Disposable flow cytometer with high efficiency in particle counting and sizing using an optofluidic lens

Flow cytometers are widely applied to environmental monitoring, industrial testing, and biochemical studies. Integrating a flow cytometer into microfluidic networks helps to miniaturize the system and make it portable for field use. The integration of optical components, such as lenses, further improves the compactness and thus has been intensively studied recently. However, the current designs suffer from severe light scattering due to the roughness of the solid-based lens interface. In this Letter, we propose a flow cytometer using an optofluidic lens to focus the light beam. Benefiting from the smooth liquid-liquid lens interface and the refractive-index matching liquid as cladding streams, a light beam can be well focused without scattering. The variations of the signal peak values are reduced, owing to the small beam width at the beam waist. The device presents an efficient and accurate performance on both the counting and sizing of particles.     

反射式液晶空间光调制器用于光束会聚控制

根据偏心透镜组的结构原理,利用液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)对其结构进行了优化。对LC-SLM等效透镜功能的原理进行了分析,模拟仿真了利用LC-SLM对光束进行调制的结果。实验验证了LC-SLM通过加载菲涅尔透镜相位图,实现了对光束会聚功能,并且通过耦合位移相位因子可以实现会聚光斑平移的功能,能够代替在偏心透镜组中实现同一功能的透镜。配合后续的透镜组,理论上可以控制光束实现大角度的扫描。     

光束自聚焦的矢量理论研究

基于矢量非傍轴非线性Schr-dinger方程,利用调制理论研究了光束的自聚焦特性,比较了非零电场散度项和非傍轴项在消除自聚焦崩塌方面的贡献。结果表明,引入两项之一都可使光束聚焦到一有限宽度后开始散焦,然后又自聚焦,如此作聚焦-散焦的周期性循环。但是,在光束自聚焦点附近,非零电场散度项的作用要强于非傍轴项。     

Adaptative lensing driven by the radiation pressure of a continuous-wave laser wave upon a near-critical liquid liquid interface

The bending of a liquid interface by the radiation pressure of a cw laser wave is generally weak. To strongly enhance the coupling, we investigate lensing in a near-critical phase-separated liquid mixture. By continuously tuning the softness of the meniscus by varying the temperature, we observed huge stationary interface deformations at low beam power that led to an important variation of the resultant soft lensing. We also illustrate the crucial role played by temperature in this process to demonstrate its potential use in lens adaptation.     

液体透镜在变焦系统中的应用

利用液体透镜进行变焦系统设计可以大幅降低系统的复杂程度,本文介绍和讨论了该项技术的研究和应用现状。首先,基于液体透镜的分类即渐变折射率透镜和变曲率透镜介绍了几种主要液体透镜的原理和特点,给出了具有代表性的ARCTIC透镜系列和Optotune透镜系列的设计参数和优点。然后,对液体透镜技术在变焦系统中的应用进行了分析,描述了其在变焦眼镜、手机相机、内窥镜和显微镜等诸多领域中应用的现状和优势。最后,利用液体透镜设计了一种长焦距变焦系统,该系统可实现2.5倍的可见光变焦。     

The shape of a drop in a constant electric field

The variation of the shape of a drop immersed in an immiscible liquid under the action of an electric field is calculated. The charge is transferred both by ohmic current through the interface and by the convective component over the interface. A solution quadratic in the parameter that is the ratio of the electric pressure to the capillary pressure is analyzed. Conditions where the drop transforms into a spheroid that is prolate or oblate along the electric field vector are found. An experimental study of the drop deformation by electric forces is carried out.     

基于PDMS基片的可变焦柱透镜

设计并制作了一种基于聚二甲基硅氧烷（Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS）基片的可变焦微型柱透镜。这种柱透镜主要由一根埋入PDMS基片中的玻璃毛细管构成,通过选择毛细管内液体的折射率实现变焦功能。液体折射率为1.451 8～1.550 2时,柱透镜焦距可由21.369 mm减小到3.362 mm,变焦倍数达到6.4倍。用散射光成像方法观察并拍摄了平行光通过这种可变焦柱透镜后的光线轨迹图;用ZEMAX光学设计软件摸拟了成像过程,模拟结果和实验图像相符;用高斯光学的逐次成像方法推导出了这种柱透镜的焦距公式,焦距的计算结果和实验以及模拟结果吻合。PDMS基片中可变焦微型柱透镜的成功制作,为＂芯片上的实验室＂提供了一种重要的光学成像元件。     

