要防线。盐胁迫下，细胞渗透压增大，质膜的透性会受到一定程度的影响。为了维持细胞的形态和结构，植物细胞壁中的果胶等多糖物质会发生不同程度的转化和改变。物理损伤，会加深植物细胞膜脂过氧化的程度，使膜通透性增大，导致营养物质的流失和降解。受到损伤的部位及其周边细胞还会发生栓化以阻塞病菌的侵入。构成植物细胞壁主要成分且能够反映细胞壁以及膜系统完整性和透过性的果胶，可以作为研究胁迫下植物内部物质响应规律的重要指标。目前，质量法、比色法、液相色谱法等常用的果胶检测方法操作繁琐、实时性不强且对样本损耗较大。亟需一种操作简便、检测速度快、无损的检测方法。将烟农0428小麦作为研究对象，采用水培方式，以向培养液中施加氯化钠(NaCl)溶液和对小麦第一片叶主脉两侧针刺分别模拟盐胁迫和昆虫叮咬造成的物理损伤，并完成小麦叶片果胶及高光谱信息的采集与处理。利用相关分析法筛选光谱敏感波段，将主成分回归(PCR)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)、逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)三种建模方法分别与多元散射校正(MSC)、标准正态变换(SNV)、一阶导数(FD)、卷积平滑(S-G)、Norris导数滤波(NDF)等预处理技术相结合，建立果胶含量反演模型。最终，选定PLS+SNV+FD+NDF方法建立的模型为最优模型，并对其性能进行了测试。结果表明：果胶含量的预测值与实测值一致性较高，拟合系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.997 6和0.35；预测值重复性较好，相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%。该研究以新方法实现小麦果胶的高精度、快速、无损检测，有助于小麦响应逆境胁迫机理的深入探索，并为大田作物胁迫程度预测及种植环境的精准管控提供参考。     

HL-2M偏滤器的综合模拟技术初步研究

利用SOLPS和DINA程序,对偏滤器的数值模拟进行综合研究。结合HL-2M装置,针对偏滤器的结构优化、脱靶物理过程、偏滤器送气与抽气、垂直位移事件(VDE)等问题进行了模拟研究。分析了偏滤器靶板位形以及脱靶对偏滤器靶板热载荷的影响,研究了偏滤器的送气位置、送气速率、抽气速率等因素对于偏滤器性能的影响;同时,利用DINA程序对HL-2M装置的VDE过程进行了预测分析,并给出了HL-2M装置发生VDE过程的等离子体电流剖面变化,从而为HL-2M装置的偏滤器结构设计和分析提供输入数据。     

光谱及成像技术在果蔬损伤检测研究中的应用现状与展望

果蔬在收获、运输、贮藏、分拣、包装和销售过程中均会遭受不同程度的挤压、碰撞或摩擦,从而造成果蔬损伤,如挤伤、开裂、擦伤等外部损伤,同时,在生长过程中会产生黑心、水心、褐腐、霉心等内部损伤。果蔬损伤初期特征不明显,外观与正常果实基本无异,然而随着时间的推移,损伤组织恶化扩散,最终导致整个果实腐烂变质,又进而接触感染其他果实,造成周边甚至整箱果蔬病变,对果蔬产业造成巨大的经济损失。果蔬采后损伤检测方法多种多样,其中人工检测最为简单常用,但是该方法不仅耗时耗力,容易造成错判和漏判现象,而且无法实现肉眼不可见的皮下或内部损伤检测。近年来,随着计算机技术的快速发展,越来越多的无损检测技术被广泛应用于果蔬损伤检测,其中最为常用的当属光谱和成像技术。光谱成像技术通常结合图像处理、光谱分析、化学计量学方法、统计分析等手段,利用损伤果蔬和正常果蔬的图谱信号差异实现损伤检测,具有无损、快速等优点,能解决人工检测耗时耗力且准确率低的问题。在此主要概述了8种光谱及成像技术（近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、高光谱成像、空间频域成像、核磁成像、X射线成像和热成像）在果蔬损伤检测的最新研究进展,包括检测原理及其技术特点,总结分析了各技术在果蔬损伤检测方面的应用情况,并展望未来发展趋势,以期为果蔬损伤无损检测提供借鉴与参考。     

Discord and entanglement in non-Markovian environments at finite temperatures

The dynamic evolutions of the discord and entanglement of two atoms immersed in two independent Lorentzian reservoirs at zero and finite temperatures have been investigated by using the time-convolutionless master-equation method.Our results show that,nonzero temperature can induce the entanglement sudden death and accelerate the decays of discord and entanglement.The discord and the entanglement have different robustness for different initial states and their robustness may change under certain conditions.When both the non-Markovian effect and detuning are present simultaneously,due to the memory and feedback effect of non-Markovian reservoirs,the discord and entanglement can be effectively protected even at nonzero temperature by increasing the non-Markovian effect and the detuning.     

Stabilization of biosolids with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)

Biosolids are the treated organic residuals, also known as sludge, that are generated from domestic wastewater treatment plants. According to the USEPA, over 7 millions tons (dry weight) of biosolids are generated every year in the US by more than the 16,000 wastewater treatment plants and a large portion of these biosolids is disposed on land. Nuisance odors, the potential of pathogen transmission, and presence of toxic and persistent organic chemicals and metals in biosolids have for the most part limited the use of land applications. This paper presents zero-valent iron nanoparticles (1–100 nm) for the treatment and stabilization of biosolids. Iron nanoparticles have been shown to form stable and nonvolatile surface complexes with malodorous sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl sulfides, degrade persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, and sequestrate toxic metal ions such as mercury and lead. The end products from the nanoparticle reactions are iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, similar to the ubiquitous iron minerals in the environment. Due to the large surface area and high surface reactivity, only a relatively low dose (<0.1% wt) of iron nanoparticles is needed for effective biosolids stabilization. The iron nanoparticle technology may thus offer an economically and environmentally sustainable and unique solution to one of the most vexing environmental problems.