关于镀膜长周期光纤光栅“模式转换”的新认识

依据包层模有效折射率的概念及包层模场的光功率密度分布,重新审视了镀膜长周期光纤光栅"模式转换"现象,对"模式转换"给出了新的物理图像.通过修正镀膜长周期光纤光栅包层模有效折射率的范围,指出有效折射率呈现的台阶式增长是各次包层模自身属性的反映,不存在高次模式替代低次模式的过程,并将"模式转换区"重命名为"模式垒区".通过分析包层模场的光功率密度分布,指出"模式转换区"较低次包层模式进入薄膜层传输说法的不合理性.研究表明,当薄膜厚度达到一定厚度时,包层模场光功率分布将愈加集中在薄膜层内部,但并非沿着薄膜层传输.讨论了镀膜长周期光纤光栅传感器薄膜参数优化的问题,在修正的包层模有效折射率范围和未修正的包层模有效折射率范围的情况下分别进行优化,并对优化结果进行比较,结果表明两种情况下的优化结果存在较大的偏差.从机理上解释了修正薄层模有效折射率范围后的优化结果的正确性,为设计高灵敏镀膜长周期光纤光栅传感器提供了新的理论指导.     

镀金属两层膜系长周期光纤光栅模式转换与折射率响应

基于耦合模理论,研究了镀金属两层膜系长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的模式转换及其折射率响应特性。从表面等离子体共振(SPR)的激励条件和模式转换发生条件出发,指出镀金属两层膜系LPFG中的SPR和模式转换不会同时发生,在此基础上分析了镀金属两层膜系LPFG包层模有效折射率随敏感薄膜厚度的变化,发现镀金属两层膜系LPFG的模式转换区域比镀膜LPFG的转换区域要宽,且模式转换区域内第一次转换时的有效折射率变化斜率比镀膜LPFG的大,意味着在该区域其对敏感膜层的变化有更高的响应。考察了金属薄膜厚度对镀金属两层膜系LPFG包层模有效折射率的影响,结果表明,随着金属薄膜厚度的增加,第一次转换时有效折射率的变化斜率逐渐增加。分析了第一次转换时镀金属两层膜系LPFG透射谱对敏感薄膜折射率变化的响应特性,结果表明,镀金属两层膜系LPFG传感器对敏感薄膜折射率的灵敏度明显高于镀膜LPFG,对敏感薄膜折射率的灵敏度的分辨率可达10-6。     

基于模式转换及双峰谐振效应的薄包层镀膜长周期光纤光栅特性研究

基于耦合模理论,首先研究了镀膜长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)高阶包层模的模式转换,划分了高阶包层模的非模式转换区及模式转换区。分析了高阶包层模有效折射率随薄膜厚度增加的响应特性,包层模谐振波长在模式转换区的偏移量要大于非模式转换区。在此基础上,研究了不同包层半径下高阶包层模谐振波长随光栅周期的变化情况,结果表明,相同包层半径下模式转换区内双峰间距的偏移量大于非模式转换区;无论在模式转换区还是非模式转换区,包层半径的减小将增加双峰间距的偏移量。最后分析了不同包层半径下的高阶包层模双峰透射谱在模式转换区及非模式转换区内的折射率响应,进而提出了薄包层镀膜LPFG的优化设计方案,当选定敏感膜层厚度及折射率处于镀膜LPFG的模式转换区内,光栅周期靠近相位匹配转折点时,将得到灵敏度高于传统LPFG双峰传感器的镀膜LPFG折射率型双峰传感器;而减小包层半径,将进一步提高传感器的分辨本领。     

三包层长周期光纤光栅谐振波长与薄膜光学参数的关系

通过求解严格的耦合模理论建立的三包层结构长周期光纤光栅特征方程,研究了三包层长周期光纤光栅谐振波长与第二包层(薄膜)的折射率和厚度之间的关系。结果发现,随着膜厚及折射率的增大,谐振波长偏移的变化分成三个区域,这与Nicholas D R的实验结果相符。利用HE/EH模的判据数,对三个区域的模特性进行了分析,给出了区域划分的衡量标准。给出了在不同薄膜参数时的长周期光纤光栅透射谱,发现一阶低次HE模式的耦合强度要远大于一阶低次EH模式。     

薄膜参数对镀膜长周期光纤光栅透射谱的影响

基于四层光纤模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究了镀膜长周期光纤光栅的膜层折射率及厚度等参数对其传输谱特性的影响。结果表明,随膜厚增加,各包层模式有效折射率增大,谐振波长向短波区漂移。当膜厚达到一定数值后,有效折射率及谐振波长急剧变化,长周期光纤光栅频谱出现模式转换现象,模式跳变转折点对应最优薄膜厚度,不同薄膜介质对应不同的最优膜厚,研究对提高长周期光纤光栅传感器的敏感度具有重要的指导意义。     