On derivation of the analytical expression for damping ratios in a low-viscosity approximation

The damping ratios of waves and oscillations in nonlinear dispersion equations are found for planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometries as applied to finite-volume liquids. For a cylindrical jet and a plane interface between viscous liquids, the damping ratios are determined for the first time. When the radius of curvature of the liquid jet surface decreases, so does the damping ratio of capillary waves. In a system of immiscible liquids, the damping ratio may be both larger and smaller than that for the pure liquid depending on the viscosity of the liquids and the ratio of their densities. This is because the damping ratio depends on the kinematic viscosities of pure liquids. The damping ratio is also estimated for waves arising at the liquidgas interface due to a tangential discontinuity of the velocity field.     

The interface shape of the double-liquid lens

In this article, a differential equation, which describes the shape of the liquid interface in a cylindrical chamber when the density difference of two liquids is zero, is provided. And an analytical solution is found for the differential equation which indicates the interface shape is spherical. And such a result is not independent on the vessel size. In experiment, by means of measuring the focal lengths of liquid lenses with different vessel size, the results show that the focal lengths ratio is quite approximate to the inner radius ratio of the cylindrical chamber, which can inversely verifies that the interface shape of liquid lens with two same density liquids is spherical.     

Automatic measurement of the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media

Using a 19-MHz focused Gaussian beam generated by a LiNbO(3) plate with an inverted polarization layer coupled to an acoustic lens, a method to automatically measure the nonlinearity parameter B/A in liquid media is presented. A liquid sample is poured into a cylindrical cell set with a glass tube on the lens surface. The focusing source emits burst waves. A tungsten rod immersed in the sample so that the top surface is normal to the beam axis behaves as a perfect reflector. The position of the reflector to maximize the amplitude receiving the returned wave determines the sound speed c of the sample. The amplitude measurement for the waves returned from the lens-sample interface and the reflector surface leads to the determination of the density rho and attenuation coefficient alpha, respectively. Then the B/A is finally derived by summarizing the measured result of the 38-MHz second harmonic amplitude contained in the sound returned back from the reflector, together with rho, c and alpha. All these are automatically processed in a short time less than 2 min with the performance of computer controlled instruments.     

无衍射光经望远镜系统的变换

对于轴锥镜透镜产生的无衍射光，它的中心光斑半径和无衍射距离是固定的，一旦应用中要求新的光束参数，则只能再制造一个新的轴锥镜透镜。本语文提出了种用普通球面透镜望远为改变无衍射光束参数的新方法，该方法是基于无射光和环光源之间的透镜变换关系。无衍射光首先被望远系统的第一块透镜变换为一个环光源，第二块不同焦距的透镜再将该环光源变换为一个不同参数的新无衍射光。新的光束参数由两个透的焦距比值决定 。     

液体透镜的诞生和发展

本文介绍当今世界最先进的透镜成像系统——液体变焦透镜的诞生和发展.首先是哥伦比亚大学的反射式旋转液体透镜,可用作天文望远镜;透射式液体透镜从加州大学圣地亚哥分校的压力透镜,到Lucent公司的纯电力控制的液体—空气界面的透镜,再到Philips公司的方便操作的封闭式液—液界面透镜,最后到法国VariOptic公司的能自动调节光轴的改进型透镜,其中着重介绍了VariOptic的液体透镜.     

Thermal Lens Spectrometric Detection in Flow Injection Analysis and Separation Techniques

Abstract

Recent applications of thermal lens spectrometry in liquid chromatography (HPLC, ion chromatography), capillary electrophoresis, and flow injection analysis are reviewed. Possible effects of performing TLS measurements in flows are discussed initially for different TLS configurations. The emphasis is given to the analysis of real samples, and the performances of various detection schemes in combination with chromatographic techniques and FIA are discussed particularly in terms of sensitivity, sample throughput, and eventual interferences from complex matrices. Coaxial TLS detection with continuous wave excitation is most suitable for detection in HPLC, ion chromatography, and FIA using long‐path length cells, when large volume samples are available. On the other hand, transverse or crossed beam TLS was found most suitable for detection in CE where it provides low absolute LODs, which are lowered even further by thermal lens microscopy on microchips, where the capability of detecting a single molecule in the detection volume was demonstrated.     

