近五年来我国超声波疗法的应用与研究进展

我国超声波疗法在临床应用与研究方面不断取得进展.近5年来超声波疗法在原有础上,又有新的进展.     

我国超声波疗法的研究与应用进展

自1939年将超声波应用于治疗某些关节痛、神经痛之后,随着时间的进展,其应用范围逐渐扩大.我国超声波疗法是解放后才开始研究与应用的.随着医疗卫生事业的发展,超声波疗法的应用也在不断发展,在长期的临床实践中积累了较丰富的经验.为了有利于超声波疗法的迅速发展,现将我国超声波疗法的进展情况综述如下.     

《超声治疗学》评介

冯若、汪荫棠编著的《超声治疗学》1994年12月由中国医药科技出版社出版。该书资料完整、新颖。共分11章．分别为超声波的物理基础、超声的生物医学效应及其物理机制、超声疗法、超声电疗法、超声药物透人疗法、超声雾化吸入疗法、超声外科、超声治癌、冲击波和超声肢碎石、超声节育及抗早孕研究进展等。全面、系统、深入地论述了超声波疗法的基础理论、发展及应用。书中不仅介绍了国内外关于超声波治疗方面的研究成果与先进经验，而且也包含了两位作者长期在超声医学领域中，从事科学研究与临床工作的部分科研成果。超声医学包括超声诊断及…     

我国超声波疗法的临床应用进展

本文通过对第三届全国超声治疗学术会议（１９９５年１０月３１日－１１月４日于贵阳市）论文的综合介绍，显示了我国超声波疗法在临床应用方面所取得的成就。     

我国超声波疗法实验研究和临床应用的近期进展

本文通过对第四届全国超声治疗学术会议（１９９７年１０月１７－２１日于南京）论文的综合介绍,显示我国超声波疗法在实验研究与临床应用方面所取得的成就。     

我国超声波疗法的新进展

超声波疗法是一种有效的治疗方法,临床应用广泛。我国超声波疗法,在治疗脑血管疾病所致偏瘫、坐骨神经痛、支气管炎、冠心病、颈肩腰腿软组织疼痛、关节、软组织损伤、肩关节周围炎、上尿路结石、中心性视网膜炎、带状疱疹、手足部癣、神经性皮炎、急慢性上颌窦炎等病的基础上,近年来又取得进展,予以综述与评论。     

我国超声波疗法的新进展

本文通过对第二届全国超声治疗学术会议论文的综合介绍，展示了我国超声波治疗方面的近期实验研究工作：不同频率超声波的透入、低频超声对小分子通过半透膜的影响、超声波治疗实验性家犬脑出血的疗效、颅骨对超声波的吸收率、超声波对组织硬结作用的动物实验、超声波对细菌的作用等．文章还报道了临床应用方面所取得的新进展．     

磁疗法机理的探讨

“磁疗法”是磁穴疗法、磁水疗法等的总称（以下简称“磁疗”）尤其是“磁穴疗法”是从祖国医药学宝库里和针炙疗法的基础上发掘出来的。“磁疗”简单易行、无创伤、无痛苦、无副作用。受到广大群众欢迎。磁疗特别在治疗高血压、风湿性关节炎、喘息性支气管炎颅部神经疼和尿路结石等方面获得了成效。“磁疗”为什么能治病？怎样才能正确掌握“磁疗”技术提高疗效？这还要在实践中不断总结完善。本文参阅了有关“磁疗”资料，结合大量临床实践，提出磁疗法机理的一些探讨。     

会议报道

第一届全国超声波冶疗学术会议于1991年10月20—23日在泰安市召开。会议由中国超声医学工程学会治疗学会主办。 参加会议的94位代表来自全国20个省市。会议共交流论文135篇,其中20篇在大会上宣读,其余在分组会上或书而交流。论文内容广泛,有介绍国内外超声波治疗的进展:有实验研究结果,有临床应用。临床应用范围广泛,涉及内科疾病、外科疾病、妇产小儿科疾病、眼科疾病、耳鼻喉科疾病、口腔科疾病等的超声波治疗。 木次会议的特点是论文内容新、适用性好、层次高。杨永辉教授和徐衡主任医师从不同的方面分别介绍了超声波疗法在国外应用的新进展,赵彼得教授等     

