Strong curvature naked singularities in non-self-similar gravitational collapse

It is shown that strong curvature naked singularities form in a non-self-similar gravitational collapse of radiation. The imploding radiation space-times with a general form of mass function are analyzed and we show that a strong curvature property holds along all families of non-spacelike geodesies terminating at the singularity in past. In view of the strength of singularity and the non-self-similar nature of space-time, we believe this is a very serious counter-example which must be taken into account for any possible formulation of the cosmic censorship hypothesis.This essay received the fourth award from the Gravity Research Foundation, 1991 — Ed.     

A multifractal study of wave functions in 1-D quasicrystals

Using multifractal analysis we study extended, self-similar and non-self-similar type of wave functions in the Fibonacci model. Extended states arising due to commutation of transfer matrices for certain blocks of atoms in quasiperiodic systems are shown to have the same signature as the Bloch states in terms of the singularity spectrum withf(α)=α=1. Numerically, however, the extended states show a typical multifractal behaviour for finite chain lengths. Finite size scaling corrections yield results consistent with that obtained analytically. The self-similar states at the band edges show a multifractal behaviour and they are energy dependent in the case of blocks of atoms arranged in a Fibonacci sequence. For non-self-similar states we obtain a non-monotonic behaviour off(α) as a function of the chain length. We also show that in cases where extended states exist, the cross-over from extended to non-self-similar states in gradual.     

Experimental and computational visualization and frequency measurements of the jet oscillation inside a fluidic oscillator

PIV measurements and computational simulations (2D, unsteady Navier-Stokes) are performed to visualize the inherently unsteady jet oscillation inside a fluidic oscillator. Both the measurements and computations are obtained for a jet exit Reynolds number of 321, based on the maximum velocity and the nozzle width at the jet exit plane. The computed jet oscillation frequency is in close agreement with the measured PIV frequency. Formation of a pressure gradient across the jet is observed from the computations. The variation of the jet oscillation frequency with jet exit Reynolds number is also determined by single sensor hot-wire measurements inside the oscillation chamber.     

不同电极结构下双通道大气压He等离子体射流数值研究

采用二维轴对称流体模型对单电极结构（不锈钢针管）和双电极结构（不锈钢针管-高压环形电极）下同轴双通道进气的大气压氦气等离子体射流进行了对比研究。研究表明:相比于单电极结构,双电极结构下射流的传播速度明显降低,介质管内尤为严重。同时双电极结构下射流的空间结构也发生了显著变化。在单电极结构下,随射流发展由环形中空结构转变为实心圆盘结构;而在双电极结构下则呈现出实心圆盘结构至环形中空结构再至实心圆盘结构的演化过程,改善了射流空间分布的均匀性。此外,还研究了双电极结构下高压环形电极厚度对射流的影响。研究表明,随环形电极厚度的增加,射流的传播速度进一步降低,射流通道径向收缩,同时环形中空结构的射流内径减小,进而改善了射流径向分布的均匀性。     

Blowout limits of inclined nonpremixed turbulent jet flames

The blowout behavior of inclined nonpremixed turbulent jet flames is investigated by varying the jet inclined angle in the range of -90° to 90° The critical jet velocity at blow-out limit is quantified experimentally for various nozzle diameters, different fuels and inclined angles. Numerical simulations are performed to emphasize the flow field difference for the positive and negative inclined angles. Physical modeling is conducted to incorporate the effect of the inclined angle on blow-out behavior. Major findings include: (1) The negatively inclined jet flames show more intense yellow luminosity with larger sooting zones than the positively inclined jet flames; (2) The blowout limit decreases appreciably with the jet inclined angle for the negatively inclined flames, while for the positively inclined jet flames, this decrease is relatively small; (3) Physical analysis of the flow development of inclined jets is conducted, indicating the centerline velocity along the jet trajectory decreases faster for the flame with smaller inclined angle. And the decrease rate is relatively larger for the negatively inclined jet flames; (4) Based on the analysis of the flow development as well as the characteristic velocity with the inclined angle variation, a model based on the Damköhler number (Da) accounting for the effect of jet inclined angle is developed to characterize the blowout limits of inclined jet flames. The proposed model successfully correlates the experimental data. The present findings provide new data and a basic scaling law for the blowout limit of nonpremixed inclined turbulent jet flames, revealing the effect of the relative angle between the jet momentum and buoyancy.     

