Measurement of non-monotonous phase changes in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using a correlation method without a temporal carrier

Recently, a phase evaluation method was proposed to measure nanometric displacements by means of digital speckle pattern interferometry when the phase change introduced by the deformation is in the range [0,π) rad. This method is based on the evaluation of a correlation coefficient between two speckle interferograms generated by both deformation states of the object. In this paper, we present a novel technique to measure non-monotonous displacements in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using a correlation method without a temporal carrier. In this approach, the sign ambiguity is resolved automatically due to the introduction of a function that determines the correct sign of the displacement between two consecutive speckle interferograms. The rms phase errors introduced by the proposed method are determined using computer-simulated speckle interferograms. An application of the phase retrieval method to process experimental data is also presented.     

Comparison between instantaneous and integral intensities in dynamic speckle pattern interferometry

A new speckle measurement technique called temporal speckle pattern interferometry or time sequential speckle pattern interferometry has been developed recently. Its principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object deformation or displacement, the whole-field displacement, the amplitude of the vibrating object and the shape of the tested object can be calculated through speckle intensity fluctuation scanning technique or Fourier-transforming method. In this paper, we combine the analytical and numerical methods to simulate the properties of the time demodulation in temporal speckle patterns interferometry techniques. The performance of three kinds of temporal phase sequences, power, exponential and harmonic phase sequences, are studied with the parameters of temporal speckle intensity fluctuation, the value of the spatial phase term, optical integral time of the recording camera and the initial phase of the temporal speckle intensities. The results indicate that the normalized value and period change of the instantaneous intensity are nearly coincident with that of the integral intensity for the harmonic temporal phase sequences and are different for the power and exponential temporal phase sequences.     

Continual deformation analysis with scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry

If a laser beam illuminates a continual deformation object surface, it will lead to a temporal speckle pattern on the observation plane. Recording this time-dependent speckle pattern the deformation of the surface of an object can be obtained. Two methods, scanning phase method (SPM) and time sequence phase method (TSPM), have been introduced for measuring the displacement caused by the deformation in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). Their principle is that by capturing a series of speckle interference patterns related to the object deformations, the fluctuations in the intensity of the interference patterns can be obtained. Through scanning these fluctuations and estimating both the average intensity and modulation of the temporal speckle interference patterns, the phase maps for whole-field displacements are calculated. In this way one is capable of quantitatively measuring continual displacements simply using a conventional electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system without phase shifting or a carrier. The elaboration on the new methods is given in this paper and experiments are performed to demonstrate their performance with a conventional ESPI system.     

运动变形表面在相干光照明下的自由空间散斑位移分布

物体表面在一束相干光照明下的空间散斑位移场分布对于分析物体表面状态及位移、变形等信息具有重要意义。本文应用散斑场的相关方法与散斑相移技术得到了物体表面位移及变形参量与自由空间衍射场散斑位移的一般关系,给出了这种一般关系的简化与分离条件,并对物体平移、转动及热加载条件下的蜂窝结构进行了实验。     

时间序列散斑干涉技术研究及应用

当用相干激光照射在一个连续位移或变形的漫射物体表面时,在与参考光形成干涉的接收面上即产生一随时间变化的散斑干涉场通过对这一干涉场的时间域进行分析,可实现时变位移场的定量检测本文介绍了基本时间序列散斑干涉场的扫描相位方法和时间序列相位法的相位函数解调原理,探讨了它们的计量特性,并将其用于火箭固体燃料性能的检测.     

基于单幅数字散斑投影及图像相关的离面振动测量

采用单幅数字散斑图投影及高速数字图像采集技术,研究了动态离面位移的测量。采用商用液晶投影仪将计算机产生的模拟散斑图投影到待测动态变形物体表面,由高速数字图像采集设备摄取并保存变形散斑图,采用时间序列数字图像相关软件计算出物体表面各点随时间变化的离面位移。这种方法用于振动分析时不仅可以获得振型分布,而且还可以获得各点的振幅值。与现有的激光频闪照相测振及激光多普勒测振等方法相比,具有光学系统简单,可全场定量测量。悬臂梁振动实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

基于剪切散斑干涉技术的物体变形动态检测

为使仅适用于静态测量的空间相移剪切散斑干涉系统可用于物体变形的动态测量,在对传统剪切散斑干涉系统加以改进的基础上,提出一种物体变形动态检测方法。将检测系统中的压电陶瓷控制器用参考镜代替,减少了物理装置控制与执行的时间。对于物体发生变形的同一状态,仅需采集一幅干涉图像即可满足后期计算,加以二维连续小波滤波和最小二乘相位解包算法,能满足物体变形动态在线检测的需求。理论和实测实验表明,该方法能快速可靠地检测出物体动态形变,整个系统的最大误差范围在-1.5 rad~1.5 rad之间,整个检测过程最大误差百分比为6.4%,有较高的精度和实用性,为新型剪切散斑干涉测量系统的改进和设计提供参考。     

