超声波多次回波反射法测量两相流密度实验研究

本文利用超声波在一侧壁面内的多次反射确定两相流的声阻抗值,从一侧壁面通过两相流到另一侧壁面再反射回来的二次回波时差确定两相流中声速,对这两个数据采用超声多次回波测量理论进行处理,可以得到两相流密度和浓度.不同浓度下的水煤浆实验结果表明,该方法测量得到的结果与珲论值较为吻合.并且超声波多次回波反射法的测量装置具有结构简单,非侵入式测量,实时处理数据以及不受超声发射功率影响等优势,适合高浓度两相流密度和浓度的在线测量.     

高密度超细颗粒高浓度悬浊液超声衰减的数值模拟分析

以拓展耦合相ECP理论模型为基础,通过对高浓度超细二氧化钛-水悬浊液和玻璃微珠-水悬浊液中超声衰减的数值计算分析,讨论了高密度差异颗粒两相介质在高浓度情况下,超声频率、颗粒粒径大小、颗粒浓度对超声波衰减的影响,为高密度超细颗粒在高浓度悬浊液中颗粒粒度和浓度的超声波测量提供理论支持。     

多频声衰减法测量低密度差异液固两相流粒径分布

针对低密度差异液固两相流的分散相粒径分布测量问题,提出多频超声衰减测量方法。以ECAH (Epstein Carhart Allegra Hawley theory)理论模型为基础,分析了不同物性参数对多频超声衰减的影响,建立了分散相粒径分布与多频超声衰减之间的理论关系,用于计算被测流体中超声衰减的理论预测值。通过构造实测多频衰减与待求粒径分布间的目标函数,将粒径分布的反演表示为优化问题,利用高斯量子粒子群算法对不同粒径颗粒浓度参数寻优,实现粒径分布的反演。以微米级聚苯乙烯颗粒与水制备的悬浮液作为研究对象,在搅拌条件下进行动态实验。实验结果表明,利用4~11 MHz的多频超声衰减测得的粒径分布,与Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪的测量结果基本一致,平均粒径误差为5.60%。     

可见／红外光谱区烟尘浓度测量问题的研究

在透射法烟尘浓度测量中,采用非独立模式算法分别在可见、红外、可见/红外三个光谱区计算了烟尘浓度.通过对三个光谱区烟尘浓度反演结果的准确度,线性度以及灵敏度进行分析比较,确定了透射法烟尘浓度测量的最佳光谱区为可见/红外区.同时模拟了不同粒径分布,不同体积浓度的水滴分散系对烟尘浓度测量结果的影响.仿真计算结果表明,在可见/红外光谱区,烟尘浓度的反演结果与真值基本吻合.采用限定的消光比方法能够最大限度地克服水滴的影响,使测量的精度和可靠性明显提高.对测量的消光值加入2%随机噪声时,烟尘浓度的反演仍能得到满意的结果.     

浮游植物的吸收-衰减特性及其与粒径间的关系

室内测量了十六种浮游植物的吸收-衰减光谱,及其粒径分布和叶绿素a浓度。研究结果表明,粒径和单位细胞叶绿素浓度是影响浮游植物吸收和衰减系数量值的两个重要因素;粒径是决定衰减光谱形状的重要因子之一,粒径与衰减光谱斜率之间存在非单调的变化关系;粒径不是影响浮游植物吸收光谱的蓝-红波段比和光谱斜率的决定性因子,但是,藻细胞密度与粒径平方的乘积是决定吸收光谱斜率的关键量。适用于均匀球体颗粒的Mie散射理论能对粒径与浮游植物吸收光谱和衰减光谱间的相关关系进行阐释,该文研究的藻类其非均匀球体结构并没有从根本上改变粒径与吸收—衰减光谱间存在的内在规律。     

