强磁场条件下Mn-Sb梯度复合材料的制备

研究了Mn-898wt%Sb合金在无磁场以及磁场为B=88 T、不同强度的磁场梯度作用下的凝固组织变化,并分析了上述不同强磁场条件对合金凝固组织影响的作用机理.研究表明,在较大梯度磁场作用时,试样中出现了初生MnSb相与Sb相以及共晶组织共存的现象,而且初生MnSb相与Sb相产生了明显的分层现象.此外,磁场梯度作用下初生MnSb相和Sb相的含量随着磁场梯度的增大而增加.论文对初生MnSb相和Sb相的分离机理进行了探讨,发现在梯度磁场作用下,熔融金属中不同磁化率的合金组元团簇受力不同,造成 关键词： 强磁场 Mn-Sb合金 磁化力 梯度功能材料     

强磁场对Al-Si合金凝固组织中硅分布的影响

为了揭示强磁场对金属凝固组织的影响规律，本文研究了Al-14.98%Si(质量分数)和Al-9.2%Si(质量分数)合金在强磁场作用下凝固组织的变化趋势，分析了强磁场对合金凝固组织中Si分布的影响.研究发现，均恒磁场和梯度磁场分别通过洛伦兹力和磁化力的作用对合金的凝固组织产生影响，强磁场可以显著改变初晶硅在合金中的分布状况.在均恒磁场作用条件下初晶硅在合金中均匀分布；在梯度磁场条件下，由于磁化力和浮力的共同作用，初晶硅在试样的上部或下部聚集.同时，磁化力也改变了共晶体在合金中的组织形态，使试样上部和下部共晶体的层片间距明显不同.理论和实验分析表明，Al-Si合金在强磁场中凝固时，磁场能作用于凝固过程，使共晶体中的Al含量增大，共晶点向左偏移. 关键词： 强磁场 凝固过程 共晶组织 Al-Si合金     

强梯度磁场下金属熔体中析出相晶粒迁移的动力学研究

建立了梯度磁场下金属熔体中晶粒迁移的一般动力学模型，导出了磁场对导电熔体黏度的影响规律，得到了迁移速度的解析解和迁移距离的分析解.导电熔体的有效黏度随磁场强度的平方成线性递增关系.迁移速度达到终极速度的时间为10^-3s数量级.终极速度随着磁场强度的增加而迅速减小，表明强磁场对晶粒迁移有抑制作用.迁移距离和迁移率与磁场分布密切相关.为观察初晶硅的迁移状况，将Al-18wt%Si合金在650℃保温60min后，施加强梯度磁场（B_z=5 T，B_zdB_z/dz=-224T²·m^-1）对熔体作用不同时间并淬火，结果表明，晶粒半径大于等于40μm的初晶硅在120s内大部分完成迁移，与理论计算符合. 关键词： 强梯度磁场 析出相 迁移 刚体动力学     

用于激光等离子体中脉冲强磁场产生的电感耦合线圈

脉冲强磁场装置是磁化激光等离子体实验的核心设备.本文研制了一种用于优化脉冲强磁场设备的电感耦合线圈,相对于单匝磁场线圈可以进一步提高磁场强度.通过实验和模拟研究了电感耦合线圈的初级螺线管匝数和直径对磁场强度的影响,发现对于2.4μF电容的放电系统,电感耦合线圈的初级螺线管在35匝、35 mm直径时,可以在5 mm内径的次级磁场线圈中获得最高的峰值磁场强度,是相同尺寸单匝磁场线圈产生磁场强度的3.6倍.在充电电压20 kV时,峰值磁场强度达到19 T,使用铍铜材料的电感耦合线圈克服强磁场中线圈炸裂问题,在35 kV的充电电压下得到了33 T的峰值磁场强度.这种新方法产生了更强的磁场、降低了对回路电感的要求、提升了实验排布的灵活性,为研究强磁场下的激光等离子体行为创造了条件.     

强磁场作用下Cu熔体中富Fe颗粒的迁移与排列

凝固界面前沿颗粒间的相互作用决定了颗粒的运动轨迹、分布和材料的性能,控制熔体中颗粒的迁移可用于材料的净化和提纯.在Cu-30%Fe合金液固两相区施加不同的强磁场条件,富Fe颗粒的分布和排列不尽相同.当无强磁场作用时,富Fe颗粒较均匀地分布在Cu熔体中;随着施加稳恒强磁场磁感应强度的增加,富Fe颗粒向远离重力方向的试样上端迁移,样品底部几乎无富Fe颗粒;而施加向下的梯度磁场作用后,富Fe颗粒沿重力方向向下迁移.结合强磁场作用下颗粒的受力情况,分析了Fe颗粒的迁移行为.不同磁场条件和不同区域的颗粒直径统计分析表明,随磁感应强度增加,Fe颗粒聚合增加,但施加梯度强磁场后颗粒的团聚又逐渐减弱,对此从影响颗粒运动的Stokes和Marangoni凝并速度进行了讨论.从能量最低的角度解释了富Fe相沿平行磁场方向的取向排列.     

