理想浅海波导中声场奇异点与声源深度的关系

为了有效利用声场奇异点蕴含的声源参数信息,研究了在理想浅海波导中,远场不同邻阶模态组的声场奇异点与声源深度之间的关系。推导计算了典型浅海声源声场的邻阶模态组奇异点位置,并通过仿真对奇异点的分布进行分析,结果显示邻阶模态组的阶数和阶差越大,奇异点分布越复杂。进一步研究发现,邻阶模态组第一组奇异点的深度和声源深度之间存在联系,并且基于奇异点与声压场的对应关系,在获得准确模态分布的前提下,可以通过两个邻阶模态组的第一组奇异点深度逆运算获得对应声源深度信息,也可以通过第一组奇异点深度反演获得声源深度信息。该文为获取浅海声源深度提供了思路。     

板结构的声辐射模态分析及其高分辨率法向振动速度重建

提出了一种基于声辐射模态的速度基向量构建方法,该速度基向量不受网格划分的影响,可用于高分辨率的板结构法向振动速度重建。首先对板表面稀疏网格的声辐射模态进行计算,再以声辐射模态和模态系数构建板法向振动速度分布的基向量,然后由声场测量声压求解基向量系数,最后由该系数和加密网格的速度基向量重建高分辨率的板法向振动速度分布。以简支板声源进行仿真计算,当测量声压信噪比为30 dB时,低频的法向振动速度重建误差最低可达3.7%;以固支板声源在消声室中进行实验验证,131.5 Hz振动频率下的重建误差低于7%。该方法实现了只需要少量声压测量点即可精确重建板声源更高分辨率的法向振动速度分布。      

基于硅基微电子机械系统仿生振膜的光纤麦克风

仿蝇耳声传感器是一种对声压梯度敏感的指向性微型麦克风.本文设计制备了桥连耦合双翼形硅基微电子机械系统仿蝇耳振膜,利用该振膜制作了光纤Fabry-Pérot干涉式麦克风,并对这种麦克风的特性进行了理论与实验研究.仿真结果指出:这种仿生振膜具有摇摆和弯曲两种振动模态,单位声压下摇摆模态的振幅依赖于入射声波的频率与传播方向,频率越接近摇摆模态本征值,振幅越大;摇摆模态振幅随传播方向在三维空间的变化呈纺锤形分布,纺锤的长轴平行于振膜的长轴,意味着传播方向平行于振膜长轴时麦克风灵敏度最高.实验测得的光纤仿生麦克风的摇摆模态本征频率略小于仿真值,其输出信号振幅随声源水平方位角的变化呈“8”字形分布,在0°—60°方位角范围二者呈线性关系,由此得出麦克风的方向灵敏度为39.98 mV/(°).     

基于平面声源进行结构声辐射有源控制的实验研究

采用分布式平面声源作为次级声源,对振动钢板的声辐射进行了抵消实验,验证了以往研究中的一系列关键理论。实验研究结果表明:一个平面声源可以控制钢板奇-奇模态的声辐射,两个平面源可以控制结构偶-奇或奇-偶模态的声辐射,同时也可以控制结构奇-奇模态的声辐射;平面声源的面积和布放位置对降噪效果有重要影响,采用单个平面声源控制时,平面声源面积越大,控制效果越好;基于近场声压的误差传感策略是有效可行的,实际中,将近场测量面的声功率作为有源控制的目标函数与总声功率作为目标函数是一致的;控制后远场声压和声强都得到有效降低,部分区域的声能向声源流动,近场声压及声强分布也发生显著变化。     

基于波束-波数域非相干匹配的浅海运动声源深度估计方法

浅海波导运动声源定位研究中,在声源距离未知时估计声源深度一直是个具有挑战性的问题.现有深度估计方法对声源未知初始距离敏感,且要求声源运动形成的水平合成孔径长度远大于模态干涉长度.针对这两个问题,本文提出一种基于波束-波数域非相干匹配的浅海运动声源深度估计方法,首先将垂直阵接收声压数据在深度和水平合成孔径方向分别进行波束形成变换到波束-波数域,波束-波数平面的峰值幅度仅包含与声源深度有关的模态激励,峰值位置与模态传播角和水平波数相对应;然后,在波束-波数平面内提取各峰值幅度,并与拷贝计算的模态深度函数进行非相干匹配,实现声源深度估计.所提方法在波束-波数二维平面内进行模态分离,消除了声源距离相关项,提高了模态分辨能力,可在声源初始距离未知和水平合成孔径长度小于模态干涉长度的情况下实现声源深度估计.仿真和SWellEx-96实验数据处理结果验证了所提方法的优越性能.     