两电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性研究

采用放电测量和高速阴影技术对两电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性进行了系统实验研究.实验表明:激励器工作击穿电压和放电峰值电流随激励器所处环境压强的降低和放电频率的增大而减小,激励器腔体内的放电过程为火花电弧放电.典型的等离子体合成射流流场包含有一道前驱激波和一股呈蘑菇状的高速射流.在整个射流发展过程中,前驱激波以当地声速恒速传播,不随激励器条件的改变而变化,波的强度则随着激励器出口直径的减小、腔体体积的增大、环境压强的降低和放电频率的升高而减小.激励器腔体体积和放电频率的增加会降低腔内气体的加热效果,并减小射流速度.激励器出口直径和环境压强对射流速度的影响按规律变化且存在最佳值.本文实各验条件下激励器都产生了明显的前驱激波和高速射流,具有实现高速流场主动流动控制的应用潜能.     

Anode jet in a high-current vacuum arc

A stable intense jet with a clear-cut bright sheath has been detected on the anode of a 10-ms-long high-current vacuum arc with a current amplitude of 15 kA. The jet is adjacent to the hot spot of a molten metal on the anode surface. The primary light of the jet is emitted by neutrals. The sheath of the jet is surrounded by an ion-induced diffuse glow. The anode jet arises from interaction between the cathode and anode plasmas. Because of this, the size of the jet inversely depends on the current of the arc and the jet becomes observable only by the end of the current pulse. This object (anode jet with a bright sheath) is well reproducible when the arc is initiated between copper-chromium electrodes. In the case of pure copper electrodes, such objects occur randomly and appear at long projections of the molten metal, where heat release is hampered, and at large drops moving in the interelectrode gap. This means that the anode evaporation intensity is crucial for the appearance of bright-sheath jets.     

电弧等离子体射流核脉动及射流卷吸的实验研究

湍流是电弧等离子体射流中典型的物理现象之一。以往的研究认为，射流存在一个处于层流状态的核心区域。采用电弧等离子体光谱诊断及数字高速摄影的方法对方法对常压电弧等离子体射流核进行了研究，采用傅里叶变换的方法分析了弧电压和射流光谱强度信号。结果发现，电源的交流分量和阳极弧点运动在整个射流核的脉动特性中都有体现，射流并不存在一个处于稳定状态的核心区域。相反，从谱线强度脉动图中可以看到，射流核的脉动是由电弧电压脉动造成的，这可能是射流核脉动的最主要原因。采用多元素谱线强度法研究了射流对空气的卷吸作用，并通过氮原子谱线强度确定了氮原子数密度在射流中的分布。     

The effect of modulated electric field on characteristic of SDBD-like plasma jet for surface modification

In this paper, the dynamics and flow behaviour of an atmospheric argon plasma jet was studied in the new nozzle structure similar to the surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) using the Schlieren imaging method. The effect of plasma jet driven by repetitive high-voltage microsecond pulses with low-frequency sinusoidal bias was measured qualitatively in a single mirror Schlieren optical system. The enhancement of plasma jet length and cross-section of plasma jet with surface in this condition is due to highly turbulent flow of argon plasma jet in this structure. This study revealed the important role of SDBD structure and modulated electric field on the behaviour of plasma jet in a high diameter nozzle. In practice, this technique allows us to increase the jet length of the nozzle output to 5 cm and under these conditions, the diameter of the plasma jet cross-section is increased to 8 mm, without increasing the electrical power consumption. Eventually, the hydrophilicity of the surface is also measured by the contact angle of a water droplet that decreases from 78° to 8° after surface treatment, implying we were able to reach a super-hydrophilic surface with this plasma jet structure.     