“ 洛伦兹力演示实验”改进

通过改进洛伦兹力演示实验可以让学生从微观上理解洛伦兹力和使用左手定则判断洛伦兹力的方向; 定性地研究磁场强度、 电荷运动的速度对洛伦兹力大小的影响和磁场方向、 电荷运动方向对洛伦兹力方向的影响, 进而提高学生分析、 解决实际问题的能力     

磁性液体一阶磁浮力原理实验研究

基于伯努利方程推导了磁性液体的一阶磁浮力,实验研究了不同轴线上一阶磁浮力的变化规律,便于学生理解一阶磁浮力变化的本质原因.磁性液体一阶磁浮力受磁场强度、磁场梯度,以及磁性液体的饱和磁化强度和磁化率影响.沿z轴方向随磁场强度和磁场梯度减弱,一阶磁浮力逐渐变小并趋于零,磁性液体悬浮能力变弱.MFP-1磁性液体的饱和磁化强度和磁化率大于MFP-2磁性液体,其一阶磁浮力较大;电流为3.00 A时,MFP-1磁性液体将玻璃、铝、黄铜、紫铜和铅球悬浮,并出现Rosensweig尖峰,而MFP-2磁性液体仅将玻璃、铝和黄铜球悬浮.沿r轴方向不同高度处磁场强度和磁场梯度变化规律不同,随高度增加,磁场梯度逐渐趋于零,此时一阶磁浮力主要受磁场强度影响,测试杯壁处一阶磁浮力最小,出现了非磁性测试球上升过程中向测试杯壁移动现象.     

一种实时测量大尺寸REBCO超导块材三维空间磁场及温度分布的装置北大核心CSCD

由于单畴RE-Ba-Cu-O(简称REBCO,其中RE为稀土元素:Nd,Y,Gd,Sm)超导块材具有较高的捕获磁场和较大磁悬浮力等优良的特点,使得其在超导磁悬浮,超导磁体,储能飞轮等高新技术领域有着广泛的应用前景.然而,REBCO超导块材捕获磁场的高低,不仅与其自身特性有关,还与其磁化的方式有关,即与样品在不同条件下的磁化机制密切相关.为了更好的研究高温超导体在不同条件下的磁化机制和磁化规律,进一步提高REBCO超导块材的捕获磁场强度,我们自主设计并制作了一种可实时测量大尺寸REBCO超导块材三维空间磁场及样品表面温度分布的装置.在液氮温度(77K)下,通过对磁化过程中圆柱状单畴GdBCO超导块材表面中心由内到外不同位置处磁场的测量,获得了样品的三维磁场强度随外加磁场实时变化的动态曲线图,揭示了随外加磁场的变化,GdBCO超导块材体内磁场由外向内逐渐扩散和运动、由内向外逐渐扩散和逃逸的机制,同时,对样品中存在的磁通蠕动规律进行了分析.此外,本装置还可用于对其它设备(如电机等)的动态磁场和温度进行实时测量.     

一种实时测量大尺寸REBCO超导块材三维空间磁场及温度分布的装置

由于单畴RE-Ba-Cu-O(简称REBCO,其中RE为稀土元素:Nd,Y,Gd,Sm)超导块材具有较高的捕获磁场和较大磁悬浮力等优良的特点,使得其在超导磁悬浮,超导磁体,储能飞轮等高新技术领域有着广泛的应用前景.然而,REBCO超导块材捕获磁场的高低,不仅与其自身特性有关,还与其磁化的方式有关,即与样品在不同条件下的磁化机制密切相关.为了更好的研究高温超导体在不同条件下的磁化机制和磁化规律,进一步提高REBCO超导块材的捕获磁场强度,我们自主设计并制作了一种可实时测量大尺寸REBCO超导块材三维空间磁场及样品表面温度分布的装置.在液氮温度(77K)下,通过对磁化过程中圆柱状单畴GdBCO超导块材表面中心由内到外不同位置处磁场的测量,获得了样品的三维磁场强度随外加磁场实时变化的动态曲线图,揭示了随外加磁场的变化,GdBCO超导块材体内磁场由外向内逐渐扩散和运动、由内向外逐渐扩散和逃逸的机制,同时,对样品中存在的磁通蠕动规律进行了分析.此外,本装置还可用于对其它设备(如电机等)的动态磁场和温度进行实时测量.     