医学物理的最新成果—质子疗法

本文介绍了ＩＴＥＰ（前苏联量论实验物理所）在医学物理方面的研究发展情况，主要报道了该所二十多年来使用质子疗法所取得的成果，简述了该所目前对新的治疗诊断仪器的开发工作。     

Effects of phonophoresis with Arnica montana onto acute inflammatory process in rat skeletal muscles: An experimental study

This study aimed at verifying the effects of phonophoresis associated with Arnica montana on the acute phase of an inflammatory muscle lesion. Forty Wistar male rats (300 ± 50 g), of which the Tibialis Anterior muscle was surgically lesioned, were divided into four groups (n = 10 each): control group received no treatment; the ultrasound group (US) was treated in pulsed mode with 1-MHz frequency, 0.5 W/cm² intensity (spatial and temporal average – SATA), duty cycle of 1:2 (2 ms on, 4 ms off, 50%), time of application 3 min per session, one session per day, for 3 days; the phonophoresis or ultrasound plus arnica (US+A) group was treated with arnica with the same US parameters plus arnica gel; and the arnica group (A) was submitted to massage with arnica gel, also for 3 min, once a day, for 3 days. Treatment started 24 h after the surgical lesion. On the 4th day after lesion creation, animals were sacrificed and sections of the lesioned, inflamed muscle were removed for quantitative (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell count) and qualitative histological analysis. Collected data from the 4 groups were statistically analyzed and the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results show higher mononuclear cell density in all three treated groups with no significant difference between them, but values were significantly different (p < 0.0001) when compared to control group’s. As to polymorphonuclear cell density, significant differences were found between control group (p = 0.0134) and US, US+A and A groups; the arnica group presented lesser density of polymorphonuclear cells when compared (p = 0.0134) to the other groups. No significant difference was found between US and US+A groups. While the massage with arnica gel proved to be an effective anti-inflammatory on acute muscle lesion in topic use, these results point to ineffectiveness of Arnica montana phonophoresis, US having seemingly checked or minimized its anti-inflammatory effect.     

Effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics of a low carbon boron steel

The effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics was investigated in a low carbon boron steel. A new mechanism, which is based on the competition between the increase in nucleation rate and the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf after deformation, is proposed. The increase in nucleation rate is due to the decrease in boron concentration at the grain boundaries after small deformation and the formation of sub-grain boundaries at the grain interior after large deformation. The decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf is ascribed to the frequent impingement of bainite sub-units after deformation. The increase in nucleation rate after deformation results in the decrease in incubation time, which is confirmed from the experiment. The increase in nucleation rate overcomes the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf, resulting in the increase in transformation velocity and volume fraction after small deformation. On the contrary, the decrease in the average volume of bainite sheaf overcomes the increase in nucleation rate after large deformation, leading to the decrease in transformation velocity and volume fraction of bainite.     

Effect of the deletion of the C region on the structure and hydration of insulin-like growth factor 1: a molecular dynamics investigation

The structure and hydration of insulin-like growth factor 1 and an inactive mutant lacking the C region have been investigated in aqueous solution by molecular dynamics simulation. The overall structures of the two polypeptide resemble those determined by NMR spectroscopy. The deletion of the C region in the wild polypeptide introduces structural stability in the mutant, leading to a better definition of the secondary structure elements. A detailed hydration analysis was performed using the radial distribution functions and energy distributions. The backbone of the mutant is in general more solvent accessible than the wild polypeptide backbone. The structural rearrangements induced in the mutant led to changes in the solvent exposition of Tyr24 and Tyr60, which are residues important for ligand—receptor complex formation. Tyr24 exhibited a similar degree of solvent exposition in both IGF-I and in the mutant; however, its hydroxyl group in the wild polypeptide is better solvated than in the mutant. Tyr60 was found to be solvent exposed in the wild protein, while in the mutant the involvement of its hydroxyl group in intramolecular hydrogen bonds led to it being buried away from the solvent.     

