采用靶摆式探头测量软X射线辐射材料产生的喷射冲量

 采用靶摆旋转运动式冲量探头，在“强光一号”加速器上，测量了脉冲软X射线辐射材料产生的喷射冲量。实验结果表明，在平均能量为0.21 keV、平均半高宽为36 ns和平均能注量为143 J/cm²的软X射线辐射下，测得一种复合材料的喷射冲量耦合系数为0.70 Pa·s/(J·cm^-2)。     

脉冲软X光辐射三种材料的喷射冲量实验研究

在强光一号脉冲加速器上进行了国内首次的实验室软X光辐射三种材料的喷射冲量研究。结果表明，在能量为(0.2～0.33)keV、平均脉宽为39ns左右的X光辐射下，对灰漆、白漆和硬铝，在能注量分别为(92～152)J/cm2、(115～136)J/cm2和(163～192)J/cm2时，它们的冲量耦合系数分别为(0.61～0.80)Pa·s/(J·cm-2)、(0.58～0.97)Pa·s/(J·cm-2)和(0.61～0.84)Pa·s/(J·cm-2)。     

电子束辐照平板靶产生喷射冲量的实验研究

 喷射冲量是电子束辐照靶结构时引起其结构响应的加载条件。本文论述了近年来我们采用电涡流传感器和直接测量特定时间间隔的探头原理,在“闪光二号”装置上,进行电子束辐照平板靶产生喷射冲量的实验研究。使用的靶材为硬铝和玻璃钢,靶上能通量为70~100 J/cm²,实测冲量为150~210 Pa·s,实测冲量耦合系数基本稳定在2.06 Pa·s/(J/cm²)。     

强脉冲超硬Ｘ射线产生技术研究

 分析了利用强流脉冲电子束轫致辐射产生强脉冲超硬X射线的几种主要技术途径的特点，以及提高超硬X射线产额的方法；利用MCNP软件计算了电子能量在0.4～1.4 MeV范围内，超硬X射线产生效率与钽辐射转换靶厚度的关系曲线；介绍了在“强光一号”加速器上开展产生强脉冲超硬X射线实验方法与实验结果，获得了3种强脉冲超硬X射线：脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约50 cm²，能量密度为5～7 J/cm²；脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约50 cm²，能量密度为12 J/cm²；脉冲宽度约35 ns，输出窗面积约500 cm²，能量密度为1 J/cm²。     

等离子体屏蔽和稀疏波对冲量耦合系数的影响

 利用脉冲Nd:YAG激光作用在铝、铜靶上，研究了不同入射激光能量下冲量耦合系数和离焦量之间的关系，以及不同功率密度情况下冲量耦合系数和光斑直径的关系。实验表明铝靶在入射激光脉冲能量由75.8 mJ增加到382.3 mJ时，冲量耦合系数峰值对应的最佳离焦量由－10 mm处远离焦点向透镜方向移到－18 mm，而对应的激光功率密度仅由2.0×10⁹ W/cm²增加到3.9×10⁹ W/cm²；铜靶实验规律和铝靶类似。等离子体屏蔽的吸收作用导致了冲量耦合系数达到最大值后迅速降低。铝靶在入射激光功率密度由0.7×10⁹ W/cm²增大到1.0×10¹⁰W/cm²时，冲量耦合系数随光斑直径增大而增大，对应变化斜率由5.2×10^-5N·s/（mm·J）增大到49.2×10^-5N·s/（mm·J），表明了稀疏波对冲量耦合系数的削弱作用随入射激光功率密度增加而增加，随光斑直径增大而减小。     

激光等离子体脉冲软X光标定源

 利用神光Ⅱ上激光与等离子体相互作用得到的软X光，建立了基于多层镜的四通道软X光单色器系统。研究了光源的性能，测量了光源强度、单色器系统稳定性、相应通道的一致性。研究表明，采用多层镜作为脉冲光源的分光元件，可以得到具有较好单色性的强脉冲软X 光标定源。光源的光子能量为253 eV和820 eV，两能道的光源强度分别为1.8×10¹⁹ photon/(s·cm²)和3.2×10¹⁹ photon/(s·cm²)。在该标定源上可以实现XRD、平面镜、多层镜、透射光栅和滤片的标定。     

相对论电子束在角向磁场中产生硬X射线的实验研究

 在闪光二号加速器上用相对论电子束在低压气体和角向磁场中传输打靶的方法，进行了硬X射线产生的实验研究。在47cm传输距离上，电子束与钽靶作用，获得了面积积分剂量率为2.1×10¹⁰Gy·cm²/s的硬X射线辐射（能谱范围为20～120keV），在总的辐照面积上(4π方向)面积积分剂量达1 843Gy·cm²，X射线转换率达到108Gy·cm²/kJ。     

氮化钒的选态双色可见紫外共振增强光电离和脉冲场光电子研究 (cited: 4)