匀加速运动声源的声场建模及其数值算法研究

针对匀加速运动点声源的声场特性与其运动状态密切相关这一问题,提出匀加速直线运动状态下点声源的声场计算方法。利用此方法建立了匀加速直线运动时点声源的声压模型,对模型中的关键参数声矢量R进行数值解析,并对声压进行数值分析仿真,得出匀加速直线运动时固定接收点的声压数值计算方法。用此方法对固定接收点位置的匀加速点声源声压进行声场建模,结果表明:在声源接近接收者一定距离以后,声压明显增大;在此距离之外,距离对声压的影响不大。     

头相关传输函数幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值的分析

提出一种分析头相关传输函数(head-related transfer function,HRTF)幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值模型。采用数值计算得到的高空间分辨率HRTF数据,计算了声源空间位置变化引起的HRTF幅度谱的变化,进一步利用Moore响度模型分析双耳响度级差、双耳响度级谱和总响度级等三个听觉感知量的变化。根据现有的3个听觉感知量最小可察觉差异,模型利用双耳响度级差和双耳响度级谱的变化得到的估计结果与心理声学实验一致,因此是一种有效预测听觉空间分辨阈值的方法,可用于为简化虚拟听觉信号处理和数据储存。     

头相关传输函数幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值的分析

提出一种分析头相关传输函数(head-related transfer function,HRTF)幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值模型。采用数值计算得到的高空间分辨率HRTF数据,计算了声源空间位置变化引起的HRTF幅度谱的变化,进一步利用Moore响度模型分析双耳响度级差、双耳响度级谱和总响度级等三个听觉感知量的变化。根据现有的3个听觉感知量最小可察觉差异,模型利用双耳响度级差和双耳响度级谱的变化得到的估计结果与心理声学实验一致,因此是一种有效预测听觉空间分辨阈值的方法,可用于为简化虚拟听觉信号处理和数据储存。      

冲击阻尼板的尺寸辨识与声线索提取

针对冲击板的物理属性辨识问题,研究了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索提取及其在听觉感知中所起的作用。设计并完成了三组主观评价实验,实验1分析了录音和合成声作为声刺激对尺寸辨识的影响。实验2和实验3分别针对铝板和木板的冲击声,通过不相似主观评价实验获得尺寸辨识的感知空间和对应力学空间维度,计算了不同声特征的信息精确度。最后,对比实验2和实验3的结果给出了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索,根据声线索与感知结果的相关性分析了听者的尺寸感知策略。结果表明,听者利用录音和合成声均获得了较好的尺寸辨识结果,且听者趋向于利用与尺寸有关的恒定声线索来完成感知任务,而忽略那些容易受其他声源属性影响的声信息。      

波场合成与波场分析的有源房间补偿方法

波场合成是一种空间声重放技术,利用扬声器阵列在宽阔的听音区域内重建声场。为消除或者消减听音房间的反射对重建波场的影响,利用测量环绕听音区域的闭合曲线上声压和声压梯度来分析波场,推导了基于圆形阵列进行波域分解的公式,利用多通道逆滤波进行了平面波域的房间补偿,实验结果显示该算法在整个听音区域内都是有效的。与传统补偿方法相比,边界元法所需的测量传声器数目少计算复杂度低,而波域分解具有更充分的波场分析能力,因此是一种更有效的有源房间补偿方法.      

Experimental analysis of considering the sound pressure distribution pattern at the ear canal entrance as an unrevealed head-related localization clue

By analyzing the differences between binaural recording and real listening, it was deduced that there were some unrevealed auditory localization clues, and the sound pressure distribution pattern at the entrance of ear canal was probably a clue. It was proved through the listening test that the unrevealed auditory localization clues really exist with the reduction to absurdity. And the effective frequency bands of the unrevealed localization clues were induced and summed. The result of finite element based simulations showed that the pressure distribution at the entrance of ear canal was non-uniform, and the pattern was related to the direction of sound source. And it was proved that the sound pressure distribution pattern at the entrance of the ear canal carried the sound source direction information and could be used as an unrevealed localization clue. The frequency bands in which the sound pressure distribution patterns had significant differences between front and back sound source directions were roughly matched with the effective frequency bands of unrevealed localization clues obtained from the listening tests. To some extent, it supports the hypothesis that the sound pressure distribution pattern could be a kind of unrevealed auditory localization clues.     