序列脉冲激光在不同大气模型下的热晕效应研究

考虑到大气中吸收系数随高度变化,通过内插法得到不同大气模型一定高度下大气的吸收系数,建立序列脉冲激光在地对空垂直传输的热晕模型。通过数值计算方法分析风场渡越时间内脉冲数为2时的序列脉冲在中纬度地区夏季和冬季、热带地区、近北极地区夏季和冬季5种大气模型下的热晕效应。结果表明:当光束孔径为0.25 m,初始功率为200 kW,波形为高斯状的激光束在近北极冬季传输10 km后沿横轴方向光强峰值偏移0.056 9 m,而热带光强峰值强度偏移最远为0.224 m,为近北极冬季时的4倍;脉冲激光在热带传输10 km后的靶面功率仅为15.06 kW,近北极冬季靶面功率为热带的10.5倍。热带地区的热晕效应最明显,中纬度地区次之,近北极地区最弱。激光在夏季传输要比冬季传输的热晕效应严重,而且近北极地区夏季要比中纬度地区冬季的热晕效应更严重。     

Spectral Properties of Single BODIPY Dyes in Polystyrene Microspheres and in Solutions

The absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence quantum yield, and photostability of five BODIPY dyes are characterized and compared as single dyes in two environments, in 40-nm polystyrene spheres and in solution. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes in spheres are similar in profile but shifted to lower energies compared to those in solution. All the dyes are highly fluorescent, with three having fluorescence quantum yields of 1.0. For three of the five dyes, the yields were the same in spheres as in solution (1.00, 1.00, and 0.73). The high concentration of these dyes in spheres does not quench their fluorescence. For two other dyes the yields dropped, from 1.00 to 0.55 in one case and 0.83 to 0.50 in another, comparing the dyes in solution versus in spheres. The photodegradation of the dyes decreases in spheres compared to in solution in all but one case. For one dye, it decreases as much as 800-fold. Dyes overlooked because of low fluorescence or stability in solution could become useful fluorescent materials in the microsphere environment.     

Exciton-Boson Formalism in the Theory of Laser-Excited Semiconductors and Its Application in Coherent Four-Wave-Mixing Spectroscopy

By the use of a bosonization transformation and group-theoretical arguments, the Hamiltonian of an electron–hole–photon system in a laser-excited direct two-band semiconductor is transcribed into that of an exciton–photon system with the particle spins rigorously taken into consideration. It is shown that the third-order optical nonlinearities in the spectral region below the band edge have their microscopic origin in two-exciton correlations, which are expressed in terms of the effective exciton–exciton and anharmonic exciton–photon interactions. The dependence of the interparticle interactions on the spin states of quasiparticles is behind the polarization dependence of the semiconductor nonlinear optical response. On the example of the system of heavy hole excitons in quantum wells, grown from compounds with the zinc blende type of symmetry, it is demonstrated that the effective exciton–exciton interaction in two-exciton states with nonzero total spin is repulsive, while in zero-spin states it is attractive, which may result in the biexciton formation. The derived Heisenberg equations of motion for the exciton and biexciton operators form the basis for a theoretical study of the coherent four-wave-mixing in GaAs and ZnSe quantum wells. It is readily apparent from the equations that in different polarization configurations the coherent four-wave-mixing is generated by different ingredients of two-exciton Coulomb correlations: in the co-circular configuration, it is the interexciton repulsion, in the cross-linear configuration, the formation of the biexciton and its coupling to excitons, and in the collinear configuration, both of them jointly. The obtained expressions for the time-resolved and frequency-resolved four-wave-mixing signals adequately describe the main characteristics and various details of wave mixing phenomena, including a biexciton signature in the appropriate polarization configurations. Results of the work clarify the microscopic mechanism of the polarization dependence in coherent four-wave-mixing spectroscopy in semiconductor quantum wells.     

