光子灯笼模分复用系统MIMO-free高速传输实验

为考察无需多输入多输出模分复用系统的高速信号传输能力,采用模式选择光子灯笼型模式复用/解复用器构建了2×100 Gb/s双偏振正交相移键控模分复用通信实验系统,系统中用到的少模偏振控制器状态可由LP₀₁和LP_11b两个模式信道的信串比参数准确表征。测试了系统误码率与信串比关系,实现两个信道纠后无误码传输的条件为信串比约大于8 dB。当两个信道的信串比分别为14.25 dB和13.81 dB时,与背对背收发系统相比,纠后无误码阈值(10^-2)的接收光功率代价分别为1.40 dB和4.76 dB。分析了光纤衰减、偏振模色散和模式串扰对高速传输系统的影响,估算了串扰受限系统可支持的少模光纤传输距离约为30 km。     

低差分模式群时延少模光纤的变分法分析及优化

基于少模光纤的模分复用技术可使传输容量增加数倍,是目前光纤通信系统的研究热点.当复用模式数量较多时,模式之间的串扰可在接收端采用多输入多输出数字信号处理算法解决.差分模式群时延(DMGD,DMGD)越大,算法复杂度越高,为了降低接收机的复杂度需要使用低DMGD的少模光纤.本文提出了使用变分法分析任意芯层折射率高于包层的少模光纤,推导出了这类光纤中基模的模斑尺寸、各个模式归一化传播常数、相对于基模的DMGD的解析表达式,以及它们与归一化频率和光纤制造参数的关系.在此基础上,以梯度型少模光纤为研究对象,优化了光纤参数,得到能够传输前6个LP模,在C和L波段|τ_DMGD|<15 ps/km的少模光纤的优化参数为:最大芯层折射率与包层折射率之差n₁-n₂=0.01,纤芯半径a=14μm,折射率分布指数α=1.975.最后讨论了光纤制造误差对DMGD的影响.     

32.768 Tbit/s净速率1000km长少模光纤波分复用系统

为了满足日益增长的数据需求,实现“超大容量、超长距离”通信,结合波分复用、偏振复用、模式复用3种复用技术,演示了一个少模光纤传输系统。实验生成符合ITU-T标准的80个通道,利用两个正交偏振及LP11a、LP11b两个模式,在最长达1000 km的少模光纤上传输32 GBaud的16QAM信号。为了减少色散效应和严重的偏振间、模间串扰产生的影响,在接收端数字信号处理（DSP）中,采用基于时域和频域的多输入多输出（MIMO）均衡解复用技术,显著提升系统性能。实验结果表明,经500/1000 km的少模光纤传输,系统的比特误码率（BER）分别能满足7%低密度奇偶校验码（LDPC）硬判决门限（3.8×10-3）和25%LDPC软判决门限（4.2×10-2）。当少模光纤传输距离为1000 km时,系统实现的净速率为32.768 Tbit/s,属于国内领先水平。     

具有四模式的低串扰及大群时延多芯微结构光纤的设计

针对光纤空分复用及模分复用传输系统中大容量和耦合串扰问题, 本文提出了一种具有四模式特性低串扰及大群时延的大容量多芯微结构光纤, 通过有限元法计算该光纤电磁场分布进而对其他参数进行分析. 结果表明: 合理的选定光纤结构参数, 可使得该光纤在C+L波段内同时实现19芯的LP₀₁, LP₁₁, LP₂₁, LP₀₂四个偏振模式的传输. 同时, 利用空气孔对电磁场较好的隔离作用来优化芯间串扰并得到较大的模式差分群时延及较为平坦的色散. 此外, 这种结构的光纤制作简单, 在短距离大容量的信息传递系统中具有重要应用.     