Comparison of an analytic horn equation approach and a boundary element method for the calculation of sound fields in the human ear canal

The sound field inside a model human ear canal has been computed, to show both longitudinal variations along the canal length and transverse variations through cross-sectional slices. Two methods of computation were used. A modified horn equation approach parametrizes the sound field with a single coordinate, the position along a curved center axis-this approach can accommodate the curvature and varying cross-sectional area of the ear canal but cannot compute transverse variations of the sound field. A boundary element method (BEM) was also implemented to compute the full three-dimensional sound field. Over 2000 triangular mesh elements were used to represent the ear canal geometry. For a plane piston source at the entrance plane, the pressure along the curved center axis predicted by the two methods is in good agreement, for frequencies up to 15 kHz, for four different ear canals. The BEM approach, though, reveals spatial variations of sound pressure within each canal cross section. These variations are small below 4 kHz, but increase with frequency, reaching 1.5 dB at 8 kHz and 4.5 dB at 15 kHz. For source configurations that are more realistic than a simple piston, large transverse variations in sound pressure are anticipated in the vicinity of the source.     

Calibration of ear canals for audiometry at high frequencies

A procedure is described for determining the absolute sound pressure at the inner end of the ear canal when a sound source is coupled to the ear, for frequencies in the range 8-20 kHz. The transducer that generates the sound is coupled to the ear canal through a lossy tube, yielding a source impedance that is approximately matched to the characteristic impedance of the ear canal. A small microphone is located in the coupling tube close to the entrance to the ear canal. Calibration is carried out by measuring the response at this microphone when an impulse is applied at the transducer. To estimate the sound pressure at the medial end of the ear canal, the Fourier transform of this impulse response is corrected by an all-pole function in which the poles are estimated from the minima in this Fourier transform. Data on individual ear canals are presented in terms of gain functions relating the sound pressure at the medial end of the ear canal to the sound pressure when the coupling tube is blocked. The average gain function for a group of adult ears increases from 2 to 12 dB over the frequency range 8-20 kHz, in rough agreement with data from ear-canal models. Possible sources of error in the calibration procedure are discussed.     

Specification of the acoustical input to the ear at high frequencies

The sound fields that arise in the auditory canals of cats have been examined both experimentally and theoretically. Of particular interest was the spatial variation of sound pressure near the eardrum, where reference probes are typically located. Using a computer controlled data acquisition system, sound pressure was measured between 100 Hz and 33 kHz for constant driver input at 14 different locations in the ear canal of a cat, and the standing wave patterns formed. The shape of the patterns could be predicted quite well above 12 kHz using a theory that requires specification of only the geometry of the ear canal. This theory, an extension of the one-dimensional horn equation, applies to three-dimensional, rigid-walled tubes that have both variable cross section and curvature along their lengths. Large variations of sound pressure along the ear canal and over the surface of the eardrum are found above about 10 kHz. As a consequence it is not possible to define the acoustical input to the ear from sound pressure level measured at any single location. Even in comparative experiments, in which only the constancy of the acoustical input is important, any uncertainty in reference probe location would lead to an uncertainty in sound pressure level when different sets of measurements are compared. This error, calculated for various probe locations and frequencies, is especially large when the probe is near a minimum of the sound field. Spatial variations in pressure can also introduce anomalous features into the measured frequency response of other auditory quantities when eardrum sound pressure is used as a reference. This is illustrated with measurements of the round window cochlear microphonic.     

利用残差网络分析普氏蹄蝠耳朵对恒频声源定向的影响

为研究恒频蝙蝠耳朵与空间定位的关系,利用深度学习算法和仿蝙蝠静态双耳接收器,分析蝙蝠耳朵对恒频声源定向的影响。首先根据普氏蹄蝠耳朵模型设计不同双耳夹角和间距的仿生双耳接收器,并从多个空间方位采集声源发射的不同频率的恒频声呐信号,然后提取双耳同步采集信号的时频图并归一化作为输入特征,最后利用残差网络实现声源定向。实验结果表明,静态双耳接收器对恒频声源的定向误差平均值基本保持在3.5°以下,但高于动态单耳接收器的定向误差;定向精度与声源频率及声源所在空间方位有关,声源位于接收器水平方向±30°范围内时,定向精度相对较高;双耳夹角和间距也会影响定向精度,且前者影响较为显著。     

Factors contributing to bone conduction: the outer ear

The ear canal sound pressure and the malleus umbo velocity with bone conduction (BC) stimulation were measured in nine ears from five cadaver heads in the frequency range 0.1 to 10 kHz. The measurements were conducted with both open and occluded ear canals, before and after resection of the lower jaw, in a canal with the cartilage and soft tissues removed, and with the tympanic membrane (TM) removed. The sound pressure was about 10 dB greater in an intact ear canal than when the cartilage part of the canal had been removed. The occlusion effect was close to 20 dB for the low frequencies in an intact ear canal; this effect diminished with sectioning of the canal. At higher frequencies, the resonance properties of the ear canal determined the effect of occluding the ear canal. Sectioning of the lower jaw did not significantly alter the sound pressure in the ear canal. The sound radiated from the TM into the ear canal was investigated in four temporal bone specimens; this sound is significantly lower than the sound pressure in an intact ear canal with BC stimulation. The malleus umbo velocity with air conduction stimulation was investigated in nine temporal bone specimens and compared with the umbo velocity obtained with BC stimulation in the cadaver heads. The results show that for a normal open ear canal, the sound pressure in the ear canal with BC stimulation is not significant for BC hearing. At threshold levels and for frequencies below 2 kHz, the sound in the ear canal caused by BC stimulation is about 10 dB lower than air conduction hearing thresholds; this difference increases at higher frequencies. However, with the ear canal occluded, BC hearing is dominated by the sound pressure in the outer ear canal for frequencies between 0.4 and 1.2 kHz.     