在NaCl和HTAB共存条件下甲基纤维素溶液凝胶化行为

利用流变仪研究了甲基纤维素(MC)溶液在NaCl、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HTAB)以及两者共存下MC溶液的凝胶化行为,发现其凝胶化温度随着NaCl浓度的增加而下降,随着HTAB浓度的增加而上升;但是MC/NaCl的凝胶化温度保持不变,与HTAB浓度 无关,而MC/HTAB溶液的凝胶化温度则随着NaCl浓度的增加而下降．以上的实验结果表明,在NaCl存在下,HTAB将被诱导形成胶束,因此MC/NaCl的凝胶化温度保持不变;反之,当NaCl不存在时,HTAB将优先吸附到MC上而不会在溶液中形成胶束,尽管其浓度     

Immunodetection of type I acidic keratins associated to periderm granules during the transition of cornification from embryonic to definitive chick epidermis

The change in the modality of cornification from embryonic to definitive epidermis in the chick has been studied using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy to show that the initial soft cornification based on an acidic type I alpha-keratin transits to a definitive hard cornification based on beta-proteins in the claw, scales and feathers. The first two periderm layers contain acidic keratins associated with periderm granules and participate in a mild form of cornification before shedding of the periderm. The transition from embryonic to adult cornification is best seen in the transitional layers of the claw where numerous periderm granules merge with packets or bundles of corneous beta-proteins. This process is hardly seen in scale and feathers where periderm granules remain most in the periderm or in the feather sheath. Periderm granules disappear in corneocytes generated underneath the periderm in scales or in the transitional layer in claws and are replaced by beta-proteins associated to other types of acidic alpha-keratins. This process produces a mechanically resistant corneous material underneath the softer periderm, adapted to terrestrial demand for mechanical protection in scales and in the dorsal part of the claw, the unguis. In the ventral part of the claw, the sub-unguis, scarce or no beta-proteins are accumulated resulting in a softer corneous layer. The study indicates that specific alpha-keratins form the cytoskeletal framework of definitive corneocytes in claws, scales and feathers, and that specialized corneous beta-proteins are deposited over this framework to produce epidermal layers with higher mechanical resistance.     

夏秋两季洱海、太湖表层混合层的深度变化特征及其机理分析

湖泊表层混合层深度的变化不仅影响湖泊水生生态系统的演变, 而且影响流域的局地气候、降水量的时空格局等. 基于2008年夏秋两季洱海(高原湖泊)和太湖(平原湖泊)的气象与水温廓线观测资料, 分析探讨了两湖表层混合层深度的变化特征及其机制. 结果表明: 夏季洱海能维持持续的分层现象, 秋季有明显的日分层现象, 而在相应的两季中, 太湖仅可能存在日分层现象; 洱海表层混合层深度较同期太湖更浅; 太湖两季的表层混合层深度变化较洱海频繁, 即太湖水体混合与分层的交替过程对气象条件的响应较洱海更为迅速. 太湖这类浅水湖泊, 水深是抑制其存在稳定、持续分层的关键因素, 在合适的辐射条件下, 可形成日分层现象; 而洱海这类深度的湖泊, 净热量通量是影响其是否存在持续、稳定分层的主要因子. 该研究为进一步探讨湖泊与大气两种湍流运动的耦合机制及水生生态环境演替规律等提供了有力的参考.     

ICP-AES测定云南楚雄糖尿病患者发样微量元素的研究

探讨微量元素与糖尿病间的关联性及临床意义。采用ICP-AES等离子体发射光谱仪测定了楚雄地区糖尿病患者人发中11种元素,采用2,3-二氨基萘荧光法测定发样中的硒元素。选取糖尿病患者120例,对照组35例。糖尿病组发样中常量元素Ca、Mg低于对照组,P高于对照组;除Cd、Cr、Fe外,微量元素Zn、Se、Ni、Mn、Cu等5种元素低于对照组,并有显著差异(P0.01)。糖尿病组间性别比较数据显示男性除发Ni、Mn、P外,其余元素含量均低于女性,其中发锌远低于女性。3个不同年龄段糖尿病人群的微量元素含量变化显示Fe、P2种元素随年龄增加含量增高;Mg、Cd2种元素随年龄增加含量减少;其余各元素变化情况为Fe、P元素在老年组中较高,Cu、Cd、Mg较低;Mn、Cr、Cu元素含量在中年组中较高,而Zn、Se略低;Zn、Se在青年组较高,而Mn、Cr低。城市人群发中Zn、Cd、Cu、Mg、Ca含量比农村人群高;Se元素含量二者间差别也不大,其余元素含量均低于农村人群。楚雄地区糖尿病患者发中Zn、Se、Mg、Mn4种元素水平低,楚雄地区糖尿病患者致病原因可能与地区属低Se水平和患者体内硒水平低有关。