偏分复用系统中偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用一体化方案

本文建立了偏分复用系统中偏振模色散与信号偏振态变化引起信道串扰的数学模型, 分析了偏振模色散对偏分复用信道射频功率的影响, 并提出了适用于偏分复用系统的光域偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用同时进行的方案: 用信道的射频功率作为反馈控制信号, 监测链路中偏振模色散和偏振态变化引起的信道串扰的大小, 用改进的粒子群优化算法对偏振控制器进行自适应控制, 同时完成偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用. 在112 Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交相移键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统中仿真验证了该方案的有效性. 结果表明该方案可以使112 Gb/s-PDM-DQPSK传输系统完成自适应偏分解复用的同时, 在1 dB的光信噪比代价下, 使系统对偏振模色散的容忍度提高20 ps. 关键词： 偏分复用系统 信道串扰 偏振模色散 偏分解复用     

模式耦合对模分复用同传系统中量子误码率的影响

基于少模光纤模分复用的量子—经典信号同传方案中,光纤内的模式耦合效应会导致信道间发生串扰,造成误码。为此,构建了少模光纤分段化链路模型,研究了光纤拼接误差导致的模式耦合强度大小,并在此基础上推导了存在模式耦合时系统的量子误码率(QBER)公式。通过比较各模式所受到的耦合强度,确定该同传方案中量子信号的最优传输模式;进一步讨论了不同纤芯轴向偏移距离、扭转角度和光纤长度对系统QBER的影响。结果表明,这三个影响链路模式耦合强弱的因素都与QBER成正相关,光纤拼接误差较小的短距离量子—经典信号模分复用同传系统可有效降低QBER。     

基于概率成形和交织编码的少模光纤传输系统

对于少模光纤的理论模型分析尚未完善,采用光纤段的位移和旋转理论建立了少模光纤信道模型,该模型综合考虑了模式串扰和差分模时延等因素。为了提高系统性能,研究了采用概率成形和交织编码对信号传输性能的影响。仿真结果表明,16阶QAM（Quadrature Amplitude Modul）信号经过长为50 km的少模光纤传输后,在前向纠错极限为3.8×10^-3的情况下,光信噪比需求降低了3 dB,而且有效提升了传输距离。     

基于高折射率液体填充的花瓣形微结构光纤可调滤模特性

提出一种新型的可调滤模光纤结构,利用纤芯模式与微结构包层形成的超模群之间的耦合实现选择性滤模,采用花瓣形包层结构使包层中传输的模式更容易产生高的泄漏损耗;提出以液体填充包层介质柱,使包层形成的超模群有效折射率区间可以通过环境温度来调节,从而达到可调选择性滤模目的.利用液体柱的LP11模所形成的超模群,有效增大了其工作带宽和温度调谐范围.数值模拟结果表明,采用长度仅为71.4 mm的滤模光纤,可以使特定的抑制模式损耗达到20 dB以上,而其他模式损耗均在1 dB以下.提出的光纤可以在少模光纤传输系统中作为滤模器使用,以降低模式转换器、复用器/解复用器以及光开关和光路由等的模式串扰.     

基于MIMO神经网络均衡的16QAM模分-波分复用相干传输系统

提出了一种基于神经网络的多输入多输出（MIMO）均衡器,并在大容量模分-波分复用通信系统中进行了实验验证。该系统基于6模掺铒光纤放大器实现了16通道波分复用双极化48 Gbaud 16阶正交振幅调制（16QAM）,在LP01、LP02、LP11a、LP11b、LP21a、LP21b六种模式上传输了100 km少模光纤（FMF）。为降低非线性的影响,在接收端数字信号处理中,采用基于多标签技术的MIMO神经网络均衡器,能够显著提升系统性能。实验结果表明,经100 km的FMF传输,MIMO神经网络均衡器的强大性能使得系统的比特误码率能满足15%软判决前项纠错阈值要求。     

