差分吸收光谱仪测量上下限的确定

给出差分吸收光谱仪（DOAS）系统对测量上下限的确定方法,由于测量原理Beer-Lambert的线性适用范围限制了系统的测量上限,系统的噪声,被测气体的差分吸收截面以及测量的数据点数共同决定了系统的测量下限,通过理论分析与实际测量确定了DOAS系统的测量上下限。     

Error thresholds for quasispecies on dynamic fitness landscapes

In this paper we investigate error thresholds on dynamic fitness landscapes. We show that there exists both a lower and an upper threshold, representing limits to the copying fidelity of simple replicators. The lower bound can be expressed as a correction term to the error threshold present on a static landscape. The upper error threshold is a new limit that only exists on dynamic fitness landscapes. We also show that for long genomes and/or highly dynamic fitness landscapes there exists a lower bound on the selection pressure required for the effective selection of genomes with superior fitness independent of mutation rates, i.e. there are distinct nontrivial limits to evolutionary parameters in dynamic environments.     

Uncertainty principle limits on the cosmological constant

The identification of the cosmological constant term with the energy density of the vacuum enables lower and upper limits to be placed on its value. The upper limit arises from the constraint that the total zero-point energy, which also gravitates, should not dominate cosmological dynamics, while the lower limit can result from the operational requirement that the vacuum-energy shifts over atomic or nuclear scales be at least measurable over Hubble time scales.     

基于道路限速策略的规划路网噪声控制*

为缓解交通噪声污染,研究限速方案对噪声的影响,考虑道路限速策略下的阻抗函数,建立基于道路限速的随机用户均衡模型并实现路网交通分配,对规划路网在不同限速策略下的噪声控制规律进行研究。案例结果表明：道路限速控制对象应选取噪声影响道路;道路限速策略控制噪声的主要因素在于降低影响道路上出行车辆的出行速度,控制区域噪声值与路网总出行时间呈线性关系,道路限速80%的情况下,控制区域噪声和路网总出行时间分别降低2.94dB和增加0.66%;路网总噪声排放存在两种不同变化趋势,且与道路等级,绕行系数相关。研究可为从道路规划角度实现交通噪声控制提供有效参考。     

Contactless transport of matter in the first five resonance modes of a line-focused acoustic manipulator

The first five resonance modes for transport of matter in a line-focused acoustic levitation system are investigated. Contactless transport was achieved by varying the height between the radiating plate and the reflector. Transport and levitation of droplets in particular involve two limits of the acoustic forces. The lower limit corresponds to the minimum force required to overcome the gravitational force. The upper limit corresponds to the maximum acoustic pressure beyond which atomization of the droplet occurs. As the droplet size increases, the lower limit increases and the upper limit decreases. Therefore to have large droplets levitated, relatively flat radiation pressure amplitude during the translation is needed. In this study, using a finite element model, the Gor'kov potential was calculated for different heights between the reflector and the radiating plate. The application of the Gor'kov potential was extended to study the range of droplet sizes for which the droplets can be levitated and transported without atomization. It was found that the third resonant mode (H(3)-mode) represents the best compromise between high levitation force and smooth pattern transition, and water droplets of millimeter radius can be levitated and transported. The H(3)-mode also allows for three translation lines in parallel.     

Constraints on penguins from hadronic sum rules

We have derived an upper bound on the K-π transition amplitude of the penguin operator using hadronic sum rules. Combined with an anomalous-commutator contribution, this sets lower and upper limits on the physical K → 2π amplitude of the penguin operator. Applying this result to CP-violating effects, we find that the Gilman-Hagelin lower limit on ?′/? decreases by an order of magnitude.     

Principle of limitation of physical quantities and cyclic universe

A close study of Heisenberg uncertainty principles reveals many significant facts, and all four major physical quantities, energy, time, momentum and length, have both lower and upper limits. Now, many questions come up. What are these limits? Some answers may lead to the understanding of the development of our universe. What is the shortest limit of time? At the beginning of big bang, there exists a tremendously short time, the Planck time. This may be just the shortest time limit in our universe. The longest time limit might be the lifetime of our universe. The longest length might be the final diameter of our expanding universe. All these lead to a finite universe. Two more coupling formulae are formed for the other two pairs of physical quantities, mass and speed, thermal energy and temperature. These four physical quantities must also have limits. We already knew that speed has upper limit and temperature has lower limit. By these two formulae, Planck and Einstein equations are derived directly. Since most other physical quantities are somewhat related to these major physical quantities, it seems that there exists a principle of limitation of physical quantities. A quantitative sketch of big bang is described. It also shows that our universe will contract back to another big bang. The principle of limitation opens up some fields of investigation. It may bring nature back to the harmony and determined world described by classical physics.     