全场彩虹技术测量喷雾浓度及粒径分布

喷雾颗粒的浓度、粒径等多参数的同时测量是研究喷雾的关键. 对应用全场彩虹技术测量双组分液滴的浓度及粒径分布进行了研究. 基于改进的Nussenzweig理论,对液滴折射率和粒径分布采用无分布函数算法进行最优化求解, 然后通过折射率与浓度的关系反推液滴浓度.用模拟全场彩虹信号对该算法进行了验证, 该算法可准确反演具有单峰分布、双峰分布粒径特征的液滴群的折射率与粒径分布. 并对体积分数从0%到100%的乙醇溶液喷雾进行了实验测量, 结果表明,所测得折射率与理论值符合,粒径分布稳定.该技术在喷雾浓度测量方面具有广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 全场彩虹技术 折射率 粒径 组分     

多孔食品的超声特性

在许多食品中空气以分散相的形式存在,食品学家需要知道空气分散相的特性,而传统的测量技术却受到精度和使用上的限制。超声对分散气体的相体积比和线度分布十分敏感,应用适当的频散关系,超声能测出发泡液体食品的特性。传统的方法主要是通过透射测量低浓度发泡系统。实际上,分散气体在食品系统中的体积比为50％或更高,这样的系统声衰减很快,一般不可能用透射法进行测量。 本文采用具有反射脉冲Fourier分析功能的宽带     

超声法测量高浓度水煤浆若干问题研究

利用超声法在线测量高浓度水煤浆具有无需稀释、快速、在线、非接触等优势.本文探讨了水煤浆中的浓度测量问题.在理论分析和实验基础上得出了水煤浆中声速与浓度的关系,指出水煤浆温度、稳定性、粒径与声速的关系和对浓度测量的影响,并从理论上提出了水煤浆中粒径测量的方法.本文设计的实验装置适合在线测量中的应用.     

超声法测量高浓度矿浆两相流粒径分布和浓度

研究了超声衰减谱法和超声多次回波反射法测量高浓度矿浆两相体系粒径分布和浓度。实验测量了多个浓度下硫矿浆在3～6 MHz频率下的声衰减谱,结合反演算法由实验数据计算得到矿浆两相流粒径分布。同时测量了不同浓度下硫矿的声阻抗值,由超声多次回波反射法计算得到浓度。粒径分布与浓度测量得到的结果与标准配置值较为吻合,表明超声法适用于高浓度矿浆两相流粒径分布和浓度的在线检测。     

基于声光折射的聚焦超声焦点声压检测

提出了一种基于声光折射对聚焦超声焦点声压进行非侵入式检测的方法。当一束直径小于声波长的平行光束入射穿过聚焦超声的焦点时,通过研究焦点声压与光线偏转的具体关系,建立了光线最大偏转距离与焦点声压变化的关系模型,从而计算出焦点峰值声压。为了对理论模型进行验证,采用凹球面型聚焦换能器进行实验研究。通过与采用光纤水听器测量的结果进行对比,证明理论模型的可行性。结果表明实验得到的光斑图像与理论分析的结果一致,且用该方法测得的焦点峰值声压与光纤水听器测量的结果相比,相对误差小于15%,证明该方法具有可行性,能够定量检测焦点峰值声压。模型的提出也为将声光折射效应用于整个聚焦声场的定量检测提供了实验依据和理论依据。     

On-Line Particle Size Analysis Using Ultrasonic Velocity Spectrometry

A new method is described for the determination of particle size distribution of slurries based on ultrasonic velocity spectrometry combined with gamma-ray transmission. This method shares the advantages of ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy of being capable of analyzing highly concentrated samples without dilution. However the ultrasonic velocity method is better suited to fine particles of diameter from about 0.1 to 30 μm, a greater volume of slurry is analysed and therefore sampling errors are reduced, and precise theoretical models are readily available to permit the accurate determination of size distribution by inversion of ultrasonic velocity measurements. The method can also be used to accurately determine particle size cut points by linear correlation. Using either inversion or correlation methods, the accuracy of particle size information from ultrasonic velocity spectroscopy is significantly enhanced by the independent measurement of solids loading by gamma-ray transmission. In addition, larger sizes can be measured by combining the ultrasonic velocity method with ultrasonic attenuation measurements. The method has been tested in the laboratory on a wide variety of mineral and paint slurries. The method determined the size distribution of single component silica and alumina samples in water in agreement with laser diffraction measurements and the method successfully distinguished well and poorly dispersed TiO₂ suspensions. For composite samples the method discriminated separate TiO₂ and CaCO₃, components and determined their proportions to within 0.25% volume. In addition the method, in combination with ultrasonic attenuation measurements, determined the size fractions of iron ore slurries below 10 and 30 μm to within 1.3% and 1.0% relative respectively, when compared with laser diffraction measurement of particle size. The CSIRO is presently designing an industrial gauge which will be manufactured and installed in an industrial slurry stream in 1997.     