强磁场对Mn-Sb包晶合金相变及凝固组织的影响

以Mn-56.5 wt%Sb包晶合金为研究对象, 进行了不同磁场、不同冷速条件下的凝固实验. 通过对液相线温度、包晶温度的考察, 发现强磁场可以提高Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金的液相线温度, 且该上升值随磁感应强度的增加而增加, 当所施加的磁感应强度为11.5 T时, 液相线温度升高大约3 ℃, 但施加磁场后包晶反应温度没有明显改变. 对该合金的凝固组织进行定量金相分析发现, 施加磁场后MnSb相明显减少, 该结果与磁场对相变温度的影响相一致. 另外通过X射线衍射分析发现, 强磁场诱发包晶反应生成相MnSb的c轴垂直于磁场方向取向, 而Mn₂Sb相的(311)面平行于磁场方向取向. 对不同冷速凝固的Mn-56.5 wt%Sb合金组织进行定量金相分析结果显示, 强磁场对合金凝固过程的作用效果受到冷却速度的影响. 随着冷却速度的增加, 强磁场对该合金凝固组织中MnSb相的相对含量变化影响效果减弱. 关键词： 强磁场 包晶合金 凝固 相变温度     

空气域中铁磁流体动态控制研究

根据铁磁流体磁化后会受到磁力,退磁后不存在任何磁滞的超顺磁性质,提出了铁磁流体的动态控制方法,对喷射在空气域中的铁磁流体液柱直接添加电磁场实现其动态偏转驱动。在修正后的纳维-斯托克斯(N-S) 控制方程中加入表面张力、重力及磁力,并结合磁感应方程,建立了铁磁流体动力学(FHD)模型。利用二次开发的Fluent流体仿真软件建立了铁磁流体在空气域中喷射的流体体积函数(VOF)多相流模型,仿真了在不同磁场强度下铁磁流体的液相分布及分散状况,分析了磁性对其动力学行为的影响。结果表明,随着磁场强度和喷射距离的增大,铁磁流体沿磁场方向速度及偏移量增大,其发散情况逐渐明显。     

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Based on the superparamagnetism of the ferrofluid which can receive the magnetic force after magnetization by the magnetic field, and there is no magnetic hysteresis after demagnetization, this paper presents a dynamic control method of the ferrofluid. The electromagnetic field is directly added to ferroliquid-column in the air domain to achieve the dynamic deflection. The surface tension, gravity force and magnetic force are added to the modified N-S control equation, and the magnetic induction equation is combined. The ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) model is established. The model of volume of fluid (VOF) is presented to describe ferrofluid jetting in the air domain with the secondary development of fluent. The liquid phase distribution and dispersion of ferrofluid are simulated under different magnetic field intensity. The effect of magnetism on its dynamical behavior is analyzed. The results show that with the increase of magnetic field intensity and jet distance, the ferrofluid velocity along the magnetic field direction and the offset increase, and its dispersion is gradually obvious.     

The use of Lorentz microscopy for the determination of magnetic reversal mechanism of exchange-biased Co30Fe70/NiMn bilayer

Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) combined with in-situ magnetizing experiments is a powerful tool for the investigation of the magnetization of the reversal process at the micron scale. We have implemented this tool on a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) to study the exchange anisotropy of a polycrystalline Co₃₅Fe₆₅/NiMn bilayer. Semi-quantitative maps of the magnetic induction were obtained at different field values by the differential phase contrast (DPC) technique adapted for a TEM (SIDPC). The hysteresis loop of the bilayer has been calculated from the relative intensity of magnetic maps. The curve shows the appearance of an exchange-bias field reveals with two distinct reversal modes of the magnetization: the first path corresponds to a reversal by wall propagation when the applied field is parallel to the anisotropy direction whereas the second is a reversal by coherent rotation of magnetic moments when the field is applied antiparallel to unidirectional anisotropy direction.     

感生电场与动生电场的等效性探究

本文认为在感生电场的情况下,磁场的强弱变化可以引起磁场自身的横向运动,使得线圈中电子相对于磁场发生运动,从而等效为一个动生电场,受到洛伦兹力的作用.借助磁感线模拟磁场的运动方式,得到圆形回路中任意一点与磁场相对运动速度的表达式,进而推得该＂等效动生电场＂中的洛伦兹力.以螺线管为例,验证该方法可以解释感生电场所满足的规律.将感生电场与动生电场的产生原因统一为导体中电子与磁场的相对运动,相应电动势的非静电力统一为洛伦兹力.     