单针与针-板喷枪放电特性的比较研究

通过光学与电学测量,对大气压氩气中运行的单针喷枪和针-板喷枪的放电特性进行了研究。结果表明两种喷枪产生等离子体的长度和截面积都随着外加电压峰值(U_p)的增大而增大。相同U_p下针-板喷枪等离子体截面积比单针喷枪大。相同U_p下针-板喷枪放电的外加电压比单针喷枪的低。通过采集两种喷枪放电的发射光谱,对其等离子体的电子温度和振动温度进行了比较。结果发现两种喷枪的电子温度和振动温度均随着U_p的增大而增大,且相同电压下针-板喷枪的温度高于单针喷枪。研究结果对大气压等离子体喷枪的工业应用具有重要价值。     

Mean and fluctuating velocity fields of a diamond turbulent jet

The present paper reports the first investigation on a turbulent jet issuing from a diamond orifice(hereafter termed a "diamond jet") with an aspect ratio of 1.7.Velocity measurements were conducted in the transitional region,and the exit Reynolds number of the jet was 50000.For comparison,a round jet with identical normalized boundary conditions was also measured.It is shown that the diamond jet decays and spreads faster than the round jet does over the measured flow region.The axis-switching phenomenon is observed in the diamond jet.Although both jets display primary coherent structures in the near field,these structures are found to break down more rapidly in the diamond jet,due to the higher three-dimensionality of the flow.Moreover,the streamwise components of the Reynolds normal stress and all the shear stresses reach their maxima around the location of the maximal mean shear while the maxima of the lateral components of the Reynolds normal stresses occur around the centreline of the jet.     

限流沿对撞壁射流近壁区混合过程影响的实验研究(一)

本文研究了射流气体撞壁后在放有条形障碍物(以下称之为限流沿)的壁面上的发展过程．实验发现：在限流沿高度合适的情况下，射流气体与限流沿相撞后会脱离壁面形成空间流动。其中，限流沿高度、射流入射角度是决定射流气体撞击限流沿后的发展过程的重要参数，限流沿的存在成功地防止了近壁处的浓混合气层的形成．     

基于蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面减阻性能研究

为了减小流体对固体壁面的阻力, 基于蚯蚓生物学特征, 对蚯蚓背孔射流特性进行分析, 建立仿蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面计算模型, 采用SST k-ω 湍流模型对仿生射流表面的减阻特性进行数值模拟, 同时对数值模拟结果进行实验验证, 并以此研究了仿蚯蚓背孔射流表面的减阻机理.结果表明, 在一定条件下, 仿蚯蚓背孔射流的仿生射流表面具有较好的减阻效果; 在同一射流方向角下, 随着射流速度的增加, 减阻率逐渐增大; 在同一射流速度下, 随着射流方向角的增加, 减阻率呈先减小后增大的变化趋势; 数值模拟与实验均在射流速度为1 m·s^-1、射流方向角为-30°时达到最大, 分别为8.69%, 7.86%; 射流表面改变了原有光滑壁面的边界层结构, 对壁面边界层进行了有效的控制, 减小了壁面的剪应力, 降低了壁面边界层的速度.     

利用介质阻挡探针法测量大气压氦等离子体射流电子密度

分别利用电子的漂移速度和等离子体的传播速度计算了大气压下氦等离子体射流的电子密度。     

Near-field acoustic characteristics of screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard reflecting plate

The standing wave in the near field of the screech jet exhausted from a nozzle with a hard plate works on the jet flow as the forcing wave by the location of a reflecting plate, and then jet flow is considered to be changed. Moreover, the reflector location from the nozzle changes the sound pressure contours of the near field. Intensity maps of the screech tone which indicate the propagation to the jet axial direction or the radial direction of the jet by the presence of the reflector plate have not been explored. In the present paper, acoustic characteristics in the near field of the screech tone with the reflecting plate are studied using an optical wave microphone, which can measure the sound propagating for both vertical and horizontal directions to the jet axis. As a result, the standing wave in the near field of the screech jet with the reflector has two types: One is the standing wave between the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation propagating jet downstream and the sound pressure propagating upstream, and the other is the standing wave by the difference between the wavelength of the sound wave and the wavelength at the place close to the jet.     