Ultrasonic Measurement of Sub-Micron Particles

Based on technology described in a Du Pont patent for an offline system, we have developed a prototype in-line ultrasonic cell for measuring particle size distribution. We have used this cell to verify the Allegra-Hawley model of ultrasonic attenuation in dilute (< 5 % vol) slurries of sub-micron ceramic particles, and we are developing a model that can cope with the multiple scattering effects occuring at higher concentrations. In this paper we present the results of attenuation measurements for ultrasound (2–50 MHz) in slurries with concentrations ranging from 0.5 010 to 38 010 (vol). The attenuation is proportional to slurry concentration up to 5 010 (vol) and is predicted by single scattering models. Above approximately 100% concentration, the attenuation is actually lower than expected. For the dilute slurries we find excellent agreement between our measurements and the Allegra-Hawley calculations, and the effects of the particle size distribution are evident in the ultrasonic attenuation spectrum. These ultrasonic data can be inverted to determine the particle size and concentration in aqueous slurries of sub-micron particles.     

Using ultrasonic attenuation to monitor slurry mixing in real time

Staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed and applied a simple ultrasonic attenuation measurement to measure slurry concentration in real time during suspension of solids settled in a large tank. This paper presents a simple single frequency ultrasonic measurement technique that demonstrates the ability of ultrasonic sensors to measure slurry concentration. Sensor calibration data show that in this attenuation regime ultrasonic signal attenuation is proportional to the applied frequency and to the slurry volume fraction. Real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation were used to track the process of slurry mixing using single sensors and sensor arrays. Results from two experiments show the use of real-time measurements of ultrasonic signal attenuation to track the process of slurry mixing in situ and to track the ability to maintain a well-mixed steady state condition. Comparison of concentration means of the ultrasonic measurements with concentration means obtained from discrete extractive measurements show that the distributions overlap and cannot be statistically distinguished. The real-time ultrasonic sensor can be used as a primary measurement method or to reduce reliance upon extractive methods to measure slurry density and solids concentration.     

基于超声衰减谱的纳米颗粒粒度分布测量研究

利用变声程方式测量纳米颗粒悬浮液的超声衰减谱,以McClements模型和BLBL模型为理论基础,采用最优正则化(ORT)算法,反演得到纳米颗粒的粒度分布。运用该方法,对体积浓度1%的纳米二氧化钛-水悬浊液进行测量,与透射电镜(TEM)图像以及离心沉降纳米粒度分析仪检测结果对比,测量结果吻合较好,表明了利用超声衰减谱方法测量纳米颗粒粒度分布的可行性与可靠性。      

A study on measuring distribution of nanoparticle size based on ultrasonic attenuation spectrum

Through varying the ultrasonic path length,the ultrasonic attenuation spectrum of the nanometer particle suspensions is measured.Based on the McClements and BLBL model, the Optimum Regularization Technique is employed to inverse the distribution of particle size for nanometer particles.Experiments are carried out to measure the distribution of particle size of aqueous nanometer titanium dioxide suspension with volume fraction of 1%.The ultrasonic measurement results show good consistence with those from TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope) and centrifugal sedimentation particle size analyzers,which indicate that measuring distribution of the particle size of nanometer particles with the ultrasonic attenuation spectrum is feasible and reliable.     