低杂波电流驱动的密度极限分析

用低杂波的可的性条件，参量不稳定条件和功率耦合谱分析了低杂波电流驱动。由于波的可近性条件限制耦合谱中平行相速度较大的波进入等离子体中心，参量不稳定性使平行相速度较低的波与离子相互作用，随着等离子体密度的增中，这些作用越来越明显，最终导致低杂波不能在中心与电子相互作用，驱动电流消失，这就是所谓密度极限。在本文建立的模型基础上的计算结果与实验结果符合较好。     

Energy limits imposed by two-photon absorption for pulse amplification in high-power semiconductor optical amplifiers

We study the combined effects of dynamic gain saturation and two-photon absorption on the amplification of short pulses in semiconductor optical amplifiers and show that two-photon absorption can saturate the amplifier gain and limit the output pulse energies even for amplifiers with large gain saturation energies. We discuss the upper limits for the pulse energies obtainable from semiconductor optical amplifiers in the presence of two-photon absorption and show that for single transverse mode waveguide amplifiers these upper limits can range from values as small as a few picojoules to several hundred picojoules for pulse widths in the 0.5 ps to 20 ps range, respectively.     

Poisson's ratio for polycrystals

Accepted views concerning Poisson's ratio for central-force polycrystals are amended. For pulycrystals the ratio can vary from 1/4, which is actually a lower limit. An upper limit of Poisson's ratio exists also. Both limits can be calculated from single-crystal elastic data. The limits correspond to Voigt's and Reuss's states of uniform local strain and of uniform local stress, respectively.     

干涉型光纤水听器数字化外差检测方法动态范围上限研究

阐述了干涉型光纤水听器外差检测的基本原理,对干涉型光纤水听器数字化外差检测方法动态范围上限进行了研究.理论分析了由外差频率决定的动态范围上限以及反正切、微分-交叉相乘(DCM)两种正交解调算法决定的动态范围上限,并进行了综合对比.分析结果表明,不同的外差频率所能达到的动态范围上限不同;相同的外差频率结合不同的正交解调算...     

An implementation of cellular automaton model for single-line train working diagram

According to the railway transportation system's characteristics, a new cellular automaton model for the single-line railway system is presented in this paper. Based on this model, several simulations were done to imitate the train operation under three working diagrams. From a different angle the results show how the organization of train operation impacts on the railway carrying capacity. By using the non-parallel train working diagram the influence of fast-train on slow-train is found to be the strongest. Many slow-trains have to wait in-between neighbouring stations to let the fast-train(s) pass through first. So the slow-train will advance like a wave propagating from the departure station to the arrival station. This also resembles the situation of a highway jammed traffic flow. Furthermore, the nonuniformity of travel times between the sections also greatly limits the railway carrying capacity. After converting the nonuniform sections into the sections with uniform travel times while the total travel time is kept unchanged, all three carrying capacities are improved greatly as shown by simulation. It also shows that the cellular automaton model is an effective and feasible way to investigate the railway transportation system.     

当量比对圆盘结构下旋转爆震波传播的影响

为研究反应物当量比对旋转爆震波传播过程的影响，在圆盘形旋转爆震发动机上进行H₂/air的旋转爆震实验研究，并统计分析了当量比对爆震波传播模态及参数的影响规律.实验结果表明，固定质量流率，同一种传播模态下，随着当量比的增大，爆震波的压力峰值及传播速度增大，且旋转爆震波的传播过程更加稳定.不同质量流率条件下，当量比对传播模态的影响规律不同.空气质量流率小于100 g/s时，旋转爆震波皆以单波模态传播.空气质量流率大于150 g/s时，随着当量比的增大，旋转爆震波的传播模态由单波模态向双波模态转变，再转变为不对称双波模态，最后又回到单波模态.并且在不对称双波模态中发现了低频振荡现象，振荡频率约为300 Hz.质量流率继续增大，燃烧室中发现了同向三波传播模态.随着质量流率的增加，双波模态的当量比下限降低，不对称双波模态的当量比上限增大，而双波与不对称双波模态的分界线受质量流率的影响较小.      

单模光纤激光极限功率的数值研究

对光纤激光极限功率的探索和其受限因素的分析, 有利于为大功率光纤激光器的发展提供理论依据和实验指导. 本文考虑热效应、光效应、非线性效应和抽运亮度等因素对光纤激光极限功率的影响, 分析了掺镱和掺铥光纤的极限功率和受限因素. 在此基础上, 结合激光在光纤中单模传输的条件, 计算了单模掺镱和掺铥光纤激光的极限功率. 计算结果表明, 在现有技术条件下, 使用常规的976 nm和793 nm激光二极管抽运, 单模掺镱和掺铥光纤激光的极限功率分别为4.2 kW和7.8 kW, 其中单模掺铥光纤激光的功率水平还远低于它的极限功率的原因是受抽运亮度的限制. 最后分析指出减小纤芯的数值孔径和改进少模光束的光束质量是提升单模光纤激光极限功率的重要途径.     