Liquid Pressure Varifocus Lens

A liquid pressure varifocus lens that consists of a thin polymer film and liquid is described. The lens can be continuously changed from a concave to a convex shape by driving the liquid pressure in the lens. The dynamic range of the focal length of the convex lens is from 50 to 250 mm. A beam spot verifies the variable focal function on a photographic film exposed by a He-Ne laser. In addition, the application of the laser for processing is demonstrated to manufacture Fe compressed powder sheets by normal pulse YAG laser. Its melting marks along a focus change are formed with a minimum width of 0.1 mm.     

Development of a scanning microscopy by total internal reflection coupled with thermal lens spectroscopy

Non-destructive measurement of a small region on a solid/liquid interface is of great importance in physical chemistry and biochemistry, especially in the research of thin films and cell membranes. Optical methods for surface analysis with high lateral resolution are suitable methods for monitoring them. We now report a new scanning optical microscopic method to which total internal reflection coupled with a thermal lens technique was introduced. Its lateral resolution was estimated both experimentally and theoretically. To experimentally estimate the resolution, the grid patterns of thin photoresist films with well-defined lateral structures were measured. The experimental resolution was about 45 microm, which was almost same as the diameter of the excitation beam at a glass/sample interface. From this result, it was verified that this new scanning microscopy ideally worked.     

基于简单透镜列阵的可调焦激光均匀辐照光学系统研究

本文对基于简单透镜列阵的大口径激光均匀辐照光学系统的调焦能力进行了研究, 结果表明, 改变透镜列阵与靶镜之间的距离即可方便地改变靶面上光斑的大小. 文中详细分析了相关参数对调焦能力的影响, 并在此基础上设计出一个实用的光学系统. 用数值方法模拟了激光束通过光学系统后的传输, 发现尺寸不同的靶面光斑具有基本一致的强度结构特征. 定量地分析了光斑内部散斑间隔、调制对比度、顶部不均匀度及能量集中度等描述光斑均匀辐照质量的指标, 并研究了它们随靶面离焦量的变化关系.     

毛细管干涉仪的理论分析

从几何光学出发,推导了毛细管干涉仪的从柱面透镜到接收屏的光线的光程．对光线追迹模拟,结果表明毛细管干涉仪的干涉条纹的形成可用双光束的干涉来解释．从柱面不同位置入射的两条光线可能具有相同的光程,而且从柱面透镜不同位置出发的两条光线可能到达接收屏的同一点,当它们满足相干条件时,就会形成干涉条纹．建立了干涉条纹的计算机模拟程序, 模拟了毛细管中液体折射率、毛细管内径、外径对干涉条纹的影响. 结果表明实验中应使用薄壁毛细管, 由于干涉条纹对柱面透镜到毛细管之间的距离非常敏感, 为提高精度, 建议在实验中用已知折射率的标样来确定这一距离.     

用于投影机的发光二极管照明单元

目前的投影机光源——高压汞灯存在寿命短、色温高、存在有害光线、发热集中等缺点,严重制约了投影机进入家庭应用领域。发光二极管的最近发展为其作为高压汞灯的替代光源提供了可能性。提出了一种由一个发光二极管、一个准直镜、一个前蝇眼透镜和一个后蝇眼透镜组成的用于投影机的发光二极管照明单元,由数个照明单元加上会聚透镜则构成一个基本的照明系统。发光二极管的发光经准直镜压缩光束发散角后被前蝇眼透镜分割为多个细光束,会聚透镜将每个细光束都叠加会聚到显示芯片上,实现光能量的会聚和光场再分布．以满足投影机对光通量和光场均匀性等方面的要求,后蝇眼透镜用于与后续光路的匹配。作为照明单元的一个应用实例,文中分析了一种单片式硅上液晶投影机。     

聚焦高阶Bessel-Gauss光束重建的理论和实验研究

提出利用薄透镜元件对聚焦后的高阶Bessel-Gauss光束进行重建. 基于衍射理论, 分析了高阶Bessel-Gauss光束聚焦后的重建行为, 数值模拟高阶Bessel-Gauss光束经薄透镜聚焦再通过另一薄透镜重建的三维光场分布和截面光强分布图. 结果表明, 高阶Bessel-Gauss光束经单个薄透镜后产生中空的局域空心光束, 在焦点位置处为圆环, 尔后迅速发散; 在焦点后合适位置处放入另一薄透镜可矫正焦点后发散的光束, 使得其后光场不变, 仍满足Bessel分布; 实验结果与理论分析相符合. 研究结果对光镊、粒子捕获与操控具有一定的指导意义. 关键词： 衍射理论 传输矩阵 高阶Bessel-Gauss光束 重建