时间序列散斑干涉场中相位函数的计算

散斑干涉或电子散斑干涉计量应用于连续运动或变形物体时,就会产生一个时变的散斑干涉场,通过摄像系统连续地采集这一时变散斑场,可获得一系列时间序列散斑干涉图,通过对序列散斑图上各点在时间轴上光强值的变化进行分析,提出了一种基于时间序列的分析方法,用以提取干涉场的相位值,进而获得物体全场变形信息。     

Speckle interferometry for measurement of continuous deformations

Improvements of a method for measurement of continuous displacements and deformations with digital phase shifting speckle pattern interferometry are presented. The method is based on an algorithm that, with the knowledge of the initial phase, only needs one image at a time to evaluate continuos phase changes due to object deformations. In the improved method, the initial random phase of the speckle pattern is evaluated using a number of phase-shifted images before the deformation under study. This is used for increasing the accuracy of the initial phase estimation and reducing influences from image noise and other measurement disturbances. The phase-shifted speckle patterns are used as references for comparison with the speckle patterns of the deformed object, thereby increasing the reliability and accuracy of the phase estimations of the deformed patterns. The technique can be used for measuring deformations such as transients and other dynamic events, heat expansion as well as other phenomena where it is difficult to accomplish phase shifting during deformation.     

Wavelet analysis of digital shearing speckle patterns with a temporal carrier

Shearography is an optical technique allows direct measurement of deflection derivatives. This paper presents a novel temporal phase analysis technique based on wavelet transform when shearography is applied to measure a continuously deforming object. A series of shearing speckle patterns is captured by a high-speed camera during the deformation. To avoid the phase ambiguity problem, a temporal carrier is generated by a piezoelectrical transducer (PZT) stage in one beam of the modified Michelson interferometer. The intensity variation of each pixel on recorded images is then analyzed along time axis by a robust mathematical tool - complex Morlet wavelet transform. After the temporal carrier is removed, the absolute phase change representing the first-order derivative of the continuous deformation is obtained without the need of temporal or spatial phase unwrapping process. The results obtained by wavelet transform are compared with those from temporal Fourier transform.     

Low-frequency harmonic vibration analysis with temporal speckle pattern interferometry

In this paper, the time sequence phase method (TSPM) has been applied to measure the displacement caused by low-frequency vibration in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). The principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object vibration, the whole-field displacement responses (amplitude and phase) of the vibrating object can be calculated through scanning these fluctuations. Thus, quantitative measurement can be carried out using a conventional ESPI system without a camera synchronized to the object vibration or a phase shifting system. The elaboration on the method is given and experimental results are presented.     

Contrast enhanced and phase controlled stroboscopic additive fibre optic TV-holography for whole field out-of-plane vibration analysis

A new technique for real-time contrast enhancement and phase control of fringes in additive Stroboscopic TV-holography applied to out-of-plane vibration analysis and its implementation on a fibre-optic electronic speckle pattern interferometer (FOESPI) are presented. Synchronous Stroboscopic illumination, firing two pulses per object vibration period, is combined with simultaneous inter-pulse (high frequency) and inter-frame (low frequency) phase modulation in the reference arm of the ESPI yielding a sequence of frames (interferograms) that are grabbed and processed in real-time. With this technique both speckle and fringe phases are independently controlled by means of the parameters of modulation enabling speckle contrast inversion, as required to enhance the visibility of fringes by sequential subtraction, as well as dynamic fringe phase shifting to solve peakvalley ambiguities.     

Matched data storage in ESPI by combination of spatial phase shifting with temporal phase unwrapping

We combine the spatial phase-shifting technique with the real-time fringe counting capability of temporal phase unwrapping to provide simple solutions for some practical tasks in ESPI. First, we develop a method for automatically matched data storage intervals and apply this technique to a long-term observation of a biological object with strongly varying deformation rate. Second, we easily obtain on-line displacement and deformation data during the observation of a complexly structured discontinuous object.     