对气态氮化钒(VN)分子在光子总能量为56900～59020 cm^-13∏0, v'=0)的单转动态, 然后再被紫外激光电离．这样的双色激光模式可以测量电子态、振动态和转动态都被选择和解析的氮化钒阳离子VN⁺(X²△; v⁺=0, 1, 2)光谱． 通过对转动解析的PFI-PE光谱模拟分析, 确定J⁺=3/2为基态离子态的最低转动能级, 从而确认VN⁺的基态电子态为²△_3/2．通过对VN+(PFI-PE)光谱的分析得到如下物理量的精确数值：VN⁺(X²△_3/2)的绝热电离能为IE(VN)=56909.5±0.8 cm^-1(7.05588±0.00010 eV),振动常数ω_e⁺=1068.0±0.8 cm^-1,反常振动常数ω_e⁺χ_e⁺=5.8±0.8 cm^-1;VN⁺(X²△_3/2)的转动常数B_e⁺=0.6563±0.0005 cm^-1,α_e⁺=0.0069±0.0004 cm^-1,平衡键长为1.529 ?;VN⁺(X²△_5/2)的转动常数B_e⁺=0.6578±0.0028 cm^-1,α_e⁺=0.0085±0.0028 cm^-1,平衡键长为1.527 ?;X²△_5/2,3/2自旋轨道耦合常数A=153.3±0.8 cm^-1     

低强度激光泵浦类Ni离子X光激光实验

 在试运行的神光Ⅱ装置上,采用新设计的凸柱面透镜列阵均匀线聚焦系统, 用两束激光焦线叠加和双靶对接等技术,以预主脉冲激光驱动方式,在(5～8)×10¹³W/cm²的较低强度激光泵浦条件下,观测到Ni-like　Dy、Er、Yb的软X光激光输出,测得波长5.02nm类Ni-Yb和波长5.86nm类Ni-Dy的软X光激光的增益系数分别为1.6cm^-1和1.4cm^-1     

电子通量对ZnO/K2SiO3热控涂层光学性能的影响

 研究了电子通量对ZnO/K₂SiO₃热控涂层光学性能的影响。分别采用通量为5×10¹¹/cm²·s，8×10¹¹/cm²·s，1×10¹²/cm²·s 和5×10¹²/cm²·s的电子对试样进行辐照。电子辐照下涂层的光学性能发生了退化，并且发现了退化涂层在空气中的“漂白”现象。分析了ZnO/K₂SiO₃热控涂层光学性能的退化机制，同时讨论了电子通量对太阳光谱吸收系数的影响。实验结果发现，在5×10¹¹～1×10¹²/cm²·s的电子通量范围内，电子通量对ZnO/K₂SiO³热控涂层光学性能的影响相同。因此在这个电子通量范围内，采用加速地面试验来模拟空间的电子辐照效应是有效的。     

Observation of high-energy electrons from a metal target irradiated by protons with a mean energy of 25 keV

Electrons with abnormally high energies of up to 16 keV are detected from an iron target irradiated by ions (H⁺, Fe⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺) with energies ranging from 20 to 100 keV from the plasma of a high-power femtosecond laser pulse with an intensity of 10¹⁶ J/(s cm²). These electrons indicate that the energy of an incident ion is almost completely transferred to an electron knocked out of the target. In a range of 6–16 keV, the spectrum of electrons knocked out of the K shell of iron atoms by protons with an energy of 22 ± 2 keV is quasi-exponential with an exponent of 4 keV. For 8-keV electrons, the double differential cross section for ionization by such protons is estimated as 10^?7 b/(eV sr).     

Non-equilibrium plasma production by pulsed laser ablation of gold

A gold target has been irradiated with a Q-switched Nd:Yag laser having 1064\,\hbox{nm} wavelength, 9\,\hbox{ns} pulse width, 900\,\hbox{mJ} maximum pulse energy and a maximum power density of the order of 10^{10}\,\hbox{W}/\hbox{cm}^2 . The laser-target interaction produces a strong gold etching with a production of a plasma in front of the target. The plasma contains neutrals and ions having high charge state. Time-of-flight measurements are presented for the analysis of the ion production and ion velocity. A cylindrical electrostatic deflection ion analyzer permits to measure the yield of the emitted ions, their charge state and their ion energy distribution. Measurements indicate that the ion charge state reaches 6^+ and 10^+ at a laser fluence of 100\,\rm{J/cm}^2 and 160\,\rm{J/cm}^2 , respectively. The maximum ion energy reaches about 2\,\hbox{keV} and 8\,\hbox{keV} at these low and at high laser fluence, respectively. Experimental ion energy distributions are given as a function of the ion charge state. Obtained results indicate that electrical fields, produced in the plume, along the normal to the plane of the target surface, exist in the unstable plasma. The electrical fields induce ion acceleration away from the target with a final velocity dependent on the ion charge state. The ion velocity distributions follow a "shifted Maxwellian distribution", which the authors have corrected for the Coulomb interactions occurring inside the plasma.     