A 3D numerical simulation of mixed convection of a magnetic nanofluid in the presence of non-uniform magnetic field in a vertical tube using two phase mixture model

In this paper, results of applying a non-uniform magnetic field on a ferrofluid (kerosene and 4 vol% Fe₃O₄ ) flow in a vertical tube have been reported. The hydrodynamics and thermal behavior of the flow are investigated numerically using the two phase mixture model and the control volume technique. Two positive and negative magnetic field gradients have been examined. Based on the obtained results the Nusselt number can be controlled externally using the magnetic field with different intensity and gradients. It is concluded that the magnetic field with negative gradient acts similar to Buoyancy force and augments the Nusselt number, while the magnetic field with positive gradient decreases it. Also with the negative gradient of the magnetic field, pumping power increases and vice versa for the positive gradient case.     

经典洛伦兹磁力和广义洛伦兹磁力解释电子感应加速器的本质

介绍了虚构的法拉第定律与电子感应加速器不合理,用完整洛伦兹磁力解释电子感应加速器合理有效。     

Thermodynamics of the HMF model with a magnetic field

We study the thermodynamics of the Hamiltonian mean field (HMF) model with an external potential playing the role of a “magnetic field”. If we consider only fully stable states, the caloric curve does not present any phase transition. However, if we take into account metastable states (for a restricted class of perturbations), we find a very rich phenomenology. In particular, the caloric curve displays a region of negative specific heat in the microcanonical ensemble in which the temperature decreases as the energy increases. This leads to ensembles inequivalence and to zeroth order phase transitions similar to the “gravothermal catastrophe” and to the “isothermal collapse” of self-gravitating systems. In the present case, they correspond to the reorganization of the system from an “anti-aligned” phase (magnetization pointing in the direction opposite to the magnetic field) to an “aligned” phase (magnetization pointing in the same direction as the magnetic field). We also find that the magnetic susceptibility can be negative in the microcanonical ensemble so that the magnetization decreases as the magnetic field increases. The magnetic curves can take various shapes depending on the values of energy or temperature. We describe first order phase transitions and hysteretic cycles involving positive or negative susceptibilities. We also show that this model exhibits gaps in the magnetization at fixed energy, resulting in ergodicity breaking.     

A study on CoFe/p-Si interfacial structures before and after swift heavy ion irradiation

Interfacial structures of CoFe/p-Si have been studied before and after the swift heavy ion (～100?MeV, Ni⁷⁺) irradiation to investigate its electronic and magnetic behavior. X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, magnetic force microscopy and magnetization characteristics (M–H) from vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques have been used for the above. XRD data have confirmed the formation of the CoFe alloy phase along with the silicide phases of Fe and Co. It is observed that there is an irradiation-induced growth in crystallite but surface remains smooth with a surface roughness of ～34?nm. A very significant increase has been observed in the magnetization and that too with irradiation dose as compared with unirradiated ones, maintaining their superparamagnetic behavior. The results could be understood due to the role played by various magnetic phases in the structure. The magnetic field sensitivity on electronic transport across the structures has also increased in a significant manner after the irradiation as compared with unirradiated ones. The magnetic field sensitivity has resulted in an MR of 20%. The results could be understood due to the irradiation induced interfacial intermixing to result in increased magnetic phases of silicide for the observed significant magnetic behavior on the irradiation.     

Optical velocity measurements of electrolytic boundary layer flows influenced by magnetic fields

Magnetic fields are applied to electrically conducting fluids in order to influence electrochemical processes through the magnetohydrodynamic effect. Various phenomena, e.g. on electrodeposited metal layers, which can be attributed to forced convections were observed. To provide information about acting forces, the laser Doppler velocity profile sensor was applied to measure the transition layer of a Lorentz force influenced flow over a backward-facing step and the velocity boundary layer during copper deposition. With this sensor, the electrolyte convection within < 500 μm of the front of an electrode is measured with a spatial resolution down to 15 μm. The interaction of buoyancy, Lorentz and magnetic field gradient forces is studied by measuring the velocities down to 10 μm in front of the cathode. Inside the concentration boundary layer, complex electrolyte convection is induced, which varies not only in time but also in its structure, depending on the forces present and their influence over time. In inhomogeneous magnetic field configurations, the magnetic field gradient force dominates the velocity boundary layer at steady state and transports electrolyte toward regions of high magnetic gradients, where maximum deposit thicknesses are found. In this way, the measurements confirm the predicted influence of the magnetic field gradient force on the structuring of copper deposits.