偏分复用系统信道串扰的理论模型及消除方案

建立了偏分复用(PDM)系统中信道串扰的数学模型,并提出了消除该串扰的方案,即用解复用端一路光信号的射频(RF)功率作为反馈信号以监测光信号在链路中偏振态的变化和在接收端的串扰情况,用粒子群优化(PSO)算法作为逻辑控制单元的算法,控制偏振控制器以消除信道间的串扰。数值仿真了RF功率与信道串扰大小之间的关系,并在2×50Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交移相键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统平台上仿真验证了消除串扰方案的效果。结果表明该方案能够大幅降低系统误码率,改善系统性能。     

Mode division multiplexing: from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission [Invited]

To overcome the capacity crunch of optical communications based on the traditional single-mode fiber(SMF), different modes in a few-mode fiber(FMF) can be employed for mode division multiplexing(MDM). MDM can also be extended to photonic integration for obtaining improved density and efficiency, as well as interconnection capacity. Therefore, MDM becomes the most promising method for maintaining the trend of "Moore's law" in photonic integration and optical fiber transmission. In this tutorial, we provide a review of MDM works and cutting-edge progresses from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission, including our recent works of MDM low-noise amplification, FMF fiber design, MDM Si photonic devices, and so on. Research and application challenges of MDM for optical communications regarding long-haul transmission and short reach interconnection are discussed as well. The content is expected to be of important value for both academic researchers and industrial engineers during the development of next-generation optical communication systems,from photonic chips to fiber links.     

Recent progress in optical devices for mode division multiplex transmission system

The idea of adopting the space domain as the next frontier for optical communication has received increasing attention in the last few years. Optical devices are the integral parts of a mode division multiplexing (MDM) transmission. Therefore, conducting an intensive study on the devices is paramount to the successful realization of the overall system. This paper presents a review of the recent advances in the inline components of an MDM system, consisting of mode converters, spatial (de) multiplexers, optical amplifiers, and few-mode fibers (FMFs). Also presented are different mode conversion and multiplexing schemes. Recent techniques of minimizing differential mode gain (DMG) in the optical amplifiers are also reviewed. The review covers other types of amplification schemes and their current standing in the MDM system. These include optical semiconductor amplifiers (OSAs), and the Raman amplifiers (RAs). Finally, the review also highlights the role of FMF, multicore fiber and their relationship with fan-in/fan-out devices.     

Characterization of distributed mode crosstalk in few-mode fiber links with low MIMO complexity

We theoretically model and numerically analyze the linear behavior of distributed mode crosstalk in a step-index weakly-coupled 7-mode fiber. This fiber is assumed to be used for one-polarization uncoupled mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems with: (1) sparse MIMO equalizers which are performed over only degenerate LP modes, or (2) one single differential mode delay-independent MIMO equalizer which is performed over all non-degenerate LP modes. For the above two low-complexity MIMO configuration schemes, the impacts of distributed mode coupling on the multi-path interference-dependent achievable distance and system quality are empirically evaluated, through the numerical simulations for uncoupled MDM transmissions of a single-channel 28 GBaud QPSK signal over the fiber.     

Spectral efficient hybrid wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN) based on transmission of wireless MIMO OFDM signals over WDM PON

In this paper, a spectral efficient hybrid wireless optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is proposed and demonstrated based on the transmission of wireless multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) signals over wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM PON). By using radio over fiber (ROF) techniques, the optical fiber is well adapted to propagate multiple wireless services having different carrier frequencies. It is a known fact that multiple wireless signals having the same carrier frequency cannot propagate over a single optical fiber at the same time, such as MIMO signals feeding multiple antennas in fiber wireless (FiWi) system. A novel optical single-sideband frequency translation technique is designed and simulated to solve this problem. This technique allows four pairs of wireless MIMO OFDM signals with the same carrier frequency for each pair to be transmitted over a single optical fiber by using one optical source per wavelength. The crosstalk between the different MIMO channels with the same frequency is eliminated, since each channel is upconverted on specified wavelength with enough channel spacing between them. Also the maximum crosstalk level between the different MIMO channels with different frequencies is very low around ?76 dB. The physical layer performance of the proposed WOBAN is analyzed in terms of the bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The proposed WOBAN achieves 7.68 Gb/s data rate for 20 km for the optical back-end and 240 Mb/s for the outdoor wireless front-end.     