不同材料和不同能通量条件下电子束喷射冲量的实验研究

 介绍了采用直接测量特定时间间隔系列和微型红外通光式传感技术的探头原理,在“闪光二号”电子束装置上进行的喷射冲量随不同材料和不同能通量而变化的实验研究。实验结果表明,在能通量大体相同时,A和B这两种特种材料的喷射冲量耦合系数分别只有LY-12铝的1/3和1/2左右。这说明此两种特种材料在受辐照条件下具有良好的降低喷射冲量的性能。     

Luminescence imaging of biological subjects during X-ray irradiations lower energy than Cerenkov-light threshold

It is commonly thought that UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of biological subjects during X-ray irradiation at the energy below 120 keV is impossible because the secondary electrons produced in this energy range do not emit Cerenkov light. Contrary to this consensus, we found UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of the subjects were possible with X-ray irradiations of this energy range. We placed one of the biological subjects in a black box; visible-light luminescence images were measured with a high-sensitivity, cooled charge coupled device (CCD) camera during X-ray irradiation at energy below 120 keV. We also conducted the imaging of air without subjects during irradiation of the same X-ray. The biological subjects emitted visible-light luminescence, and the imaging was possible with the irradiation of the X-ray below 120 keV. The luminescence images were observed in only the X-ray irradiated areas. Also air luminescence images could be obtained and the intensity of the luminescence measured from the images was proportionally increased with the exposure dose. UV or visible-light luminescence imaging of biological subjects was possible during X-ray irradiations lower energy than the Cerenkov-light threshold. The phenomenon was different from general X-ray fluorescence because wavelength of the luminescence is UV or visible-light. The luminescence imaging method is promising for estimating the irradiated area with X-ray, which could be used for interventional radiology (IVR). Also air luminescence imaging would be applied to the exposure dose distribution measurements for X-ray of diagnostic X-ray systems.     

Filippov type plasma focus as intense source of hard X-rays(Ex≃50 keV)

This paper evaluates the use of a plasma focus machine (Filippov type) as a pulsed intense source of hard X-rays. It is shown experimentally that discharging a capacitor bank of W=50 kJ in the new arrangement of the discharge parameters, one can deliver into the test cavity (volume of 6*10³ cm³) an average of Φ _x=8*10^-4 J/cm². The delivered energy fluence varies in the range of 2*10^-4 J/cm²⩽Φ_x⩽2.9*10^-3 J/cm², depending on the probe position. The X-ray energy spectra were established by the differential absorption method using thermo-luminescent detectors (time-integrated spectra) or plastic scintillators (time-resolved spectra). The average energy of X-ray photons is 40 keVx^av<50 keV (20 keV⩽E _x⩽170 keV) and remains quasi-constant during the main part of the pulse (~40 ns). The electron energy that can produce such bremsstrahlung radiation is in the range of 95 keV⩽E_e⩽170 keV. However, time-resolved experiments reveal that at each instant of time only one energy of electron beam occurs. The aforementioned radiation characteristics reveal new potentials for the plasma-focus machine for a variety of applications. Some insight into the physics behind production mechanism of quasi-monoenergetic relativistic-electron beams will be concurrently reviewed     

Investigations of the mega-ampere multiwire X pinch

The results of experimental investigations into the dynamics of a plasma produced in the multiwire X pinch at currents up to 2.3 MA are presented. The materials, diameters, and the number of wires are varied. At such currents, the power of the soft x-ray radiation with the photon energy from 1 to 2 keV increases to 120 GW, and, since the size of a hot spot is less than 20 μm, it corresponds to a source brightness of ～10¹⁵ W/(cm² sr). The energy recorded in lines of neon-like molybdenum (in the range of 2.5–3 keV) is higher than 10 J. Hard x-ray radiation detected in experiments with tungsten and molybdenum X pinches has the photon energy ≥800 keV.     

1064nm纳秒激光对石墨烯的损伤效应研究

通过化学气相沉积法制备,并转移到基片得到1~3层石墨烯样品。利用霍尔效应及微区拉曼光谱测量,结合光学显微镜观察,分析了不同层数石墨烯在1064nm纳秒激光辐照下的损伤特性。实验发现1~3层石墨烯的激光损伤阈值依次降低,分别为:单层0.45J/cm2,2层0.34J/cm2,3层0.23J/cm2。激光强度超过阈值时,石墨烯薄膜电阻增大,载流子迁移率降低。通过光学显微镜观察发现局部区域破损,破损区域的拉曼光谱中1580cm-1左右的G峰和2700cm-1左右的2D峰高度比发生变化。实验结果表明1064nm纳秒激光辐照石墨烯主要为剥离作用。