Particle Imaging Using a Transmission Wide‐Field Phase Confocal Microscope

A phase‐sensitive wide field transmission microscope, combining the advantages of both interferometric and confocal techniques, has been developed and applied to analysis of particulates, both in dry powder form and in suspensions. The microscope has also been used in detecting defects in crystals. Confocal operation is achieved by superimposing speckle illumination of a reference beam in a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer with a matched speckle pattern of the object beam. It is shown that the phase measurement enables particle size to be determined even when the particle is smaller than the focal spot size. The data acquisition time is below 1ms, making the system suitable for dynamic process measurement. The experimental results are in good agreement with modelled results giving rise to the possibility of simultaneous determination of both the size and refractive index of small particles.     

Dynamic phase evaluation in sparse-sampled temporal speckle pattern sequence

The rapid progress of modern manufacturing technology has posed stringent requirements for inspecting techniques for vibration characterization and dynamic testing. Because of its simplicity, accuracy, and whole-field character, speckle interferometry has served as one of the major techniques for dynamic measurement, where normally a dense-sampled temporal speckle sequence is captured for phase retrieval using Fourier or wavelet transforms. In this Letter, a method is proposed for phase evaluation of sparse-sampled speckle patterns when the sampling rate is lower than two points per temporal cycle. Dynamic experiments using a high-speed camera demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method for complicated wrapped phase retrieval in electronic/digital speckle pattern interferometry.     

Speckle interferometric technique to assess soap films

An speckle interferometric technique to monitor the thinning process of vertical soap film before the film rupture is presented. The interferometric arrangement consists in a double aperture pupil optical system which images an input diffuser. In a first step, a reference specklegram is stored in the computer buffer memory. Afterwards, the soap film is located in front of one pupil aperture, an uniform displacement of the diffuser is produced and a new speckle pattern is stored. The soap film status is characterized in terms of the changes that this dynamic phase object introduces in the correlation fringes obtained by applying a FFT algorithm to the resulting summed specklegram. This procedure is done in real time as far as the soap film evolves in the successive status. It is experimentally demonstrated that the soap film during drawing acts as a variable wedge. The correlation fringes behavior becomes an important tool to establish the wedge shaped soap film angle and the thickness variations.     

载频调制大剪切电子散斑干涉系统

大剪切电子散斑干涉技术不需要引入参考光，具有条纹质量好等特点。提出将干涉场的载频调制技术引入到大剪切电子散斑干涉中，可形成具有载频调制功能的新的电子散斑干涉系统。该系统具有对测量环境的隔振振动要求低，能方便定量求解物体的变形场等优点。首先讨论大剪切载频的调制机理，然后利用中心加载、周边固定的圆盘进行典型实验，设计了可用计算机控制且可对参考物进行精确偏转的步进电机系统，进而实现了对电子散斑干涉场的自动控制调制。最后，利用傅里叶变换法对调制条纹进行解调，解调出变形场的相位，并通过相位与位移的转换计算，得到精确的物体变形场。实验结果证明，该系统能够调制电子散斑干涉场，求解物体的位移场。     

Determination of curvature and twist by digital shearography and wavelet transforms

A new technique based on digital shearography for determining the transient curvature and twist of a continuously deforming object from a series of speckle patterns is presented. The intensity variation of each pixel is analyzed along the time axis by using a complex Morlet wavelet transform. The absolute sign of the phase variation is determined by introduction of a temporal carrier when the speckle patterns are captured by a high-speed camera. A high-quality spatial distribution of the deflection derivative is extracted at any instant without the need for temporal or spatial phase unwrapping. The continuous Haar wavelet transform is subsequently processed as a differentiation operator to reconstruct the instantaneous curvature and twist of a continuously deforming object.     

Velocity measurement using the time-space cross-correlation of speckle patterns

The vector velocity measurement of the in-plane object motion based on the dynamic properties of speckle patterns is conducted. The time-space cross-correlation function of speckle intensity variations is used to determine the magnitude and direction of the in-plane object velocity. Theoretical and experimental studies of the speckle correlation technique for the determination of the in-plane object velocity are discussed and the vector velocities of the diffuse object are displayed as a two-dimensional image.     

Measuring velocity of speckle fields with digital speckle pattern interferometry

We investigate a digital method for detecting the velocity of a diffusing object. The technique is based on Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI). A set of reference fringes is generated externally through the reference beam in a digital interferometer. As the object moves, subsequent frames are acquired and subtracted according to the normal DSPI procedure and stored. By means of the theory of first order speckle statistics applied to speckle intensity correlation, we relate the visibility variations in the reference fringes with the object velocity. Thus, by measuring the fringe visibility variation in the resulting DSPI stored frames the mean object velocity can be obtained. The theoretical results are experimentally verified.