Flow visualization of a compound swirl jet with a thick rim

The conventional push-pull type ventilating system has two different functions: collection and ventilation. The entrainment flow of the jet is available for collecting suspended materials such as smoke, vapor and dust. In order to achieve more effective cleaning of dirty air, a compound swirl jet, which is composed of a coaxial annular swirl jet and a round free jet with a thick rim was proposed by the authors. A compound swirl flow has been shown to be very useful for the push-pull type ventilator by selecting the flow ratio of the annular swirl jet to the round free jet. As a fundamental study on the compound swirl flow, flow visualization was carried out using the smoke method to clarify the structure of the flow interaction between the round free jet and the annular swirl jet, respectively. As a result, a most suitable flow ratio for a push flow of the push-pull type ventilator was found to exist.     

Nonlinear corrections to the oscillation mode frequencies of an ideal liquid charged jet

An analytical asymptotic expression is derived for the time evolution of an ideal incompressible conducting liquid jet with a uniformly charged surface that moves with a constant velocity along the symmetry axis of an undisturbed cylindrical surface. The expression is obtained in the third order of smallness in jet oscillation amplitude under the conditions when the initial deformation of the equilibrium jet surface is specified by one (axisymmetric or nonaxisymmetric) mode. Analytical expressions are also found for the positions of internal nonlinear degenerate three-and four-mode resonances, which are typical of nonlinear corrections to the equilibrium shape of the jet, liquid velocity field potential in the jet, and electrostatic field near the jet, and also for a nonlinear frequency correction. It is established that the nonlinear oscillations of the jet take place about a surface depending on the type of initial (generally asymmetric) deformation rather than about the equilibrium cylindrical shape.     

Jet charge in high-energy nuclear collisions

The averaged jet charge characterizes the electric charge of the initiating parton and provides a powerful tool to distinguish quark jets from gluon jets.We predict,for the first time,the medium modification of the averaged jet charge in the heavy-ion collisions at the LHC,where jet productions in p+p collisions are simulated by PYTHIA6,and the parton energy loss in QGP is calculated with two Monte Carlo models of jet quenching:PYQUEN and JEWEL.We found that the distribution of averaged jet charge is significantly suppressed by initial state isospin effects due to the participation of neutrons with zero electric charge during nuclear collisions.The considerable enhancement of the averaged jet charge in central Pb+Pb collisions is observed relative to peripheral collisions,since the jet quenching effect is more pronounced in central collisions.The distinct feature of the averaged jet charge between quark and gluon jets,along with the sensitivity of medium modifications on the jet charge to flavor dependence of the parton energy loss,could be very useful to discriminate the energy loss pattern between quark and gluon jets in heavy-ion collisions.     

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The electron densities in the atmospheric pressure helium plasma were calculated by means of electron drift velocity and the jet velocity respectively. The electron velocity and jet velocity can be calculated by means of helium plasma jet current measured by a dielectric probe and plasma discharge current signal measured by voltage probes. The results show that the estimated electron densities of the helium plasma jet calculated from electron drift velocity and the jet velocity are in the order of 10 ¹¹ cm ^-3 and they increase with applied voltage. There is a little fluctuation in the value of the electron density along the jet axis of the plasma. This result is the same as the measured electron density in atmospheric pressure helium non-thermal plasma jet by using a Rogowski coil and a Langmuir probe. This is in one order lower than the electron density measured by microwave antenna.     

Prediction of jet noise in flight from static tests

The sound intensity of jet noise from aircraft in flight is derived in a co-ordinate system fixed to the jet engine. For this reason a convected form of the Lighthill equation is solved, with special care taken of jet temperature effects. Under certain assumptions and approximations, the in-flight and static sound intensities are related in a simple manner. Thus the directivity of jet noise in flight can be predicted. The theoretical result is checked with measurements. The agreement is remarkably good.