空分复用光纤研究综述

在多媒体和数据应用程序快速扩展和驱动骨干网带宽需求量迅速增长的网络背景下,时分、波分、偏分复用技术与多级调制方式结合,使得大容量传输系统中单模光纤容量快速接近香农理论极限。空分复用(SDM)技术可以突破该限制,为未来光纤容量增长提供新的解决方案。通过讨论多芯光纤、少模/多模光纤和少模多芯光纤三种SDM技术方案,详细介绍了SDM光纤的研究进展及研究方法,同时对三种光纤方案进行对比,阐明了各种方案的优劣性。     

低差分模式时延少模光纤的有限元分析及设计

针对少模光纤展开研究, 利用Comsol软件计算其模场分布、有效折射率, 进而分析光纤的差分模式时延. 通过分析不同结构参量对模式数量和差分模式时延的影响, 设计出了两种低差分模式时延的少模光纤, 即带有外下陷的渐变式光纤和多阶少模光纤. 波长在1530–1570 nm 范围内, 带有外下陷的渐变式光纤支持四模传输, LP₁₁, LP₂₁, LP₀₂模式的差分模式时延的绝对值小于0.015 ps·m^-1; 多阶少模光纤支持两模传输, LP₁₁的差分模式时延低于0.185 ps·m^-1. 两种少模光纤均具有良好的差分模式时延特性, 适于在模分复用技术中应用.     

直接检测光OFDM系统中的偏振相关损耗研究

对于高速光传输,直接检测的光正交频分复用系统（direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, DDO-OFDM）中的偏振相关损耗（polarization dependent loss, PDL）与偏振模色散相互作用,对系统传输带来较大影响。对DDO-OFDM系统中PDL与一阶PMD作用机理和数学模型进行了分析,并通过数字仿真加以验证。结果表明:在PDL与PMD联合作用下,对OFDM信号幅度及相位均产生影响,通过发送导频序列可有效实现信号均衡;由于输出偏振态随频率产生旋转,PMD效应一定程度上缓解PDL所致系统损伤,差分群时延为50 ps条件下,以10 Gb/s的速率在单模光纤传输480 km,DDO-OFDM系统Q值提高约0.8 dB。     

基于少模光纤的全光纤熔融模式选择耦合器的设计及实验研究

提出了三种基于少模光纤的全光纤熔融模式选择耦合器. 根据模式匹配原理采用单模光纤与少模光纤熔融连接方式, 运用耦合模理论及光束传播法模拟分析了模式选择耦合器的结构参数对模式选择及耦合特性的影响, 实现了单模光纤中基模到少模光纤中不同阶模式的转换, 以满足不同的应用需求. 实验上以2× 2熔融光纤耦合器为例, 采用对称和非对称熔融拉锥方式, 分别实现了从基模到LP₁₁, LP₂₁模式的转换. 实验结果表明所得到的LP₁₁, LP₂₁模式在1530–1560 nm的波长带宽范围内均有较高的模式纯净度, 且模式耦合效率高于80%, 与理论模拟结果基本一致.     

Multi-input multi-output underwater communications over sparse and frequency modulated acoustic channels

This paper addresses multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications over sparse acoustic channels suffering from frequency modulations. An extension of the recently introduced SLIM algorithm, which stands for sparse learning via iterative minimization, is presented to estimate the sparse and frequency modulated acoustic channels. The extended algorithm is referred to as generalization of SLIM (GoSLIM). The sparseness is exploited through a hierarchical Bayesian model, and because GoSLIM is user parameter free, it is easy to use in practical applications. Moreover this paper considers channel equalization and symbol detection for various MIMO transmission schemes, including both space-time block coding and spatial multiplexing, under the challenging channel conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated using in-water experimental measurements recently acquired during WHOI09 and ACOMM10 experiments.