超声衰减和速度谱测量亚微米乳液的粒径

研究了超声衰减谱法和相速度测量高浓度多分散脂肪两相乳浊液的粒径分布问题.在理论分析基础上,实验测量了多个浓度(2%～20%)脂肪乳试样在2～13 MHz频带下超声衰减和相速度谱,结合反演算法由实验数据计算出乳浊液颗粒的粒径分布,并讨论了相速度法的意义和特点.将原始浓度(20%)下测得粒径分布与消光法在稀释条件下相同试样测量结果作对比,二者比较吻合,表明超声谱法可在无稀释的高浓度条件下作乳浊液粒径分布的表征.     

Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Industrial Colloidal Slurries using ultrasonic spectroscopy

Several solid-liquid suspensions containing submicron particles at moderate to high concentrations (5 to 50 volume percent) are encountered in industrial slurry processing. Measurements of ultrasonic attenuation spectra are used in a newly developed AcoustoPhor particle analysis system to get particle size distributions of such colloidal suspensions. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of the AcoustoPhor system. The automated ultrasonic spectrometer component of the AcoustoPhor system was tested using a reference silicone liquid for its accuracy and precision. The particle size distribution (PSD) estimation capabilities were evaluated using a set of well-dispersed slurries covering a wide range of particle concentrations. Sensitivity to process variations was evaluated in field tests at a pigment manufacturing plant. The AcoustoPhor system appears to be capable of providing reliable PSD data for inorganic pigment slurries with particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 100 micrometers at particle concentrations as high as 50 volume percent.     

对利用动态光散射法测量颗粒粒径和液体黏度的改进

光散射技术通过测量悬浮液中布朗运动颗粒的平移扩散系数,得到颗粒流体力学直径或液体黏度.本文由单参数模型入手,建立了低颗粒浓度下,单颗粒平移扩散系数与颗粒集体平移扩散系数和颗粒浓度之间的线性依存关系并将其引入光散射法中,从而对现有的测量方法进行了改进.改进后的测量方法可实现纳米尺度球型颗粒标称直径的测量和液体黏度的绝对法测量.以聚苯乙烯颗粒+水和二氧化硅颗粒+乙醇两个分散系为参考样本,通过实验,验证了改进后方法的可行性.此外,还针对上述两个分散系,实验探讨了温度和颗粒浓度对颗粒集体平移扩散系数的影响规律,发现聚苯乙烯颗粒+水分散系中,颗粒间相互作用表现为引力;二氧化硅颗粒+乙醇分散系中,颗粒间相互作用表现为斥力.讨论了颗粒集体平移扩散系数随颗粒浓度变化规律与第二渗透维里系数的关系.     

Simulation of ultrasonic attenuation in theelastic mixing particle system

For the study of predicting ultrasonic attenuation of elastic, spherical mixing particles in the liquid-solid two-phase system, the Monte Carlo method(MCM) is introduced,serving as a probability and statistics technique to evaluate the inside ultrasonic events during the ultrasound propagation. On the basis of ultrasonic scattering and aborption, the continuous ultrasonic waves are represented as discrete and independent phonons. By recording the scattering events, tracing the trajectory of a moving phonon and calculating the number of phonons that finally reach the receiving transducer, the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient is obtained to be a frequence-dependent spectrum. Numerical investigations have been carried out to predict and compare the ultrasonic attenuation for a solid-liquid two-phase system with a single type particle. After verifing its feasibility, such a method is then appalied into mixing particle system, where the mixing iron particles and glass beads with various ratios are set as examples for the purpose of predicting ultrasonic attenuation for the monodisperse and polydisperse mixing particle systems. The results of MCM, the ECAH model, the Lloyd Berry(LB) model and the Waterman model match well when the particle volume concentration is lower than 10%,corresponding to iron particles and glass beads respectively. In the case of two-phase system with mixing particles, it is shown that as the particle volume concentration increases to 10%, the variation of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient with mixing ratio yields a nonlinear tendency.The physical properties of particles can also influence ultrasonic attenuation significantly.