The contribution of the near and far ear toward localization of sound in the sagittal plane

Eight listeners were required to locate a train of 4.5-kHz high-pass noise bursts emanating from loudspeakers positioned +/- 30, +/- 20, +/- 10, and 0 deg re: interaural axis. The vertical array of loudspeakers was placed at 45, 90, and 135 deg left of midline. The various experimental conditions incorporated binaural and monaural listening with the latter utilizing the ear nearest or ear farthest from the sound source. While performance excelled when listening with only the near ear, the contribution of the far ear was statistically significant when compared to localization performance when both ears were occluded. Based on head related transfer functions for stimuli whose bandwidth was 1.0 kHz, four spectral cues were selected as candidates for influencing location judgments. Two of them associated relative changes in energy across center frequencies (CFs) with vertical source positions. The other two associated an absolute minimum (maximum) energy for specific CFs with a vertical source position. All but one cue when measured for the near ear could account for localization proficiency. On the other hand, when listening with the far ear, maximum energy at a specific CF outperformed the remaining cues in accounting for localization proficiency.     

Estimating head-related transfer functions of human subjects from pressure-velocity measurements

Direct measurements of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) with a probe microphone at the eardrum are unpleasant, risky, and unreliable and therefore have not been widely used. Instead, the HRTFs are commonly measured from the blocked ear canal entrance, which excludes the effects of the individual ear canals and eardrums. This paper presents a method that allows obtaining individually correct magnitude frequency responses of HRTFs at the eardrum from pressure-velocity (PU) measurements at the ear canal entrance with a miniature PU sensor. The HRTFs of 25 test subjects with nine directions of sound incidence were estimated using real anechoic measurements and an energy-based estimation method. To validate the approach, measurements were also conducted with probe microphones near the eardrums as well as at blocked ear canal entrances. Comparisons between the different methods show that the method presented is a valid and reliable technique for obtaining magnitude frequency responses of HRTFs. The HRTF filters designed using the PU measurements are also shown to yield more correct frequency responses at the eardrum than the filters designed using measurements from the blocked ear canal entrance.     

Sound pressure distribution and power flow within the gerbil ear canal from 100 Hz to 80 kHz

Sound pressure was mapped in the bony ear canal of gerbils during closed-field sound stimulation at frequencies from 0.1 to 80 kHz. A 1.27-mm-diam probe-tube microphone or a 0.17-mm-diam fiber-optic miniature microphone was positioned along approximately longitudinal trajectories within the 2.3-mm-diam ear canal. Substantial spatial variations in sound pressure, sharp minima in magnitude, and half-cycle phase changes occurred at frequencies >30 kHz. The sound frequencies of these transitions increased with decreasing distance from the tympanic membrane (TM). Sound pressure measured orthogonally across the surface of the TM showed only small variations at frequencies below 60 kHz. Hence, the ear canal sound field can be described fairly well as a one-dimensional standing wave pattern. Ear-canal power reflectance estimated from longitudinal spatial variations was roughly constant at 0.2-0.5 at frequencies between 30 and 45 kHz. In contrast, reflectance increased at higher frequencies to at least 0.8 above 60 kHz. Sound pressure was also mapped in a microphone-terminated uniform tube-an "artificial ear." Comparison with ear canal sound fields suggests that an artificial ear or "artificial cavity calibration" technique may underestimate the in situ sound pressure by 5-15 dB between 40 and 60 kHz.     

Source localization in complex listening situations: selection of binaural cues based on interaural coherence

In everyday complex listening situations, sound emanating from several different sources arrives at the ears of a listener both directly from the sources and as reflections from arbitrary directions. For localization of the active sources, the auditory system needs to determine the direction of each source, while ignoring the reflections and superposition effects of concurrently arriving sound. A modeling mechanism with these desired properties is proposed. Interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) cues are only considered at time instants when only the direct sound of a single source has non-negligible energy in the critical band and, thus, when the evoked ITD and ILD represent the direction of that source. It is shown how to identify such time instants as a function of the interaural coherence (IC). The source directions suggested by the selected ITD and ILD cues are shown to imply the results of a number of published psychophysical studies related to source localization in the presence of distracters, as well as in precedence effect conditions.