镀膜长周期光纤光栅耦合系数的研究

给出了镀膜长周期光纤光栅芯层模式和包层模式耦合的耦合系数的详细表达式,应用此表达式对镀膜长周期光纤光栅的耦合系数的特性进行了较为详细的研究。研究发现:1)同次模式的耦合系数随薄膜厚度变化而变化,在某些厚度下,奇次模式耦合的耦合系数与偶次模式耦合的耦合系数几乎相等;2)在某些厚度处,交流耦合系数会有跳变发生;3)交流耦合系数随环境折射率的变化而变化,并且当环境折射率靠近光纤包层折射率时交流耦合系数会有急剧跳变发生。     

长周期光纤光栅的折射率敏感特性

利用光波导的耦合模理论分析了长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的折射率传感特性,给出了LPFG 的谐振波长相对于环境折射率变化时的漂移量解析表达式.对 LPFG 的折射率传感特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在光栅周期不变的情况下,当包层折射率小于且接近外界环境折射率时,波长的漂移量增大,且对应的模次越高、包层半径越小、包层折射率越小,波长漂移量越大,即 LPFG 对应于外界折射率传感灵敏度得到显著提高;当外界环境折射率大于包层折射率时,光栅的谐振波长将近似不变.     

长周期光纤光栅结构参数与透射谱关系的仿真研究

利用光纤3层模型理论,通过仿真研究发现长周期光纤光栅结构参数与透射谱的变化有规律性关系,给出了一阶低次包层模与导模耦合时透射谱的变化规律。当长周期光纤光栅的纤芯、包层的半径和折射率增大时,谐振波向短波方向漂移;当长周期光纤光栅周期增大时,谐振波向长波方向漂移;当长周期光纤光栅长度增加时,谐振波没有漂移现象,但是其深度减小。通过综合分析发现:谐振波漂移方向比较明确,但是损耗峰深度的变化并没有明显的规律。     

长周期光纤光栅模式与耦合的研究

长周期光纤光栅是在光纤纤芯中沿轴向形成折射率周期性调制的带阻型光纤器件。与光纤布拉格光栅不同，它表现为前向传播的纤芯基模与同向传播的各阶次包层模式在特定波长的耦合。研究了纤芯基模、包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）及其有效折射率随波长的变化，研究了纤芯基模与包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）的耦合系数。研究表明，纤芯基模与一阶低次包层模式的有效折射率随波长增大而减小，纤芯基模与HE1t产生的耦合系数远大于与EH1t的耦合系数，并且包层模式次数较低时，耦合系数随次数的升高而增加。这与以前的研究结果有所不同。     

矩形折射率分布长周期光纤光栅特性中耦合精度的分析

采用耦合模理论,针对光纤芯层为矩形折射率分布的长周期光纤光栅,分析不同模式间耦合对计算精度的影响。结果表明:对于一阶低次包层模式,偶次包层模式与光纤芯层基模的耦合常数要远远小于奇次包层模式与光纤芯层基模的耦合常数。因此,在不影响计算精度的情况下,可以采用忽略偶次包层模式的方法来提高计算速度。同时,根据不同的计算波长范围和计算精度的要求,可以选择合适的正弦折射率调制阶数范围来减小计算工作量。     

Deposition of coatings on long-period fiber gratings: tunnel effect analogy

The sensitivity of Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs), coated with high-refractive-index thin film overlays, to the refractive index and the thickness of the overlay, and to the ambient refractive index, can be enhanced with a design based on a two-overlay coating of an LPFG. The first overlay of lower refractive index than the cladding affects the guidance of a cladding mode in the second overlay of higher refractive index than the cladding. This causes a more abrupt cladding modal redistribution than with the deposition of a unique high-refractive-index overlay. The phenomenon is analyzed with a method based on a vectorial analysis of modes and the application of coupled mode theory.     

Cladding mode reorganization in high-refractive-index-coated long-period gratings: effects on the refractive-index sensitivity

We theoretically and experimentally investigated the reorganization of cladding modes in high-refractive-index- (HRI-) coated long-period gratings (LPGs), focusing on the influence of refractive-index sensitivity. When azimuthally symmetric nanoscale HRI coatings are deposited along LPG devices, a significant modification of the distribution of cladding modes occurs, depending on the layers' features (refractive index and thickness) and on the external refractive index. In particular, if these parameters are properly chosen, a transition between cladding modes and overlay modes occurs. Numerical and experimental effects of the mode transition on the sensitivity of the surrounding refractive index are described.     