Formation and dissociation of dust molecules in dusty plasma

Dust molecules are observed in a dusty plasma experiment.By using measurements with high spatial resolution,the formation and dissociation of the dust molecules are studied.The ion cloud in the wake of an upper dust grain attracts the lower dust grain nearby.When the interparticle distance between the upper dust grain and the lower one is less than a critical value,the two dust grains would form a dust molecule.The upper dust grain always leads the lower one as they travel.When the interparticle distance between them is larger than the critical value,the dust molecule would dissociate.     

Stationary combustion regimes and extinction limits of one-dimensional stretched premixed flames in a gap between two heat conducting plates

Stationary combustion regimes, their linear stability and extinction limits of stretched premixed flames in a narrow gap between two heat conducting plates are studied by means of numerical simulations in the framework of one-dimensional thermal-diffusion model with overall one-step reaction. Various stationary combustion modes including normal flame (NF), near-stagnation plane flame (NSF), weak flame (WF) and distant flame (DF) are detected and found to be analogous to the same-named regimes of conventional counterflow flames. For the flames stabilized in the vicinity of stagnation plane at moderate and large stretch rates (which are NF, NSF and WF) the effect of channel walls is basically reduced to additional heat loss. For distant flame characterized by large flame separation distance and small stretch rates intensive interphase heat transfer and heat recirculation are typical. It is shown that in mixture content / stretch rate plane the extinction limit curve has ε-shape, while for conventional counterflow flames it is known to be C-shaped. This result is quite in line with recent experimental findings and is explained by extension of extinction limits at small stretch rates at the expense of heat recirculation. Analysis of the numerical results makes possible to reveal prime mechanisms of flame quenching on different branches of ε-shaped extinction limit curve. Namely, two upper limits are caused by stretch and heat loss. These limits are direct analogs of the upper and lower limits on conventional C-shaped curve. Two other limits are related with weakening of heat recirculation and heat dissipation to the burner. Thus, the present study provides a satisfactory explanation for the recent experimental observations of stretched flames in narrow channel.     

Traffic flow prediction based on BILSTM model and data denoising scheme

Accurate prediction of road traffic flow is a significant part in the intelligent transportation systems. Accurate prediction can alleviate traffic congestion, and reduce environmental pollution. For the management department, it can make effective use of road resources. For individuals, it can help people plan their own travel paths, avoid congestion, and save time. Owing to complex factors on the road, such as damage to the detector and disturbances from environment, the measured traffic volume can contain noise. Reducing the influence of noise on traffic flow prediction is a piece of very important work. Therefore, in this paper we propose a combination algorithm of denoising and BILSTM to effectively improve the performance of traffic flow prediction. At the same time, three denoising algorithms are compared to find the best combination mode. In this paper, the wavelet (WL) denoising scheme, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) denoising scheme, and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) denoising scheme are all introduced to suppress outliers in traffic flow data. In addition, we combine the denoising schemes with bidirectional long short-term memory (BILSTM) network to predict the traffic flow. The data in this paper are cited from performance measurement system (PeMS). We choose three kinds of road data (mainline, off ramp, on ramp) to predict traffic flow. The results for mainline show that data denoising can improve prediction accuracy. Moreover, prediction accuracy of BILSTM+EEMD scheme is the highest in the three methods (BILSTM+WL, BILSTM+EMD, BILSTM+EEMD). The results for off ramp and on ramp show the same performance as the results for mainline. It is indicated that this model is suitable for different road sections and long-term prediction.     

Upper limit on the transition temperature for non-ideal Bose gases

In this paper, we show that for a non-ideal Bose gas there exists an upper limit on the transition temperature above which Bose-Einstein condensation cannot occur regardless of the pressure applied. Such upper limits for some realistic Bose gases are estimated.     

A lower bound to the rate of mass loss from a circular binary system evolving via emission of gravitational waves and Roche lobe overflow of degenerate component

In a spin-conserved circular binary system which is emitting gravitational waves and losing mass by overflow of the Roche lobe of the less massive and degenerate component, we find that, if the mass exchange occurs on a time scale longer than the thermal time scale, then during the mass exchange phase the orbital period must increase, implying the existence of lower limits both to the rate of mass loss from the system and from the degenerate component and an upper limit to the angular momentum loss rate.     

Upper limit on the cross section for elastic neutralino-nucleon scattering in a neutrino experiment at the Baksan Underground Scintillator Telescope

The results of a neutrino experiment that involved 24.12 yr of live time of observation of muons from the lower Earth’s hemisphere with the aid of the Baksan Underground Scintillator Telescope are presented. In the problem of searches for a signal from the annihilation of dark matter in the Sun, an upper limit on the cross section for the elastic scattering of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) on a nucleon was obtained at a 90% confidence level from an analysis of data accumulated within 21.15 yr of live time of observation. A neutralino in a nonminimal supersymmetric theory was considered for a WIMP. The best limit at the Baksan Underground Scintillator Telescope on the cross section for spin-dependent neutralino interactionwith a proton corresponds to 3×10^?4 pb for the neutralino mass of 210 GeV/c ². This limit is three orders of magnitude more stringent than similar limits obtained in experiments that detected directly WIMP scattering on target nuclei.