Structure design of refractive index sensor based on LPFG with double-layer coatings

Based on the coupled-mode theory, the mode transition and transmittance of LP modes in an LPFG with double-layer coatings are studied theoretically. As a refractive index sensor, this LPFG structure is designed for high sensitivity by selecting a suitable thickness and refractive index of the double-layer coatings. Date simulation indicates that the effective index of the LP cladding mode increases in steps with the first coating thickness, thus LP mode is guided to the overlay and the mode transition takes place, where the LP modes can be easily affected by the ambient. Thereby, the coated LPFG sensor should be designed to operate at the transition region. In addition, the effective refractive index of LP cladding modes also increases in steps with the refractive index of the second overlay. For the higher order LP modes, the transition regions are broaden and the dynamic responses are greater than the lower LP modes, which means the higher order LP modes can be used for lower index overlay sensing. Further, the transmittance spectrum, sensitivity and measurable dynamic range of this LPFG are analyzed. The sensitivity of the LPFG sensor is available to $10^{3}$ with suitable overlay thickness and measurable dynamic range of the sensitive film refractive index is available to $10^{-2}$ . So the presented LPFG sensor enhances the design flexibility and enlarges the scope of application, which will likely be developed for high sensitivity LPFG sensors.     

Widely tunable long-period fiber grating with nm-thick higher refractive index film overlay

By introducing a four-layer step-index waveguide modeling, the characteristics of long-period fiber grating (LPFG) with an nm-thick film overlay, which has higher refractive index than that of fiber cladding are investigated in detail. The influence of both the overlay thickness and refractive index on the tuning ability of LPFG is analyzed. The numerical results demonstrate that spectral response of LPFG is divided into three distinct regions as the overlay deposition increases and the shift of resonant wavelength is drastic in some special thickness range. In conjunction with higher-order cladding mode coupling and fiber cladding etching, the sensitivity of LPFG to the overlay refractive index is enhanced significantly and over 120 nm resonant wavelength tunable range is achieved.     

基于包层模的光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感特性

提出了基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)包层模式的折射率传感方案。实验中,利用不同浓度的丙三醇水溶液作为外界折射率传感溶液,采用氢氟酸溶液化学腐蚀的方法来减小光纤包层的直径以增大包层模式对外界折射率的敏感度,研究了腐蚀后光纤布拉格光栅包层模式的耦合波长对外部折射率的变化关系。实验结果表明在1.3300~1.4584的折射率范围内,包层模式耦合波长随外界折射率增大而增大,在接近光纤包层折射率处具有很高的折射率灵敏度,最大达到了172 nm/riu(refractive index unit)。而且,包层模谐振的光谱半峰全宽(约0.07 nm)仅为布拉格纤芯模谐振光谱半峰全宽的1/4,能够获得更好的传感精度。     

Highly sensitive cladding-etched arc-induced long-period fiber gratings for refractive index sensing

We have investigated the effects of cladding etching in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings. Comparing the position of the resonant wavelengths at each diameter with the corresponding theoretical dispersion curves of effective refractive index, it is found that some of the resonances show a better match with anti-symmetrical cladding modes, while others with symmetrical cladding modes. Etching the cladding diameter to ∼39 μm, results in coupling to a high-order cladding mode that is very sensitive to changes in the ambient refractive index. The resonant peak shifts remarkably (∼230 nm) toward shorter wavelengths as the external refractive index increases. This sensitivity is higher than any previously reported in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings.     

Wavelength-selective all-fiber filter based on a single long-period fiber grating and a misaligned splicing point

A novel wavelength-selective all-fiber filter using a single long-period fiber grating (LPG) interacting with a misaligned fusion splicing point has been demonstrated. The misaligned splicing point couples a part of the core mode power into the cladding modes, which is then recoupled into the core mode by the following LPG. As an optical path difference is introduced by the differential refractive index of the fiber, an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is therefore formed, which may function as a cost-efficient WDM filter with good isolation and low insertion loss.     

Study and investigation of long period grating as refractive index sensor

In this paper, we have investigated the response of long period grating (LPG) as refractive index sensor. The response has been studied for refractive index variation ranging from 1 to 1.45. In this work, we found that the sensing mechanism is based on two different aspects. First is the change of coupling power from the guided core mode to other co-propagating cladding modes and second is the wavelength shift of the peak resonant wavelengths from their original positions due the change of refractive index of the environmental (external) medium surrounding the cladding of the grating.     

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅特性研究

振幅掩膜紫外写入的长周期光纤光栅的纤芯折射率分布函数为矩形波。以三层阶跃折射率光波导结构基础，用弱导标量近似和标量耦合模理论分析折射率调制类型为矩形波的长周期光纤光栅的特性。详细地给出耦合模方程近似处理的方法，并说明了其合理性。用数学软件Matlab进行了数值模拟计算，发现折射率调制类为矩形波的光栅传输谱不是由它的各次余弦光栅谱的线性叠加而成的。还研究了外部环境折射率、包层半径、栅占空比等光栅结构参量对矩形折射率调制的光栅传输谱的影响。同时指出了每阶包层模的双谐振峰位置随栅参量的变化规律。刊■刊『_型，刿j1